酶膜生物反应器应用及展望

酶膜生物反应器是一种新型的、有发展前途的生物反应器，它在进行生物催化的同时，也在进行产物的分离、浓缩及催化剂的回收。介绍了酶膜反应器的概念、研究近况、特有的优点及问题。对酶膜反应器的不同分类方式及应用研究进行了综述，并加以展望。     

煤间接液化费托合成浆态床反应器的研究进展

随着煤炭间接液化技术在百万吨级商业示范装置上的成功应用，作为其核心设备的费托合成浆态床反应器，涉及气液固三相湍流流动、传热传质及反应，其随反应器直径放大及内构件结构布局的变化而发生改变，进而影响反应器性能的多个复杂过程，导致在反应器设计、放大及操作优化上面临巨大挑战，科研及工业界仍然持续重视。本综述分析了影响浆态床反应器流体力学性能的主要因素，对浆态床反应器的流型、气含率、气泡行为、传热等研究进行了总结。介绍了浆态床反应器核心内构件的结构特点及发展状况，回顾了浆态床在费托合成反应过程中的工业应用历程，并展望了费托合成浆态床的研究趋势。     

气升式环流反应器研究与应用进展

综述了气升式反应器性能的主要影响因素研究及其最新的应用，提出今后研究工作的主攻方向，并介绍了最近超声气升式反应器及光气升式反应器的研究结果。     

膜生物反应器处理废水技术研究的进展

引用了40篇参考文献，综述了膜生物反应器处理生活污水及有机废水的特点，重点阐述了膜生物反应器中超滤膜污染的主要原因及相应的防治措施，并就膜生物反应器的研究现状，提出一些建议。     

气－液－固三相外循环淤浆反应器连续化的工程研究

以镍系催化剂加氢制１，４－丁二醇为研究对象，在气－液－固三相外循环淤浆反应器中，研究了反应器结构、气含率、固含率、循环液速等反应器特性，提出了固体颗粒在反应器中均布条件及固体颗粒连续分离方案等工程问题。     

生化反应工程与工艺研究进展

对生化反应工程现状及发展趋势进行了综述，并着重对生物反应器工程的地位，研究内容，研究方法进展，新型生物反应器的开发前景等作了介绍，同时还简要地介绍了生物技术及工艺的研究现状。     

圆盘反应器成膜性的持液量研究

本文以工业聚酯终缩聚圆盘反应器开发应用为研究背景，对不同直径圆盘反应器的成膜性和持液量作了较为详细的研究，首先考察了物料粘弹性、盘径和转速对成膜性的影响，以对成膜性观察为基础，通过成膜机理分析提出了粘附膜和下垂膜的概念，并由此推论圆盘反应器应存在一最佳成转速范围，然后给出了持液量关联式，不但为该反应器表面更新及脱挥速率的深入研究拓宽思路和视野，而且为工业圆盘反应器转速确定及搅拌轴设计提供理论依据。     

外部流化床燃烧气化反应器的试验研究

针对循环流化床气化炉普遍存在的飞灰及底渣含碳量高、煤炭利用率低、气化效率不高等问题，研制了外部流化床燃烧气化反应器。通过冷态试验，研究了外部流化床燃烧气化反应器的布风板空板阻力和料层阻力与流化风量的关系，测定了飞灰在反应器内的停留时间，研究了外部流化床燃料气化反应器的输送特性。试验证明外部流化床燃烧气化反应器对于降低循环流化床气化炉飞灰和底含碳量是完全可行的。     

气液传质及反应装置研究进展

在介绍了自常规塔设备到超重力设备，再到一种新型气液传质及反应设备——涡旋脉冲式反应器的发展过程的同时，重点介绍了涡旋脉冲式反应器的基本结构、技术特点及研究进展，指出了涡旋脉冲式反应器在气液传质过程及纳米粉体制备上的研究及应用前景。     

喷射反应器及其应用

简述了喷射反应器的反应原理、结构特征、工艺类型、独特性能及其国内外研究现状和进展；详细介绍了喷射反应器作为多相反应器，在加氢、烷氧基化、胺化、氯化／次氯化、氧化、磺化／硫酸化及生物发酵等各种反应类型中的应用，并以多个实例加以说明。对已工业化的重要反应还分析了生产工艺流程，通过与搅拌釜、鼓泡塔、填料塔及膜式等各种多相反应器的实验或生产结果比较，充分显示了喷射反应器优越的多相反应性能及其在气液、气液固等多相反应领域中的重要地位。并指出了当前研究的特点，预测了其发展前景和研究方向。     

多相光催化反应器的研究进展

介绍了多相光催化反应器的类型、特点和研究现状.围绕光传递限制和传质限制两方面的问题,结合反应器的新型设计和应用情况展开讨论.通过比较悬浮型和负载型光催化反应器,阐明了研究可分离悬浮型和负载型流化床光催化反应器是实现光催化技术工业化的关键所在,指出了光催化反应器设计中存在的问题和今后的研究重点.     

