离子注入钇对Ni－15Cr－6Al合金渗铝层高温氧化行为的影响

用热重分析及ＳＥＭ和ＸＲＤ等技术研究了离子注入１×１０（１５）、１×１０（１６）、１×１０（１７）Ｙ＋／ｃｍ２对Ｎｉ－１５Ｃｒ－６Ｃｌ合金渗铝层高温氧化行为、氧化膜形貌、相结构等的影响。注入这三种剂量的Ｙ＋对渗铝层的氧化动力学没有显著影响。离子注入１×１０（１７）Ｙ＋／ｃｍ２改变了渗铝层的氧化膜形貌，促进了氧化膜的塑性变形，从而使得氧化膜内应力释放更多，增强了氧化膜的粘附性。氧化股形貌的改变与氧化膜生长机制的改变有关。离子注入１×１０（１５）、１×１０（１６）Ｙ＋／ｃｍ２对渗铝层的氧化行为影响不大。     

离子注入Y^＋对镍基合金渗铝层1100℃氧化膜生长应力的影响

利用氧化膜应力原位测量装置研究了离子注入１×１０＾１７，１×１０＾１６Ｙ＾＋／ｃｍ＾２对Ｎｉ－１５Ｃｒ－６Ａｌ合金渗铝层氧化膜恒温生长应力的影响。结果表明，离子注入上述二种剂量的Ｙ＾＋对合金渗铝层在１１００℃的氧化动力学没有显著影响，但降低了氧化膜的恒温生长应力。通过对实验结果进行分析，认为离子注入Ｙ＾＋降低Ａｌ２Ｏ３膜的生长应力，增强氧化膜的粘附性的原因在于改变了氧化膜的生长机制和促进了膜的塑性     

Ar^（＋）混合Fe－Dy多层膜的结构及性能SCIEI

用真空双源蒸镀法在Ｓｉ单晶衬底上制备了Ｆｅ，Ｄｙ原子数比为３：２的Ｆｅ─Ｄｙ成分调制多层膜．用ＡＥＳ、ＲＢＳ、Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）以及磁性测量分析了Ａｒ^（＋）混合前后Ｆｅ─Ｄｙ多层膜的相交．Ａｒ^（＋）离子注入能量１１０ｋｅＶ，剂量５×１０^（１５）─１×１０^（１７）／ｃｍ~２．结果表明，注入剂量为１×１０^（１７）／ｃｍ~２时，Ｆｅ，Ｄｙ完全混合，并且由晶态的Ｆｅ，Ｄｙ完全转变为Ｆｅ_（６０）Ｄｙ_（４０）（近似于该化学配比）的非晶态合金，随Ａｒ^（＋）注入量的增加，Ｆｅ一Ｄｙ多层膜的Ｍ_ｓ下降，在剂量５０×１０^（１５）／ｃｍ~２时下降幅度最大。     

Ar~（＋）混合Fe－Dy多层膜的结构及性能

用真空双源蒸镀法在Ｓｉ单晶衬底上制备了Ｆｅ，Ｄｙ原子数比为３：２的Ｆｅ─Ｄｙ成分调制多层膜．用ＡＥＳ、ＲＢＳ、Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）以及磁性测量分析了Ａｒ~（＋）混合前后Ｆｅ─Ｄｙ多层膜的相交．Ａｒ~（＋）离子注入能量１１０ｋｅＶ，剂量５×１０~（１５）─１×１０~（１７）／ｃｍ~２．结果表明，注入剂量为１×１０~（１７）／ｃｍ~２时，Ｆｅ，Ｄｙ完全混合，并且由晶态的Ｆｅ，Ｄｙ完全转变为Ｆｅ_（６０）Ｄｙ_（４０）（近似于该化学配比）的非晶态合金，随Ａｒ~（＋）注入量的增加，Ｆｅ一Ｄｙ多层膜的Ｍ_ｓ下降，在剂量５０×１０~（１５）／ｃｍ~２时下降幅度最大。     

