Effects of concentrated electrolytes administered via a paste on fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance in horses

OBJECTIVES: To test effectiveness of an electrolyte paste in correcting fluid, electrolyte and acid base alterations in response to furosemide administration. ANIMALS: 6 Standardbreds. PROCEDURES: Horses received electrolyte paste or water only (control). The paste was given orally 3 hours after furosemide administration (1 mg/kg of body weight, IM). Water was given ad libitum soon after the paste and 3 hours after furosemide administration to treated and control groups, respectively. Paste Na+, K+, and Cl- composition was approximately 2,220, 620, and 2,840 mmol, respectively. The PCV and plasma concentrations of total protein ([TP]), [Na+], [K+], [Cl-]), and bicarbonate ([HCO3-]) were determined, and urinary fluid and electrolyte excretion, fecal water, and body weight changes were measured. RESULTS: At the end of a 6-hour period, the paste-treated group had higher water consumption, which resulted in lower plasma [TP]; net electrolyte losses also were substantially less. With paste administration, [Na+] was approximately 2 mmol/L above a prefurosemide value of 137.3 mmol/L; control horses had values similar to the prefurosemide value. Plasma [Cl-] remained at the prefurosemide value, but values in control horses decreased by 7 mmol/L with water consumption. Plasma [K+] remained approximately 0.8 mmol/L below prefurosemide values in both groups. Venous [HCO3-] returned to prefurosemide values after paste administration, but alkalosis persisted in control horses after consumption of water only. Body weight loss was less after paste administration. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of electrolyte paste is advantageous over water alone in restoring fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance after fluid and electrolyte loss attributable to furosemide administration.     

Homeostasis--the key concept to physiological control

The maintenance of body water content is a classic example of homeostasis at work. Water is continuously lost and added to the systems. The regulation of a balance between the factors involved demonstrates the dynamic nature of homeostatic processes. Surgery places additional demands on such processes, partly because there are additional factors in the balance equation and partly because of the hormonal responses to trauma which also affect water balance. Promoting the return to a balance state and maintaining it, during and after surgery, is important to patient well-being and may even facilitate recovery. The risks associated with a disturbance in water balance are of potentially greater consequence if there is water overload, particularly if the patient has underlying cardiovascular or respiratory problems. Slight dehydration is probably a better target to aim for in order to reduce such risk but there are no easy ways to achieve this state as individuals will vary in their responses to surgery. The hydration, and electrolyte, needs, will vary between patients so fluid therapies should be individualised. Whilst a patient's fluid balance chart provides a means of assessing water balance, the interpretation is complicated after surgery. An awareness of other signs is therefore essential.     

Renal disease in the elderly: distinctive disorders, tailored treatments

Many 40-year-olds would be surprised to learn that, as far as their kidneys are concerned, the aging process is already under way. The decreased blood flow and diminished regulatory capacity that come with age are not necessarily problems. However, when another factor is added (eg, fluid loss from diarrhea, depressed thirst mechanism from sedative use), serious fluid and electrolyte imbalances can result. Dr Ali discusses renal disorders for which older people are at risk, and he provides safety tips on drug choices and doses.     

Effects of diuretic therapy on electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis

The use of diuretics leads to a negative sodium and fluid balance without primary effects on serum sodium concentration. This parameter is regulated by the activity of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) system. Secondary changes in other electrolyte systems and in acid base homeostasis also are induced by diuretic therapy. Especially diuretic induced hypokalemia is important as it is responsible for the excess mortality observed in patients with diuretic treated essential hypertension and cardiac abnormalities. All adverse metabolic effects of diuretic therapy are, in contrast to the antihypertensive action, dose dependent. Changes in fluid and electrolyte metabolism induced by diuretics occur within the first 2 or 3 weeks after initiation of medication. Counterregulatory mechanisms are activated and a new steady state is established. Serial laboratory determinations after this period are not necessary as long as this steady state is not affected by additional events (like a change in therapy or diet as well as the occurrence of vomiting or diarrhea).     