废气治理低温等离子体反应器的研究进展

低温等离子体技术用于废气治理成为近年来的研究热点,而低温等离子体反应器的研制正是其重要内容。本文详细介绍了用于废气治理的各种电晕放电反应器、介质阻挡放电反应器以及等离子体-催化反应器的结构特点和放电特性,综合比较了上述反应器在能量效率、降解产物的选择性和工业应用等方面的特点,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

Flow Characteristics and Transport Phenomena in Toroidal Loop Reactors

Loop reactors are especially convenient for fluid systems requiring defined flow conditions in the whole reactional zone. Torus reactors are submitted to a directed circulation achieved by a propeller. The flow characteristics and axial dispersion are analyzed in rectangular and circular loop reactors. The power consumption and the heat transfer capacity in torus reactors are also determined.     

喷射式气-液反应器的型式及应用

气体和液体以喷射形式进料 ,是喷射式气液反应器的显著特征 ;喷射式气液反应器是一种多相反应器 ,具有较好的传热、传质和混合特性。对喷射式气—液反应器的型式及应用作了概要介绍     

Small/medium nuclear reactors for potential desalination applications : Mini review

Small/medium nuclear reactors (SMRs) are a promising alternative for powering large scale desalination plants. The modern generations of these systems manifest cost effectiveness and built-in safety features. The compatibility with geological and topological challenges is an added advantage. Moreover, funding opportunities and packages could be easily arranged for small/medium nuclear reactors (SMR). This mini review article provides the latest technical features of SMR nuclear plants with emphasis on pressurized light water reactors (PWR), boiling water reactors (BWR), heavy water reactors (HWR), gas cooled reactors (GCR), and liquid metal fast breeder reactors (LMFBR). Preliminary cost indicators for typical units were investigated as a part of joint effort to develop a cost database for these types of reactors. Security and safety features of small/medium reactors are identified and reviewed. This paper identifies and briefly discusses the various types of small/medium nuclear reactors to provide a preliminary evaluation and consideration of using this type of reactor in potential seawater desalination applications.     

自热制氢反应器研究进展

介绍了同心圆式反应器、板式反应器、壁反应器、微通道反应器在自热重整反应制氢中的特点。同心圆式反应器的传热是控制步骤,为强化传热而开发了空间形状不同和流体经过反应器不同腔体的先后顺序不同的反应器;板式反应器易于组装、拆卸和放大,而且热效率也比较高,是目前十分活跃的研究领域,重点在于操作参数和设计的优化及其高效壁载制氢催化剂的研制;壁反应器的反应表面和换热表面不分离,具有较高的热量耦合效果;微通道反应器具有优越的传热性能,但对加工和流体的性质有比较苛刻的要求。另外,不同燃料制氢机理的研究及其过程参数的稳态、瞬态模拟,为反应器的设计提供了理论依据。而制氢过程并行单元的研究为系统的集成奠定了基础。最后,指出开发板式壁反应器以及开展其在CO变换、净化方面的研究有较好的发展前景。     

Multiphase catalytic reactors: a perspective on current knowledge and future trends

Conventional and emerging processes that require the application of multiphase reactors are reviewed with an emphasis on catalytic processes. In the past, catalyst discovery and development preceded and drove the selection and development of an appropriate multiphase reactor type. This sequential approach is increasingly being replaced by a parallel approach to catalyst and reactor selection. Either approach requires quantitative models for the flow patterns, phase contacting, and transport in various multiphase reactor types. This review focuses on these physical parameters for various multiphase reactors. First, fixed-bed reactors are reviewed for gas-phase catalyzed processes with an emphasis on unsteady state operation. Fixed-bed reactors with two-phase flow are treated next. The similarities and differences are outlined between trickle beds with cocurrent gas-liquid downflow, trickle-beds with countercurrent gas-liquid flow, and packed-bubble columns where gas and liquid are contacted in cocurrent upflow. The advantages of cyclic operation are also outlined. This is followed by a discussion on conventional reactors with mobile catalysts, such as slurry bubble columns, ebullated beds, and agitated reactors. Several unconventional reactor types are reviewed also, such as monoliths for two-phase flow processing, membrane reactors, reactors with circulating solids, rotating packed beds, catalytic distillation, and moving-bed chromatographic reactors.

Numerous references are cited throughout the review, and the state-of-the-art is also summarized. Measurements and experimental characterization methods for multiphase systems as well as the role of computational fluid dynamics are not covered in a comprehensive manner due to other recent reviews in these areas. While it is evident that numerous studies have been conducted to elucidate the behavior of multiphase reactors, a key conclusion is that the current level of understanding can be improved further by the increased use of fundamentals.     