离子注入Y^＋对Niu30Cr定向凝固合金氧化行为的影响

利用热重分析，扫描电镜，能谱分析。电子探针对Ｘ射线衍射等技术研究了离子注入１＊１０＾１７Ｙ＾＋／ｃｍ＾２对Ｎｉ３０Ｃｒ定向凝固合金１０００℃恒温氧化行为的影响。     

离子注入对尼龙66机械性能的影响

用离子注入技术来提高尼龙６６的表面硬度和耐磨性。Ｃ、Ａｌ、Ｔｉ、Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ５种离子单独被注入尼龙６６、每种离子的剂量分别为２＊１０＾１５ｉｏｎｓ／ｃｍ＾２、１０＾１６ｉｏｎｓ／ｃｍ＾２、５＊１０＾１６ｉｏｎｓ／ｃｍ＾２或１０＾１７ｉｏｎｓ／ｃｍ＾２。磨损实验表明,５种离子注入后均可使尼龙６６的耐磨性提高,其中Ａｌ离子注入后改性效果最好,１０＾１７ｉｎｏｓ／ｃｍ＾２Ａｌ离子注入后尼龙６６的耐磨性提高     

STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF Fe-Dy MULTILAYER IMPLANTED WITH Ar~(+)

用真空双源蒸镀法在Ｓｉ单晶衬底上制备了Ｆｅ，Ｄｙ原子数比为３：２的Ｆｅ─Ｄｙ成分调制多层膜．用ＡＥＳ、ＲＢＳ、Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）以及磁性测量分析了Ａｒ~（＋）混合前后Ｆｅ─Ｄｙ多层膜的相交．Ａｒ~（＋）离子注入能量１１０ｋｅＶ，剂量５×１０~（１５）─１×１０~（１７）／ｃｍ~２．结果表明，注入剂量为１×１０~（１７）／ｃｍ~２时，Ｆｅ，Ｄｙ完全混合，并且由晶态的Ｆｅ，Ｄｙ完全转变为Ｆｅ_（６０）Ｄｙ_（４０）（近似于该化学配比）的非晶态合金，随Ａｒ~（＋）注入量的增加，Ｆｅ一Ｄｙ多层膜的Ｍ_ｓ下降，在剂量５０×１０~（１５）／ｃｍ~２时下降幅度最大。     

离子注入Ce对Fe—23Cr—5Al合金上AI2O3膜生长应力的影响

利用双面氧化弯曲方法原位测量了Ｆｅ－２３Ｃｒ－５Ａｌ合金空气中氧化形成的ＡＩ２Ｏ３膜平均生长应力。ＡＩ２Ｏ３膜内存在压应力。９００℃下氧化２０ｈ,膜内应力从３．５降低到２ＧＰａ,１０００℃下氧化１０ｈ,膜内应力从０．８降低到０．４ＧＰａ,合金表面离子注入１×１０＾１７Ｃｅ＾＋／ｃｍ＾２,增大了ＡＩ２Ｏ３膜的生长应力,其原因是添加稀土促进膜的横向生长,离子注入Ｃｅ同时增大了合金的氧化速率,促进了ＡＩ     

1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢氮离子注入层超显微硬度的研究SCIEI

应用超显微硬度计测定１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ奥氏体不锈钢氮离子注入层的硬度，并用Ａｕｇｅｒ电子能谱仪及高精度轮廊仪测定氮离子注入层氮浓度分布及深度。结果表明，在９０ｋｅＶ，３×１０＾１７Ｎ＾＋／ｃｍ＾２注入时，其注入层深度为０．１８μｍ，用１ｍＮ载荷测得本征硬度ＨＶ为３．４７ＧＰａ，比非注入态表面硬度提高三倍之多，合理的试验载荷应≤１ｍ（０．１ｇ）。     