Cell age distribution of erythrocytes at the incidence of cerebral stroke in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, and their glutathione peroxidase activity

OBJECTIVE: A recently described mathematical model of human amniotic fluid dynamics used known and estimated rates of fetal fluid production (lung liquid and urine) and composition (osmolality) to enable calculation of previously unmeasured routes of amniotic fluid resorption, including fetal swallowing and intramembranous (across the amnion) water flow. This "osmolar" model assumed that only free water resorption occurred across the intramembranous route. We hypothesized that intramembranous flow also may include solutes and electrolytes because significant concentration gradients exist between amniotic fluid and fetal plasma. We used mass balance analysis to determine the direction and magnitude of intramembranous sodium flux and to assess the ability of a newly described "sodium" model to predict changes in amniotic fluid volume in response to changes in intramembranous electrolyte flow. Mathematical modeling was used to predict changes in amniotic fluid volume in response to changes in intramembranous electrolyte flow. STUDY DESIGN: Model predictions were calculated using published values for human amniotic fluid and fetal urine composition and volume. Ovine studies were used to derive lung fluid volumes and composition. Fetal swallowing and intramembranous flow were independently determined using net amniotic fluid osmolar (osmolality model) and sodium (sodium model) balance. Differences between osmolality and sodium model predictions were normalized to calculate the net intramembranous sodium flux, assuming a net balance of intramembranous osmotic solute flow. RESULTS: Both sodium and osmolality models predicted swallowed volume to be greater than intramembranous flow until 28 to 32 weeks' gestation, after which the relationship reversed. However, the sodium model predicted greater intramembranous flow and lower swallowing rates compared with the osmolality model at all gestational ages. Osmolar mass balance required daily intramembranous sodium flux into the amniotic fluid, which increased with gestational age. Furthermore, assuming stable swallowing and intramembranous water flow, the model predicts that 5% increases or decreases in amniotic fluid solute concentrations caused by intramembranous flux result in polyhydramnios or oligohydramnios, respectively. CONCLUSION: Sodium and osmolality models demonstrate similarities in determinations of amniotic fluid dynamics. However, mass balance equations demonstrate a net intramembranous flow of sodium into the amniotic fluid under normal conditions. Mathematical modeling suggests that small alterations in daily intramembranous sodium flux may evoke large changes in amniotic fluid volume.     

开槽阳极对铝电解气液两相流及气泡分布特性影响的数值模拟

基于计算流体动力学原理,建立了全尺度三阳极铝电解槽内气液两相流三维CFD-PBM耦合计算模型,采用Grace曳力系数模型和Simonin湍流扩散力模型分别计算气液相间曳力和湍流扩散力,研究和讨论了开槽阳极对阳极底掌区域内气液两相流体流动及气泡分布特性的影响。结果表明,电解质流场预测结果与文献测试结果吻合良好;对阳极进行开槽可明显加快气泡的逸出方式,从而改变电解质流场和气体体积分数分布;长度方向开槽可明显降低气体体积分数和减小气泡索特平均直径。     

Considerations in the treatment of patients with renal disease

Renal function includes maintenance of fluid pH, electrolyte and fluid balance, influence on blood pressure, excretion of fluid and metabolic soluble wastes after filtration or reabsorption, and production of erythrocyte stimulating factor and the active form of vitamin D. These processes involve sensory mechanisms in the kidney, as well as the ability to respond to sensed changes, to maintain body homeostasis. Decrease in or failure of renal function induces abnormalities in many other systems, requiring a modified approach that is individual to each patient, and includes alteration of medications used and a re-evaluation of their doses. Some patients may require a regimen of dialysis or eventual renal transplantation, each with attendant advantages and risks. Careful evaluation and consultation with a nephrologist is required when local or systemic treatment is contemplated.     

铜电解槽内电热场的数值分析

以国内某冶炼厂铜电解槽为研究对象,建立了铜电解槽内电解液流场、温度场和电场作用数学模型,利用CFD商业软件,对槽内各物理场进行数值计算,重点考察了温度场和电场的分布状况,并进行了电解槽热平衡分析。结果表明:计算的槽面电解液温度分布状况与现场检测结果基本吻合,验证了模型的有效性;靠近入口区域电解液温度比出口附近低约1~2℃,极板间电解液温度比槽底部区域高约1~2℃,槽内电解液温度分布呈现不均匀状况,分析原因后提出了可行措施,为优化电解槽温度场分布、改进操作工艺参数提供了理论依据。      

Drug induced rhabdomyolysis: case report

Rhabdomyolysis results from skeletal muscle injury leading to the release of intracellular contents into blood and urine. Its diverse aetiology includes severe exercise, muscle trauma or ischaemia, metabolic disorders, infections and exposure to drugs and toxins. Known risk factors include heredity disorders of glycogen and lipid metabolism as well as a history of substance abuse. A case of rhabdomyolysis associated with exposure to opiates and benzodiazepines is described and the pathogenesis and treatment are reviewed. The rhabdomyolysis was complicated by acute renal failure; the patient fully recovered. It is suggested that rhabdomyolysis should be borne in mind in patients presenting with altered mental status, or fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, in particular, if they also give a history of substance abuse.     

高酸无铜电解液银电解工艺生产实践

结合银电解工业生产实际情况,从银电解的基本原理、技术条件、杂质行为、电解液和阳极泥处理、技术经济指标等各个方面,详细介绍了传统银电解生产工艺,并着重研究探讨了高酸无铜电解液银电解生产工艺。生产实践表明该工艺有抑制铋的析出,降低对阳极板品质的要求,节约生产成本等特点。为解决新投产的银电解生产线因用1#银粉造液电解液中无铜离子,或银阳极板铋含量过高带来的生产问题提供了参考。     

Nephrology/hypertension/fluid and electrolyte disorders

The following annotated bibliography has been developed for the purpose of providing to primary care physicians a handy source of review articles and major studies in the field of nephrology, hypertension, and fluid and electrolyte disorders. Almost all of the articles are review articles of clinical topics that would be of interest to the practicing physician. JAOA will be publishing additional annotated bibliographies in various fields of internal medicine over the next several months. The second in this series will appear in a forthcoming issue of THE JOURNAL.     

400kA预焙阳极铝电解槽电压平衡分析

铝电解槽电压主要由阳极压降、卡具压降、极间压降、阴极压降、立柱母线压降、阳极母线压降、反电动势及槽周母线压降等部分组成,铝电解生产过程中保持电压平衡是电解槽平稳高效运行的基本条件。通过对400kA预焙铝电解槽电压平衡测定,结合生产现状,对电压平衡调整的方向和措施进行了分析和总结,降低电解槽各部位电压降,加强电解槽生产管理,是节能降耗的有效途径。     

电解金属锰废电解液开路沉Mn及硫酸铵蒸氨试验研究

为了解决制取电解金属锰利用酸法生产钛白粉所产废酸的加入能力，采用部分废电解液开路沉Mn以及硫酸铵蒸氨制取氢氧化铵，以解决酸平衡与溶液平衡问题并获得较好经济效益。     

A comparison of speaking and mute individuals with autism and autistic-like conditions on the Autism Behavior Checklist

The item, total, and subscale scores on the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) were compared for 155 mute and 335 speaking individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Although no significant difference was observed between the groups on the ABC total score, the mute group demonstrated significantly more pathology on 21 of 57 items and 3 of 5 subscales. The speaking group obtained significantly higher scores on only 8 items and 1 subscale (Language). The appropriateness of providing greater pathology scores on expressive language items to speaking, rather than to mute, individuals is called into question. The authors speculate whether the expressive language items are weighted too heavily, in regard both to the Language subscale and to the ABC total score. If the expressive language items were removed, the mute group would have significantly higher ABC total scores and therefore a greater degree of autism severity.     

Assessing fluid and electrolyte status in the newborn. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry

Fluid and electrolyte assessment during the first week of life is complicated by rapid changes in fluid and electrolyte balance during the transition from fetal to neonatal life and by the newborn's small size. A physiologic decrease in extracellular water volume, as well as a transient increase in serum potassium and transient decreases in plasma glucose and total plasma ionized calcium concentrations must be taken into account. In general, the more immature the newborn, the greater the changes that can be expected. The use of plasma creatinine as an indicator of glomerular filtration rate is limited because it is a function of maternal renal function at birth and because of non-steady-state conditions in the immediate postnatal period. Guidelines for monitoring schedules are provided on the basis of these physiologic considerations and the author's experience. Method of blood sampling and time to separation of serum are important considerations in interpreting results. Minimization of sample volume is critical to minimize blood transfusion requirements. Clinicians should be aware of the analytical error associated with these measurements in their own institutions. Reference ranges are provided.     

