Temporal stability and replicability of a workplace stress and coping model for managerial women: A multiwave panel study.

Stability and replicability of a stress-coping model were tested with data collected from 230 managerial women 8 times over a 1-yr period. One year later, 135 women who remained in the study completed 3 additional assessments. Tests of mean stability, stability of individual differences, and factorial invariance revealed that virtually all constructs exhibited strong mean stability and that all multi-indicator constructs possessed stable factor loadings. The women were consistent in the way they described themselves over time on all constructs except Appraisals. Disengagement Coping, Appraisals, and Distress were affected more by an underlying trait not accounted for in the model than was Engagement Coping. Replicability indicated that the model reliably represented the relationships among the measures over a 2-yr interval. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Change detection model for serially correlated data.

Develops a time series model for detecting change in psychophysiological data from a single S following stimulation. A stationary model is assumed for the periods before stimulation; it is assumed that the S returns to a steady or basal state between stimuli. A 1st-order autoregression (Markov process) is fit to all prestimulus data for a single S. Predictions are then made into the poststimulus regions. If the time series is Gaussian and if there is no response to the stimulus, the differences between 1-step predictions and the corresponding observations are independent and normally distributed with mean zero and constant variance which can be estimated. Statistical tests for change are constructed to determine whether the differences are significant. The objective is to detect any deviations from the stationary structure of the prestimulus periods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Estimation and model comparisons for repeated measures data.

Describes and compares alternative approaches to the use of MANOVA for repeated-measures data. It is concluded that 2 approaches that have been advocated in the literature should not be used. Suggestions for obtaining appropriate analyses from the computer program MULTIVARIANCE are included in the 1st of 2 appendices. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A double-structure structural equation model for three-mode data.

Structural equation models are commonly used to analyze 2-mode data sets, in which a set of objects is measured on a set of variables. The underlying structure within the object mode is evaluated using latent variables, which are measured by indicators coming from the variable mode. Additionally, when the objects are measured under different conditions, 3-mode data arise, and with this, the simultaneous study of the correlational structure of 2 modes may be of interest. In this article the authors present a model with a simultaneous latent structure for 2 of the 3 modes of such a data set. They present an empirical illustration of the method using a 3-mode data set (person by situation by response) exploring the structure of anger and irritation across different interpersonal situations as well as across persons. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stress exposure and stress generation in child and adolescent depression: A latent trait-state-error approach to longitudinal analyses.

In 2 longitudinal studies of negative life events and depressive symptoms in adolescents (N = 708) and in children (N = 508), latent trait-state-error structural equation models tested both the stress generation hypothesis and the stress exposure hypothesis. Results strongly suggested that self-reports of depressive symptoms reflect the influence of a perfectly stable trait factor as well as a less stable state factor. Support emerged for both the stress generation model and the stress exposure model. When the state depression factor was modeled as predicting stress, support for the stress generation model appeared to increase with age. When the trait depression factor was modeled as the predictor of stress, support for the stress generation model did not vary with the child's age. In both models, support for the stress exposure remained relatively constant across age. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stability of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression: A short-term prospective multiwave study.

The stability of 3 cognitive vulnerabilities--a negative cognitive style, dysfunctional attitudes, and rumination--as well as depressive symptoms as a benchmark were examined to investigate whether cognitive vulnerabilities are stable, enduring risks for depression. A sample of adolescents (6th-10th graders) completed measures of these 3 cognitive vulnerabilities and depressive symptoms every 5 weeks for 4 waves of data across 5 months. Mean-level and differential stability were examined for the sample overall and by age subgroups. A negative cognitive style exhibited mean-level stability, whereas rumination and dysfunctional attitudes showed some mean-level change. Absolute magnitudes of test-retest reliabilities were strong for depressive symptoms (mean r = .70), moderately high for a negative cognitive style (mean r = .52), and more modest for rumination (mean r = .28) and dysfunctional attitudes (mean r = .26). Structural equation modeling showed that primarily enduring processes, but not contextual forces, contributed to the patterning of these test-retest reliabilities over time for a negative cognitive style and dysfunctional attitudes, whereas both enduring and contextual dynamics appeared to underlie the stability for rumination. Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The abstract selection task: New data and an almost comprehensive model.

A complete quantitative account of P. Wason's (1966) abstract selection task is proposed. The account takes the form of a mathematical model. It is assumed that some response patterns are caused by inferential reasoning, whereas other responses reflect cognitive processes that affect each card selection separately and independently of other card selections. The model parameters assess the contributions of different interpretational, inferential, and heuristic factors that jointly determine performance in the selection task. The interpretation of most of the model parameters in terms of these different factors is validated experimentally. This model of the selection task is the first to account for the observed frequencies of all 16 possible response patterns that can arise. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A model for interval-censored tuberculosis outbreak data

As the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has increased in the United States, occupationally acquired TB has increased among the health care workers (HCWs). This paper describes a model developed in response to the needs of an outbreak of multidrug-resistant TB. One of the goals of the outbreak investigation was to estimate the risk of tuberculin skin test (TST) conversion as a function of HCW job type and the period during which persons were employed over the study period. TST conversions were evaluated at periodic examinations and data are interval-censored. We present a generalized linear model that extends Efron's survival model for censored survival data to the case of interval-censored data.     

Secondary analysis: The case for data archives.

Argues that it is becoming increasingly important for psychologists to archive their research data so that it can be reexamined and reanalyzed by others. The utility of such secondary analysis rests on the growing cost, complexity, and social significance of psychological research; its value for the field has already been demonstrated. Nevertheless, it is often difficult or impossible to obtain research data. A number of contributory reasons involving research competence, subjects' privacy, proprietary rights, and costs are discussed. Recommendations for dealing with these problems and for the establishment of data archives are presented. (40 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The consistency model: A process model for absolute judgments.

Stimuli receive higher ratings when smaller ones are presented more frequently than larger ones. A. Parducci ascribed this effect to the Ss' tendency to assign the same number of stimuli to each available category. An alternative interpretation is proposed. It is assumed that the judgment scale develops quickly and retains its initial form throughout the presentations. Because the more frequently presented stimuli are most likely to be presented first, the S's scale is centered on the range of these stimuli, thus producing (pseudo) frequency effects. Despite its simplicity, the consistency model accounts for the effects of stimulus frequency, number of stimuli, and number of categories. The model also accounts for long-term effects of previous scales. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)