Studies on the oxidation behavior of Inconel 625 between 873 and 1523 K

The oxidation behavior of Inconel 625 during the early stages (<150 min) has been studied at oxygen pressures (P_{O 2}) of 0.12 kPa (0.9 torr) and 101.3 kPa (760 torr) in the temperature range of 1323 K to 1523 K by using TGA and between 873 and 1523 K by using XPS, AES, and EDS. The TGA results correlated well with those obtained by surface analysis of the oxide films. The results of XPS and AES analysis suggested that two distinctly different oxidation mechanisms operate, depending on the temperature of oxidation. Enrichment of the oxide films with respect to Cr₂O₃ occurs above 873 K, the degree of enrichment peaking at about 1200 K such that the oxide films formed at temperatures close to this consist almost exclusively of Cr₂O₃. At temperatures above 1300 K, the oxides of two minor alloying components, Nb and Ti, have been found to be present in the oxide films in significant proportions. The results have been discussed on the basis of the relative thermodynamic stabilities of the competing oxide phases and the diffusivities of the alloying elements in Inconel 625.     

应变波形对Inconel 625合金低周疲劳性能的影响

在650℃以及拉压对称三角波(TR)、慢拉快压锯齿波(ST)和快拉慢压锯齿波(FT)3种应变波形下对Inconel625合金进行了低周疲劳实验,研究了合金在不同应变波形下的低周疲劳变形与断裂行为。结果表明:3种应变波形加载条件下,合金在0.3%～0.7%的外加总应变幅下均呈现循环硬化,其中在ST下的循环应力幅最高;采用锯齿波形时,由于拉伸蠕变分量和压缩蠕变分量的引入造成合金的疲劳寿命缩短;此外,合金的循环应力和应变之间呈现单斜率线性关系,且其塑性应变幅与弹性应变幅和疲劳寿命之间亦呈线性关系。利用扫描电子显微镜对Inconel625合金在3种加载波形下的低周疲劳断口形貌进行观察,结果表明,Inconel 625合金的疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展均是以穿晶方式进行的。     

等温退火处理对Inconel 625合金箔材组织和性能的影响

采用OM、SEM和力学性能测试等方法,研究了不同温度和时间的等温退火处理对50 μm厚的Inconel 625合金箔材组织和性能的影响。结果表明,在650 ℃和700 ℃等温退火过程中,箔材发生再结晶,晶粒尺寸显著减小,同时在晶界处析出大量的富Ti和Nb的碳化物。由于再结晶导致的细晶强化和碳化物诱发的析出强化的共同作用,箔材的强度和塑性显著提升,特别是在650 ℃等温退火48 h后,抗拉强度达到了1513 MPa,相比于未退火前增加了近90%,伸长率也增加了105%。但是试验箔材经700 ℃等温退火48 h后,再结晶晶粒长大,使得力学性能显著下降。箔材的拉伸伸长率与晶粒尺寸密切相关。     

烧结温度对多孔Inconel625合金性能的影响

Inconel625有着优异的耐蚀性与高温力学性能,被广泛用于航空航天、石油化工、核工业等领域。多孔材料有着轻质化与优良的透过性能常被用于过滤材料。本文旨在制备出耐蚀性良好的过滤材料,利用粉末冶金技术制备出兼具Inconel625合金本身特性与功能特性的多孔Inconel625合金。实验采用100~200μm粒度的合金粉末,通过模压-气氛烧结的工艺制备了多孔Inconel625合金,并对不同烧结温度下的合金做了形貌表征与性能评价。结果表明,在1240℃烧结温度下合金烧结颈发育良好,孔隙球化率高,此时透气度满足服役性能需求,可作为高温气液过滤材料使用,该温度下合金剪切性能达到最优,最大剪切力为51.0KN,也为后续进一步的研究提供了参考依据。     

Inconel625合金堆焊层组织和性能的研究

采用钨极氩弧焊,在2.25Cr1Mo基体上堆焊Inconel625合金,并对堆焊层进行了金相观察和性能测试。结果表明:堆焊层的显微组织为树枝状奥氏体,堆焊层与基体熔合良好,无分离现象及裂纹、气孔等缺陷;堆焊层的硬度高于基体;在50℃的10%FeCl3溶液中,Inconel625表现出良好的抗腐蚀性能。     