氯化物熔体中镱铜中间合金的形成和电解制备

利用线性扫描伏安法研究了Ｙｂ（Ⅲ）在等摩尔ＮａＣｌＫＣｌ熔体中Ｃｕ电极上还原的电化学行为及扩散系数。结果表明：Ｙｂ（Ⅲ）第一步可逆还原为Ｙｂ（Ⅱ）,Ｙｂ（Ⅱ）进一步还原并与Ｃｕ形成合金：Ｙｂ３＋＋ｅ＝Ｙｂ２＋,Ｙｂ２＋＋２ｅ＋ｎＣｕ＝ＹｂＣｕｎ。测定了Ｙｂ（Ⅲ）和Ｙｂ（Ⅱ）在９７３ＫＮａＣｌＫＣｌ熔体中的扩散系数分别为１．５×１０－５和１．０×１０－５ｃｍ２·ｓ－１。用自耗阴极法在１１２３Ｋ,阴极电流密度２０Ａ·ｃｍ－２,ＫＣｌＹｂＣｌ３（３０％）熔体中制取了ＹｂＣｕ合金     

DEFLECTION METHOD FROM TWO SIDES OXIDATION TO STUDY EFFECT OF Y ON INTERNAL STRESS OF OXIDE SCALES

Au investigation was carried ont of the effect of Y addition upon the internal stressof Al_2O_3 scale formed during oxidation of sputtering coating on Co-30Cr-6Al alloyand the growth stress of oxidized film on Fe-23Cr-5Al alloy heating up to 900℃ inair,using a specially designed deflection method from thin strip specimen with coat-ings,ion-implanted Y on one side and oxidized onto both sides.Results indicate thatY may decrease the internal stress of oxide scale on 2×10~(17) Y~+/cm~2 implanted Co-30Cr-6Al coating,and increase one on 2×10~(16) Y~+/cm~2 implanted Fe-23Cr-5Al alloy.This seems due to whether or not Y promotes the plastic deformation of oxide scale.Inaddition,at initial oxidation stage,the change of growth stress of oxide scale formed onY-implanted Co-30Cr-6Al coating may be related to the influence of Y on oxidationprocess of the coating.     

氯对TiAl基合金高温氧化行为的影响

研究了表面喷沙少量ＭｎＣｌ２及离子注入氯对ＴｉＡｌ基合金９５０℃恒温氧化行的影 响ＴｉＡｌ合金９５０℃氧化后氧化膜为ＴｉＯ２及Ａｌ２Ｏ３的混合物,表面涂少量ＭｎＣｌ２后, 合金氧化速度降低了４个数量级,氧化膜的成分主要为Ａｌ２Ｏ３,离子注入Ｃｌ在氧化初期也显著降低 了氧化速率,延迟了ＴｉＯ２形成时间。     

Oxidation of pre-oxidized GH128 alloy implanted with Ce+ at 1000℃

The influence of Ce implantation into preformed scales with a dose of 1×1017 ions/cm2 on the subsequent oxidation behavior of GH128 alloy at 1000℃ in air was investigated. The pre-oxidation was carried out at 1000℃ in air for 1h and 5h respectively. Cr2O3, NiO and NiCr2O4 formed on the surface of all specimens. Ce implantation decreased the subsequent oxidation rate of both the alloy and the 1h pre-oxidized alloy, however, had no effect on that of the 5h pre-oxidized alloy. The beneficial effect was most obvious in the directly implanted alloy. During the cyclic oxidation for 600h.Ce implantation for all specimens with or without preferential oxidation played a similar beneficial effect on the oxide spallation resistance. The results indicate that Ce incorporated into the oxide scales affects the diffusion of the reaction species to some extent, the wavy interface and small grain structure make a significant contribution to improving the spallation resistance of the oxide scales.     

Beneficial Effects of Ce Implantation into Preformed Cr2O3 Scales on the Subsequent Oxidation of Ni–20Cr Alloy

The influence of Ce implantation into preformed Cr₂O₃ scales with a dose of 1 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm² on the subsequent oxidation behavior of Ni–20Cr alloy at 1050°C in air has been investigated. The pre-oxidation was carried out at 1050°C in air for 0.5 and 1 hr respectively Cr₂O₃ and NiCr₂O₄ formed on Ni–20Cr alloy. The oxidation rate was decreased remarkably due to Ce implantation regardless of whether it was implanted into the alloy or into the pre-formed oxide scales, and the beneficial effect decreased with increasing pre-oxidation time, the alloy implanted directly with Ce had the lowest oxidation rate constant. During cyclic oxidation (350 cycles) Ce implantation played a similar benefical effect on the oxide-spallation resistance for blank and pretreated alloys. The result indicates that Ce incorporated into the oxide scale affected the diffusion of the reaction species and also the spallation resistance of the oxide scales. The change of the oxidation process is attributed to the segregation of Ce at the oxide grain boundaries     

聚苯醚金属离子注入改性层的硬度和磨擦学性能

为研究离子注入技术对聚苯醚（PPO）的表面硬度和耐磨性的提高效果,分别将3种剂量（2×1015 cm－2、1×1016 cm－2和1×1017 cm－2）的Al、Ti 、Fe离子注入PPO。纳米硬度测量显示,1×1016 cm－2 Ti离子注入PPO后其硬度由0.369 GPa增至1.433 GPa,离子注入使PPO表面形成一层交联层,导致其硬度提高。磨损实验表明,3种离子注入后均可使PPO的耐磨性提高,摩擦因数下降;其中1×1016 cm－2 Ti离子注入PPO的磨损体积降为原来的0.4%,摩擦因数下降了40％。红外光谱分析表明,离子注入后PPO表面形成羟基和羰基等新的基团,羟基的形成主要与表面微量吸水有关。电子自旋共振(ESR)分析显示离子注入可以形成自由基,离子注入诱发交联的方式主要为自由基交联。     

The influence of the surface ion implantation of aluminium and yttrium upon the oxidation behaviour of a Fe-15% Cr-4% Al Fecralloy® stainless steel,in air,at 1100°C

An increase in the concentration of aluminium in a 0.25 μm thick surface layer of a 15%Cr-4%Al yttrium free Fecralloy steel by the implantation of up to 10¹⁷ ions cm^?2 had no significant influence upon the oxidation behaviour of the steel, in air, at 1100°C. An alloy addition of 0.86% yttrium reduced the attack and oxide spallation for at least 3271 h, while the surface implantation of 3 × 10¹⁵ yttrium ions cm^?2, together with 10¹⁷ aluminium ions cm^?2 improved the oxidation behaviour of the steel for only a limited period (784 h). It is concluded that yttrium alloy additions in the Fecralloy steels exert their beneficial influence on the oxidation behaviour within the oxide film rather than the subscale.     

稀土Y对ASISI430不锈钢抗高温氧化性能影响的研究

本工作通过离子注入的方式,在AISI430合金表面注入不同剂量的稀土Y进行改性,研究了不同剂量的稀土Y对合金高温抗氧化性的影响。采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、光电子能谱仪（XPS）分析氧化膜的物相构成、微观组织形貌、稀土Y的化学形态,并通过VL200DX超高温激光共聚焦显微镜对氧化过程进行原位观察。结果表明：合金表面注入稀土Y剂量为6×1017ions/cm2具有最佳抗氧化性和抗剥落性,相比原始试样,单位面积增重量以及剥落量分别减少了43.7%, 78.4%。合金表面注入Y优先氧化为Y2O3,一方面促进氧化膜的形成,另一方面抑制了晶粒长大。此外,晶界处Y2O3阻碍了金属阳离子通过晶界向外扩散。重要地,部分Y取代了MnCr2O4尖晶石中Mn2+、Cr3+占位,产生空穴缺陷,缓解了氧化层内应力,减少裂纹和孔洞的产生,使氧化层与基体结合紧密。     

The influence of ion-implanted yttrium on the selective oxidation of chromium in Co-25 wt.% Cr