Reactors for hydrogenation of edible oils

Due to the characteristics of the hydrogenation of edible oil, by far the most common type of reactor has been the batch-type shurry hardener. Although continuous reactors offer several advantages compared to batch reactors, they are seldom used in the industry. This review paper describes the most commonly used full-scale reactors, both batch and continuous. Several different laboratory reactors are also described. The experimental results obtained from those reactors indicate that it is possible to achieve selectivites and reaction rates in a continuous reactor as high as in a slurry batch reactor.     

Multiphase catalytic reactors: a perspective on current knowledge and future trends

ABSTRACT

Conventional and emerging processes that require the application of multiphase reactors are reviewed with an emphasis on catalytic processes. In the past, catalyst discovery and development preceded and drove the selection and development of an appropriate multiphase reactor type. This sequential approach is increasingly being replaced by a parallel approach to catalyst and reactor selection. Either approach requires quantitative models for the flow patterns, phase contacting, and transport in various multiphase reactor types. This review focuses on these physical parameters for various multiphase reactors. First, fixed-bed reactors are reviewed for gas-phase catalyzed processes with an emphasis on unsteady state operation. Fixed-bed reactors with two-phase flow are treated next. The similarities and differences are outlined between trickle beds with cocurrent gas–liquid downflow, trickle-beds with countercurrent gas–liquid flow, and packed-bubble columns where gas and liquid are contacted in cocurrent upflow. The advantages of cyclic operation are also outlined. This is followed by a discussion on conventional reactors with mobile catalysts, such as slurry bubble columns, ebullated beds, and agitated reactors. Several unconventional reactor types are reviewed also, such as monoliths for two-phase flow processing, membrane reactors, reactors with circulating solids, rotating packed beds, catalytic distillation, and moving-bed chromatographic reactors.

Numerous references are cited throughout the review, and the state-of-the-art is also summarized. Measurements and experimental characterization methods for multiphase systems as well as the role of computational fluid dynamics are not covered in a comprehensive manner due to other recent reviews in these areas. While it is evident that numerous studies have been conducted to elucidate the behavior of multiphase reactors, a key conclusion is that the current level of understanding can be improved further by the increased use of fundamentals.     

Novel Gas-Liquid-Solid Reactors

Multiphase reactors involving gas, liquid, and solid phases have several important applications in the chemical industry, particularly in catalytic processes. Some of the well-known examples are: hydrogenation and oxidation of organic compounds, hydro-processing coal-derived and petroleum oils, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and methanation reactions. Due to the presence of three phases, the problem of reactor design is often important to achieve effective mass and heat transfer as well as a mixing pattern favorable to the particular process. The reactors are mainly of two types: (a) solid catalyst is suspended either by mechanical agitation or gas-induced agitation and (b) solid catalyst is in a fixed bed with concurrent or countercurrent feed of gas and liquid re-actants. The reactor types conventionally used in industry are: (a) mechanically agitated or bubble column slurry reactors and (b) trickle-bed or packed-bed bubble reactor. The various design and modeling aspects of these reactors have been reviewed by Satterfield [1], Chaudhari and Ramachandran [2], Shah [3,4], Ramachandran and Chaudhari [5], Shah et al. [6], and Herskowitz and Smith [7]. In several industrial processes these reactor designs are modified to achieve a certain specific objective, such as better heat or mass transfer, higher catalyst efficiency, better reactor performance and selectivity, etc. Similarly, specially designed reactors are often used for laboratory kinetic studies or to understand a certain phenomenon. Thus, novel multiphase reactors are becoming important from both academic and industrial viewpoints. Some of the recently introduced novel gas-liquid-solid reactor types are: (a) loop recycle slurry reactors, (b) basket-type reactors, (c) ebullated-bed reactors, (d) internal or external recycle reactors, (e) multistage slurry or packed-bed reactors, (f) column reactors with sieve trays or multiple agitators, (g) gas-induced agitated reactors, and (h) horizontal-packed-bed reactors. are being used in several new commercial processes, and various design aspects, such as hydrodynamics and mass and heat transfer, have been the subject of investigations in the last few years. However, no attempt to review the scattered information on these novel gas-liquid-solid reactors has been made. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review important developments in novel gas-liquid-solid reactors. For each type of reactor, advantages, disadvantages, and applications are discussed. Further, the status of information on hydrodynamics and mass transfer parameters and scale-up considerations is reviewed. These novel reactor designs are being used in several new commercial processes, and various design aspects, such as hydrodynamics and mass and heat transfer, have been the subject of investigations in the last few years. However, no attempt to review the scattered information on these novel gas-liquid-solid reactors has been made. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review important developments in novel gas-liquid-solid reactors. For each type of reactor, advantages, disadvantages, and applications are discussed. Further, the status of information on hydrodynamics and mass transfer parameters and scale-up considerations is reviewed.