形变诱导Inconel 625合金管材静态再结晶行为

使用室温压缩变形与再结晶退火处理研究了Inconel 625高温合金冷变形及再结晶行为,采用EBSD技术分析冷变形过程中的应变分布、晶粒尺寸变化、组织与织构演变,分析冷变形Inconel 625合金再结晶过程中再结晶分数、晶粒尺寸、组织及织构演变。研究表明,Inconel 625合金在变形量为35%~65%时具有良好的塑性,随着变形量的增加,晶粒尺寸减小,应变分布越均匀,{111}<112>织构和{110}<001>织构逐渐减弱,而{001}<110>织构和{112}<111>织构略为增强。冷变形Inconel 625合金再结晶退火处理后,随着退火温度与保温时间的升高,再结晶分数增大;随着变形量的增大,Inconel 625合金发生完全再结晶时温度减小,且发生完全再结晶时的晶粒尺寸变小,变形量为35%时,再结晶过程主要是{112}<111>织构{123}<634>变形织构转变为{110}<112>织构、{001}<100>织构与{124}<211>织构。随着变形量增加到50%及65%时,冷变形产生的{123}<634>织构在再结晶过程中转变成了{124}<211>织构。     

热处理温度对冷变形Inconel625合金管组织及性能的影响

通过金相分析、拉伸试验、硬度试验以及硝酸腐蚀试验,研究了热处理温度对Inconel625合金管组织、力学性能和腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明:热处理后合金组织基本为等轴晶,随着温度的升高,晶粒长大速率呈先慢后快的趋势,且晶粒长大激活能为144.14 kJ/mol;Inconel625合金管的抗拉强度、硬度随着热处理温度的升高...     

Inconel625合金高速热变形动态再结晶的临界条件

通过等温热压缩试验获得Inconel625合金在变形温度为1000～1200℃,应变速率为1～80S^-1条件下的真应力-应变曲线,利用加工硬化率,结合lnθ-ε曲线上的拐点判据及-δ（1nθ）／δε-ε曲线上的最小值,来研究Inconel625合金动态再结晶的临界条件。结果表明,在该实验条件下,Inconel625合金的lnθε曲线均出现拐点特征,对应的-δ（lnθ）／δε-ε曲线出现最小值,该最小值处对应的应变即为临界应变;临界应变随应变速率的增大和变形温度的降低而增加,并且临界应变和峰值应变之间有一定的关系,即εc=0．69εp;动态再结晶时临界应变的预测模型可以表示为εc=4．41×10^-4Z^0.14261。     

Inconel 625堆焊管板退火过程中的组织和耐蚀性变化

对Inconel 625堆焊管板试样在690 ℃进行不同时间的退火处理,采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微、能谱面扫描分析等方法考察退火过程中堆焊管板试样的组织结构和耐蚀性变化。结果表明,不同时间退火的堆焊管板基材12Cr2Mo1R均具有典型的回火粒状贝氏体组织;不同时间退火的堆焊层组织形态均为柱状树枝晶;随着退火时间的增加,堆焊层内在γ-Ni柱状树枝晶的晶界及其附近会不断析出MC型碳化物、Laves相和γˊ相,致使堆焊层腐蚀速率单调增加,耐蚀性随之降低。     

Inconel625等离子弧焊接头组织与接头性能研究

对4 mm镍基高温合金Inconel625薄板进行等离子弧焊实验,对比研究了3种不同焊接热输入下焊接接头各部分的微观组织、接头力学性能、断口形貌以及母材和焊缝的高温腐蚀行为。结果表明Inconel625等离子焊接接头组织是由母材的奥氏体等轴晶、焊缝融合线附近的胞状晶以及焊缝中心的树枝晶组成;在焊缝处有大量的碳化物和少量Laves相析出,使得焊接接头力学性能降低,韧性下降,焊缝成为接头薄弱环节;在焊接热输入为10.175 kJ/cm时接头力学性能最优,抗拉强度为765.3MPa,与母材的785.4MPa相当,延伸率为31.9%,相较于母材的42.8%有所下降,试样断裂方式为发生在焊缝处的韧性断裂;母材和焊缝金属在750℃下24 h熔盐腐蚀后腐蚀产物基本相同,主要为外层颗粒状NiO和Cr₂O₃以及NiCr₂O₄腐蚀层。     

氧化物陶瓷封孔对热喷涂Inconel 625涂层热腐蚀行为的影响

目的 为了提高热喷涂涂层在苛刻环境下的耐蚀性,采用封孔剂对热喷涂涂层进行封孔,研究封孔对涂层抗热腐蚀性能的影响。方法 采用超音速火焰喷涂在20#钢表面制备Inconel 625涂层。采用正硅酸乙酯作为封孔剂基料,Cr2O3、Al2O3、ZrO2、CeO2等氧化物为填料,制备了封孔剂,采用封孔剂对制备的涂层进行封孔。研究了封孔剂对涂层耐蚀性能的影响,将封孔和未封孔的涂层涂覆75%Na2SO4+25%NaCl混合盐膜后,在650 ℃下进行腐蚀,间隔一定时间取出样品称量,获得腐蚀动力学曲线。采用XRD、SEM、EDS对高温腐蚀产物成分、结构、形貌进行分析。结果 未封孔的Inconel 625涂层腐蚀160 h后增重约4.4 mg/cm2。表面腐蚀产物有双层结构,外层富Ni较疏松、多孔,内层富Cr较为致密。同时涂层/腐蚀层界面一侧有S元素富集。封孔层在高温熔盐中轻微熔解,封孔样品腐蚀160 h后,失重仅约0.45 mg/cm2。在腐蚀过程中Ni通过封孔层向外扩散并被氧化,生成的氧化物可填补封孔层缺陷。涂层/封孔层界面形成富Cr2O3的氧化层,进一步提高了封孔涂层的抗热腐蚀性能。结论 封孔层提高了涂层致密性,能有效抑制腐蚀介质在热喷涂涂层中的扩散,封孔能明显提高Inconel625涂层的抗热腐蚀性能。     