稀土氧化物电解槽内阴极产生金属钕的研究

钕氧化物电解槽内金属钕在电解质中的下沉情况属于典型的两相流动。因此,采用多相流范畴的混合物模型,着重研究随着槽底部钕液面上升而发生的金属钕的扩散情况。模拟过程中没加入电磁场,在电解槽的优化设计过程中,母线和电极产生的磁场可以在一定程度上抑制钕的扩散。研究槽内单纯的流体流动,对母线和电极的排列方式可以提供一定的理论依据。以3 kA钕电解槽为模型,模拟计算了电解槽正常工作情况下,阴极表面产生的金属钕在电解槽内的分布情况,并对得到结果进行了分析。     

氯化物熔盐电解槽电热场模拟分析

氯化物熔盐电解槽在电解过程中受温度影响很大,有必要对电解槽中的电热场进行分析计算。利用COMSOL软件建立三维氯化物熔盐电解槽电热场模型,得到槽内电势和温度分布,分析电解槽的热平衡,在热平衡的基础上,计算电解槽结构参数对电热场的影响,并推导出放大方程。计算表明,缩短阴阳极间距,增大阴极高度、阴极半径、阳极半径及电解质液面高度可以在热平衡的条件下提高电流强度,依据无因次关系式可进行结构优化设计或电解槽放大设计而不需要复杂的建模,可以节省计算资源。     

NaCl-KCl-MgCl_2体系中升华物的组分特征及对氯压系统的影响

采用Factsage、XRD、SEM等手段对NaCl-KCl-MgCl_2体系在电解和未电解两种模式下的升华物组分特性及其对氯压系统的影响进行研究。研究表明,未电解模式下NaCl-KCl-MgCl_2熔盐体系的升华物成分与理论计算值吻合,但电解模式下升华物中MgCl_2相含量急剧增加,这是镁与氯气的副反应产物MgCl_2升华造成的;电解和未电解两种模式获得升华物粒径分布不均匀,且结构不规则,但电解模式获得的升华物粒径明显较未电解模式大,其原因为电解模式下升华物中小液滴作用。升华物对氯压系统的影响主要与硫酸介质反应生成硫酸盐(硫酸氢盐)和HCl气体,缩短氯压机叶轮和氯气管线的使用寿命,生产中需严格把控布袋的孔径和质量,并在袋式过滤器与氯压机中间增加二次过滤装置。     

Preparing for and competing in the heat: the human perspective

This review provides an overview of the challenges that face man and horses when exercising in the heat. Some of the strategies that are used and are being developed for human athletes exercising in the heat are reviewed. There are many similarities between human and equine physiological responses to exercise in the heat; and equine exercise science may gain some useful insights from the training, fluid replacement and heat acclimatisation strategies used by human athletes. There are, however, some important differences that impact on the ability of horses to thermoregulate and to regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. The major differences are the low surface area to body mass ratio in horses compared to man; and the high metabolic capacity of equine skeletal muscle. These 2 factors may limit the ability of horses to dissipate heat when exercise is performed under hot conditions. Some of the more important equine differences are highlighted within the context of the "human perspective'.     

Gastrointestinal and nutritional aspects of eating disorders

Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are potentially fatal eating disorders which primarily affect adolescent females. Differentiating eating disorders from primary gastrointestinal (GI) disease may be difficult. GI disorders are common in eating disorder patients, symptomatic complaints being seen in over half. Moreover, many GI diseases sometimes resemble eating disorders. Inflammatory bowel disease, acid peptic diseases, and intestinal motility disorders such as achalasia may mimic eating disorders. However, it is usually possible to distinguish these by applying the diagnostic criteria for eating disorders and by obtaining common biochemical tests. The primary features of AN are profound weight loss due to self starvation and body image distortion; BN is characterized by binge eating and self purging of ingested food by vomiting or laxative abuse. GI complications in eating disorders are common. Recurrent emesis in BN is associated with dental abnormalities, parotid enlargement, and electrolyte disturbances including metabolic alkalosis. Hyperamylasemia of salivary origin is regularly seen, but may lead do an erroneous diagnosis of pancreatitis. Despite the weight loss often seen in eating disorders, serum albumin, cholesterol, and carotene are usually normal. However, serum levels of trace metals such as zinc and copper often are depressed, and hypophosphatemia can occur during refeeding. Patients with eating disorders frequently have gastric emptying abnormalities, causing bloating, postprandial fullness, and vomiting. This usually improves with refeeding, but sometimes treatment with pro-motility agents such as metoclopromide is necessary. Knowledge of the GI manifestations of eating disorders, and a high index of suspicion for one condition masquerading as the other, are required for the correct diagnosis and management of these patients.