Specimens of Co-25 wt.% Cr, Co-25 wt.% Cr-1 wt.% Y, and yttriumimplanted Co-25 wt.% Cr alloy were oxidized at 1000°C in 1 atm O₂. The implantation dosage ranged between 10¹⁶ to 10¹⁸ ions/cm². The unimplanted binary alloy oxidized to a duplex Co-rich scale, but the Y-containing ternary alloy formed a continuous Cr₂O₃ layer. When the implantation dosages were lower than a nominal 10¹⁸ ions/cm², the alloy failed to develop a similar continuous Cr₂O₃ layer as that observed with the Y-containing alloy. A temporarily stable external Cr₂O₃ scale was formed on the most heavily implanted specimen (1×10¹⁸ Y⁺/cm²). This Cr₂O₃ scale consisted of very fine-grained oxide, which is permeable to the outward transport of Cr and Co. Internal oxidation pretreatment of the ion-implanted specimens converting the Y metal to its oxide prior to the oxidation experiment, can enhance the development of an external Cr₂O₃ scale, but this scale is also unstable. Results suggest that the selective oxidation of chromium in an ordinarily non-Cr₂O₃ -forming alloy can be due to the reactive element oxides acting as preferential nucleation sites on the alloy surfaces, but the subsequent growth of these scales may require a continuous supply of reactive elements in the alloy.     

The effect of aluminum ion implantation on the oxidation of an Fe-6 at.% Al alloy at 1173 K

Samples of an Fe-6 at.% Al alloy were implanted with doses of 5×10¹⁶–3×10¹⁷ Al⁺ ions/cm² at 100 kV, and subsequently oxidized at 1173 K in O₂ gas at 27 kPa. By comparison with the behavior of unimplanted specimens, no effect on oxidation was observed if the dose of implant was less than 1×10¹⁷ Al⁺ ions/cm². At doses of 1×10¹⁷ Al⁺ ions/cm² or higher, a change in the oxide scaling morphology was effected from a duplex -Fe₂O₃--Al₂O₃ scale to an -Al₂O₃-enriched film with a dispersion of -Fe₂O₃ nodules. Oxygen uptake by the high-dose samples was due principally to nodule formation and weight gains after 45 hr were lower by 50–70% as compared with the unimplanted material. Nucleation and growth of the nodules occurred only within the first 5 hr of reaction, but their presence acted as an upper limit on the benefits provided by implantation of aluminum. Nodule formation was shown to be characteristic of the oxidation properties of the alloy material, not an extraneous feature introduced by the implantation process itself. Surface preparation prior to implantation had little effect on oxidation: high-dose electropolished samples behaved similarly to mechanically polished samples when implanted to comparable doses.     

The isothermal oxidation behaviour of Fe-Cr-Al and Fe-Cr-Al-Y alloys at 1200°C

The isothermal oxidation kinetics of Fe-14Cr-4Al, Fe-27Cr-4Al and similar alloys containing 0.008, 0.023 and 0.8Y have been investigated in 1 atm. oxygen at 1200°C and related to the appropriate oxide morphologies and compositions. The yttrium-free alloys develop a convoluted oxide morphology, with significant areas of lost contact between the oxide and the alloy specimen surface, which results from lateral growth of the oxide and the development of high compressive growth stresses. These are due to oxide formation within the oxide where Al³⁺ ions diffusing outwards through the bulk oxide meet O^2? ions diffusing inwards along oxide grain boundaries. The additions of yttrium to the alloys reduce the oxide growth stresses and suppress the development of the convoluted oxide. This is reflected in the oxidation kinetics. During cooling, scale cracking and some spalling occurs for the yttrium-free alloys, due to the imposition of stresses, caused by the differential thermal contraction between the oxide and alloy, on the already highly stressed, partially detached oxide. Although the addition of 0.008Y to the alloy actually increases the amount of oxide spallation on cooling, further additions of 0.023Y or 0.8Y to the alloy reduce the oxide growth stresses, prevent scale detachment at temperature and thus reduce or prevent oxide damage on cooling.