Nucleation mechanisms of dynamic recrystallization in Inconel 625 superalloy deformed with different strain rates

The effects of strain rates on the hot working characteristics and nucleation mechanisms of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) were studied by optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. Hot compression tests were conducted using a Gleeble-1500 simulator at a true strain of 0.7 in the temperature range of 1000 to 1150 °C and strain rate range of 0.01 to 10.00 s-1. It is found that the size and volume fraction of the DRX grains in hot-deformed Inconel 625 superalloy firstly decrease and then increase with increasing strain rate. Meanwhile, the nucleation mechanism of DRX is closely related to the deformation strain rate due to the deformation thermal effect. The discontinuous DRX (DDRX) with bulging of original grain boundaries is the primary nucleation mechanism of DRX, while the continuous DRX (CDRX) with progressive subgrain rotation acts as a secondary nucleation mechanism. The twinning formation can activate the nucleation of DRX. The effects of bulging of original grain boundaries and twinning formation are firstly gradually weakened and then strengthened with the increasing strain rate due to the deformation thermal effect. On the contrary, the effect of subgrain rotation is firstly gradually strengthened and then weakened with the increasing strain rate.     

Inconel 625合金高温高速热变形行为

通过等温热压缩实验研究Inconel 625合金的高温高速热变形行为,获得了合金在温度为1000～1200℃、应变速率为1～80 s-1的条件下的真应力-应变曲线,并在考虑变形热效应的基础上对真应力-应变曲线进行了修正。对修正后的峰值应力进行线性回归,得到材料的材料常数:Q=442.97 kJ/mol,n=4.49,α=0.0029 MPa-1。通过非线性回归建立了Inconel 625合金在高温高速条件下的本构模型。     

Nb10Zr合金高温变形应变补偿型本构关系模型

通过热压缩试验对Inconel 625合金的热变形行为进行了测试。结果显示真应力-真应变曲线的斜率随着温度的降低和应变速率的升高而增大。这表明温度,应变和应变速率之间通过一种复杂的交互作用共同对应变硬化和再结晶产生影响。用Johnson-Cook模型建立的本构方程由于忽略了这个交互作用而不能很好地预测此合金的应力-应变关系。为此对Johnson-Cook模型做了改进。新的模型考虑了温度,应变和应变速率的交互作用。对比结果表明：修改的Johnson-Cook模型的预测值和实验值符合得很好。     

Effect of Deformation Process on Superplasticity of Inconel 718 Alloy

Inconel 718合金经过热锻、δ相析出处理及再结晶热处理后,分别采用最大m值法和基于最大m值的应变诱发超塑性法进行高温拉伸试验,研究形变热处理及拉伸工艺对材料超塑性能的影响。结果表明,经过热变形、δ相析出及再结晶退火处理后,有效细化了Inconel 718合金的组织。析出的δ相可以在再结晶退火及热变形中起到控制晶界的作用。在950℃变形,采用上述两种方法拉伸变形得到的延伸率分别为566%和340%,说明基于最大m值的形变诱发超塑法可以进一步提高Inconel 718合金的延伸率。     

基于Elman网络算法的Inconel625合金堆焊稀释率的控制

文中建立了5-8-3结构的反馈Elman神经网络模型,以电弧长度、焊接电流、焊接速度、送丝速度和保护气流量为输入量,堆焊焊缝的熔宽、熔高和稀释率为输出量进行堆焊仿真计算分析.计算结果表明,Elman模型的预测结果比BP和GRNN神经网络更精确.建立了以电弧长度（X）、堆焊电流（Y）和送丝速度（Z）为空间坐标,堆焊稀释率δ等于f（X,Y,Z）为目标函数的四维图像来确定δ≤5%的堆焊工艺窗口.分别进行Elman模型仿真计算和堆焊工艺试验,得到的稀释率δ分别为2.55%和3.32%,仿真计算的稀释率的相对误差约0.8%,证实了Elman模型预测的Inconel625合金堆焊工艺窗口的可行性与可靠性.     

