Fe-Mn-Si形状记忆合金应力诱发马氏体相变的X射线分析

采用X射线衍射法对Fe-17Mn-5Si-10Cr-5Ni和Fe-17Mn-5Si-2Cr-2Ni-1V合金的应力诱发马氏体相变进行了定量的分析。研究结果表明，Fe-17Mn-5Si-10Cr-4Ni合金试样在室温下拉伸，当变形量约为6％时，应力诱发ε马氏体的体积分数达最大值约64％；在预变形量超过5％时，α‘马氏体即开始出现且增加迅速；揭示在大变形下，Fe-Mn-Si合金中发生了应力诱发γ→ε→α‘马氏体相变。Fe-17Mn-5Si-2Cr-2Ni-1V合金试样在室温拉伸时应力诱发ε马氏体量较Fe-17Mn-5Si-10Cr-4Ni合金更多，即使在预变形量超过10％时，也不出现α‘马氏体。预变形温度降低，可促进应力诱发马氏体相变。     

Cu-Al-Mn-Zn-Zr记忆合金的应力诱发马氏体相变及其逆转变

利用拉伸实验、电阻－温度曲线测量、X射线衍射、金相与透射电镜观察等方法研究了Cu-18.4Al-8.7Mn-3.4Zn-0.1Zr(原子分数，％）合金应力诱发马氏体的稳定性与可逆性。结果表明，顺Ms以上变形，实验合金发生应力诱发β1→M18R转变，但应力诱发马氏体转变很难进行完全。当变形量高达7．5％时，仍存在未发生应力诱发转变的母相。应力诱发马氏体的稳定性和可逆性与变形量大小有关，合金经大变形量变形后，即使在250℃油浴中回复，仍存在未发生逆变的应力诱发马氏体。在一定的变形条件下，经适量变形的应力诱发马氏体具有很高的可逆性和稳定性，实验合金在Ms以上10－50℃温度范围内变形6．5％－9．0％时，相变滞后宽度可达90℃以上，记忆应变＞3．5％。     

热处理对Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb合金超弹性的影响

研究了不同热处理条件下近β钛合金Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb板材的超弹性行为及变形过程。结果表明:合金在固溶及固溶时效后均具有一定的超弹性行为,而相变点以上固溶后合金具有最佳的超弹性,同时应力诱发的马氏体体积分数最多。而固溶处理后时效析出的ω相和细小的α相却阻碍应力诱发马氏体的形成,导致合金弹性和塑性降低。研究还发现,对合金施加适当的预变形能够提高其超弹性。     

18Ni合金在弹性应力作用下再结晶诱发塑性现象

在研究18Ni(2450MPa级)马氏体时效钢循环相变超塑性的时候,发现了经40—70％冷轧后的试样,在弹性应力作用下加热过程中,产生再结晶诱发塑性(RIP)现象。本文通过该合金在高温下的力学行为的分析、动态应变特征曲线的唯象学分析、相变点的验证以及RIP过程的TEM观察,初步探讨了RIP现象的产生机制。     

Ti-Ni-Nb宽滞后形状记忆合金的应力诱发马氏体相变行为

用在（Ms＋30℃）温度下的拉伸实验和差示扫描量热仪（DSC）较系统地研究了Ti44Ni47Nb9宽滞后形状记忆合金应力诱发马氏体的相变行为。研究结果表明：当形变量达到14％左右时，应力诱发马氏体相变过程基本完成。应力诱发马氏体的逆相变温度间隔要比热诱发马氏体约小一个数量级。形变对该合金应力诱发马氏体的逆转变开始温度、逆转变温度间隔以及相变潜热均有明显影响，随着拉伸变形量的增加而增加。而在随后的冷却循环中，相变潜热和马氏体相变开始温度均随着形变的增加缓慢降低。     

装甲钢马氏体相变塑性的实验研究

采用Gleeble热模拟实验机对装甲钢马氏体相变塑性进行了研究。通过对热变形中的热应变、组织应变和弹性应变进行分离,从总应变中分离了相变塑性,并得到了相变塑性的定量关系式,采用Greenwood-Johnson模型得到该种材料的相变塑性系数。分析结果表明,该种材料的相变塑性、组织应变和热应变是引起变形的主要原因,相变塑性与组织应变数值相当,在热处理变形分析中不容忽视;随着温度降低及马氏体体积分数增大,相变塑性迅速增大,马氏体体积分数达到0.8后,相变塑性基本保持不变;随着施加应力的增加,相变塑性逐渐增大,相变塑性与施加应力呈线性关系。文章研究结果不仅为该种材料热处理、焊接过程形状畸变和残余应力研究提供基础,还为该材料复杂热力学行为研究提供参考。     

近β型TLM钛合金细径薄壁管材力学行为研究

利用冷轧与中间退火获得近β型TLM钛合金细径薄壁管材,并通过OM、XRD、SEM及拉伸试验对合金与相/组织相关的力学行为进行研究。结果表明:冷轧组织由β相和应力诱发马氏体(SIMα?)组成,表现出强烈的非线性弹性变形行为;单β相的退火组织具有与应力诱发马氏体相变相关的"双屈服"行为。冷轧组织中的SIMα?相及复杂的变形亚结构与其非线性弹性行为相关,而并没有给予塑性明显的贡献。尽管退火态组织经冷轧后塑性大幅降低,但两种组织均为韧性断裂,表明TLM合金较宽的塑性调控范围使其具有深度冷变形加工的潜力。     

大变形量对Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni形状记忆合金微观组织和转变温度的影响

通过Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni和Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni-Co合金变形量的大小和形变的类型来研究马氏体的转变特征。形变类型及变形量为：冷轧（变形量为17％和28％）；拉丝（最后一道拉丝应变量为18％）。并通过热膨胀法测量合金相转变起始温度和转变终了温度，合金的相组成和微观结构特征通过XRD、SEM和AFM观察。结果表明，冷变形过程会导致应力诱发ε、α^1马氏体的形成，甚至使热马氏体的Ms温度低于室温，并研究了230℃以上高温时，马氏体逆转变的温度特征。     

超弹性合金及应用

超弹性合金与形状记忆合金相同也是马氏体相变型合金 ,只不过前者是由应力产生马氏体相变 ,这种应力感生的马氏体相变所形成的材料特性就是超弹性。所谓超弹性就是材料在外力作用下产生远大于其弹性极限的应变量 ,当去掉载荷时它又能自动恢复其变形的现象。典型的超弹性合金有二种 :①富Ni的Ni Ti二元系合金 ,添加小于 1%的第 3元素 ,其应力感生的马氏体为单斜晶 ;②Ni Ti Cu X合金 ,其马氏体相为斜方晶 ,显示小应力滞后。超弹性合金应用十分广泛 ,最早大量生产使用的是女性ブラジャ -のアンダ -ワイヤ (乳罩底丝 ) ,目前多用于眼镜架 ,…     

基于物理模拟的相变塑性应变分离方法

相变塑性是材料在相变过程中由于外部应力引起的材料的不可逆变形。在大型金属零件的焊接和热处理等复杂热力循环过程中,相变塑性对残余应力和变形的影响不可忽视,因此,对材料的相变塑性开展研究十分必要。文章以马氏体相变塑性为例,采用施加不同单轴载荷水平的热力循环实验确定材料相变塑性;通过对该过程热力循环变形和组织演化的分析,在考虑弹性应变、热应变、组织应变基础上,得到了材料相变塑性应变随温度和应力变化的定量关系式。研究结果为分析和研究钢铁材料焊接和热处理过程中复杂热力行为提供了方法。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.