基于响应面法的Inconel625镍基合金GTAW堆焊工艺优化

堆焊层稀释率和厚度是影响电弧堆焊质量的重要因素,它们是由各焊接参数相互影响综合作用决定的。文中通过中心复合设计试验方案,基于响应面法建立了Inconel625镍基合金GTAW堆焊参数（焊接电流、焊接速度、送丝速度）与响应值稀释率、堆焊层厚度之间的数学模型,分析了各焊接参数对稀释率和堆焊层厚度的影响,并对堆焊参数进行了优化。结果表明,文中试验条件下送丝速度对堆焊层的厚度有着显著的影响,焊接速度和焊接电流对堆焊层厚度的影响较小;焊接电流对稀释率的影响最大,而焊接速度的影响最小;焊接电流和送丝速度的交互作用对稀释率有着重要的影响。     

Si对625合金激光熔覆层高温氧化特性的影响

利用循环氧化法,研究了不同Si含量（0%,1%,3%,质量分数）的625合金熔覆层在700、800、900 ℃下氧化144 h后的高温氧化行为。用XRD分析了氧化物相。通过SEM/EDS研究了氧化物表面和截面的形貌、元素组成和氧化膜的厚度。结果表明,不同温度下试样的氧化动力学都保持抛物线规律,随着温度的升高,氧化增重逐渐增加。通过观察,在900 ℃时,0% Si含量的625合金熔覆层出现了氧化膜大面积剥落的情况,3% Si含量的合金熔覆层氧化膜保持完整。在700 ℃时,随着Si含量增加,氧化膜表面的氧化颗粒尺寸减小且更加致密,同时促进了Cr₂O₃氧化物的生成。在700 ℃下,0 % Si含量的试样出现了大片的内氧化区域;1% Si含量的试样基体部分出现了2处条状的含Ni,Cr,Mo的氧化物相区;而3% Si含量的试样氧化后由于生成了富Si的内氧化层,这阻止了内氧化的发生。外层Cr₂O₃氧化膜和内层SiO₂的联合作用既阻止了O阴离子的渗入也抑制了Fe等金属离子的扩散,提高了合金熔覆层的抗氧化性。     

The effects of microstructural features on the performance gap in corrosion resistance between bulk and HVOF sprayed Inconel 625

It is commonly observed that there is a performance gap between the corrosion resistance of thermally sprayed coatings and the equivalent bulk material. This is attributed to the significantly modified microstructure of the sprayed coatings. However, currently there is no detailed understanding of which aspects of microstructural modification are primarily responsible for this performance gap. In this work several deliberately microstructurally modified versions of the Ni-based superalloy Inconel 625 were produced. These were subjected to potentiodynamic electrochemical testing in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ to investigate the links between specific microstructural features and electrochemical behaviour. Samples were prepared by high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying, laser surface remelting using a high power diode laser and conventional powder sintering. Microstructural features were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Potentiodynamic testing was carried out on the following forms of Inconel 625: wrought sheet; HVOF sprayed coatings; sintered powder compacts; laser melted wrought sheet and HVOF sprayed coatings. Using the corrosion behaviour, i.e. passive current density, of the wrought sheet as a baseline, the performance of different forms of Inconel 625 was compared. It is found that a fine dendritic structure (with associated microsegregation) produced by laser remelting wrought sheet has no significant effect on corrosion performance. Up to 12% porosity in sintered powder samples increases the passive current density by a factor of only around 2. As observed previously, the passive current density of HVOF sprayed coatings is 20-40 times greater. However, HVOF coatings subjected to laser surface remelting are found to have a passive current density close to that of wrought material. It is concluded that, whilst porosity in coatings produces some decrease in corrosion resistance, the main contributing factor is the galvanic corrosion of localised Cr-depleted regions which are associated with oxide inclusions within HVOF sprayed samples.     

Flow Behavior and Microstructures of Inconel 625 Superalloy at the Elevated Temperature

The deformation behavior of Inconel 625 superalloy was investigated by means of hot compression tests. The flow stress curves were obtained in the temperature and strain rate ranges of 950-1200 ℃ and 0.01-10 s-1, respectively. Optical microscopy was used to evaluate the microstructural evolution of the alloy under different conditions examined. The results show that the flow stress decreases with decreasing strain rate and increasing temperature, and the activation energy is about 654.502 kJ/mol. Microstructure observations show that with increasing temperature, the sizes and volume fraction of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) grains increase. The strain has no remarkably effect on the sizes of DRX grains, but with increasing strain the volume fraction of DRX grains increases. During hot compression of Inconel 625 superalloy at elevated temperature, the occurrence of DRX was the main softening mechanism. The DRX mechanism of Inconel 625 superalloy can be mainly attributed to the discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX).