某锰矿区土壤剖面重金属形态迁移转化特征及生态风险评价

对贵州省某锰矿区剖面土壤进行采样,测定其中Cu、Zn、Cr、Mn、Pb和Cd含量,并采用改进的BCR连续提取法分析重金属的赋存形态,利用风险评价编码法（RAC）及次生相与原生相比值法（RSP）对其进行风险评价。结果表明,1）研究区域土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb和Mn的质量浓度平均值分别为2.63、126.39、48.95、751.8、37.28和4 992.88 mg/kg,均高于贵州土壤背景值。从土壤重金属垂向分布来看,由于矿区土壤受到较多人为影响,导致土壤垂向重金属元素含量未表现出明显的规律性。2）不同重金属的赋存形态分布差异较大,Cd的主要赋存形态为弱酸溶态,Pb、Mn均以可还原态为主,Cr、Zn和Cu均以残渣态为主,其中Cd、Cu元素有效态均表现出在表层富集的特征。3）潜在生态风险评价结果表明,研究区域土壤Cd有较高的污染风险,土壤Cu、Mn、Zn、Pb和Cr以中低风险为主。不同剖面深度土壤Cd和Cu生物有效形态组分污染风险均呈由浅至深逐渐降低的趋势。     

某铅锌尾矿库周边土壤重金属污染特征及其来源分析

以某铅锌尾矿库周边土壤为研究对象,测定土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni重金属含量,采用地质统计分析掌握重金属含量空间分布,再利用单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数和地质累积指数评价重金属污染状况,并结合相关性分析和主成分分析探重金属来源。结果表明,土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni平均含量分别为10.4、1.54、132、653、62.8、73.8、1 392、31.6 mg/kg,越靠近尾矿库,Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Hg含量越高。内梅罗综合污染指数表明,研究区综合污染指数为11.2,为重污染,单因子污染指数和地质累积指数表明,研究区土壤Cd污染最严重,其次是As、Zn、Pb、Cu、Hg污染,Cr和Ni无污染。相关性分析和主成分分析表明,Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Zn之间存在显著正相关关系,主要受铅锌尾矿库长期堆存、转运及加工等人为活动影响,Cr、Ni主要来自土壤母质,Cu主要受矿业活动和农业活动共同影响。     

煤炭矿区排矸场表层土壤重金属污染研究

采用填埋覆土的方式对煤矸石进行处理,在沉陷区沟壑地带分层充填矸石,使沟地变为平地,对环境保护有重要意义。神府东胜煤田的大多数煤矿现已基本采用填埋覆土的方式对煤矸石进行处理。以神府东胜煤田中某排矸场为研究对象,分析了排矸场表层土壤（地表及-1 m处）中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的空间分布特征及土壤中重金属的赋存形态。研究表明,排矸场中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn含量超过该地区的土壤背景值,对当地的土壤环境造成了一定的污染;排矸场土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb在-1 m处的含量高于表层土壤,并且排矸场中-1 m处土壤的8种重金属元素的含量都高于对照区土壤重金属含量;排矸场中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni残渣态占比最大,As可氧化态占比最大,Mn、Zn、Pb可交换态和可还原态占比较大,Mn、Zn、Pb以更不稳定的形态存在,对生态环境影响较大。     

地质高背景区铅锌矿废弃地土壤重金属污染评价

调查研究了某废弃铅锌矿区周边农田土壤中重金属Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn的污染状况,并结合单因素指数法、地累积指数法、污染指数负荷法、灰色聚类法及聚类热图分析对重金属污染程度和空间分布状况进行评价,采用相关性分析和主成分分析识别污染途径。结果表明,研究区Cd、Zn、Hg、Pb、Cu和As含量均超过贵州省土壤背景值。Cd的外源污染最严重,Zn、Pb、Hg次之。重金属污染程度与河流以及距矿区距离呈正相关。主要污染因子为Cd,次要污染因子为Hg和Zn,各采样点均处于严重污染。研究区重金属来源可分为4类,Cu、Cd、Zn属工业源污染,主要为矿山开采;As、Hg污染与工业源和农业源有关;Cr、Pb含量受交通源与工业源以及自然源多方面影响。     

赣州市土壤重金属形态分布特征及污染评价

以赣州市6大功能区土壤重金属为研究对象,采取表层0~20cm土壤共50个样品,测定土壤中重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd和Cr含量并分析其来源,采用改进BCR连续提取法进行形态分析,结合次生相与原生相分布比值法、单因子指数法进行污染评价。结果表明研究区土壤中Pb和Cu元素变异系数较大,重金属Zn, Cu和Pb之间相关性显著。通过单因子指数法评价结果可以看出,赣州市6大功能区都受到重金属Cd的重度污染,居民区和工业区受到重金属Cr的轻度污染,交通区受到重金属Pb和Zn的轻度污染。研究区土壤重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn形态都以残渣态为主,次生相与原生相比值都是小于1的属于无污染。      

小秦岭典型地段植物重金属污染特征分析

在研究区采集了132组植物样品,并对样品中As、Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni 8种重金属含量进行了测试,采用环境指数作为植物重金属污染评价方法来描述受污染程度,得出了不同种类植物的重金属污染状况。通过对比分析富集系数,研究了重金属在植物中的富集特征。其研究结果表明:不同植物中重金属含量超标倍数和吸收量明显不同,显示出选择性富集特征。该次采集的所有植物中As、Hg的含量都不超标;红薯中Cd和Pb的含量超标倍数最高,玉米中Zn的含量超标倍数最高,Cu也比较容易在粮食作物中累积且以红薯最为突出;蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Zn的含量超标倍数最高,以白萝卜、白菜最为突出;水果中Pb的含量超标倍数最高,且苹果和柿子都较为突出。该次采集的植物对Pb的吸收能力都很强,只有玉米对Zn的吸收能力比其对Pb的吸收能力略强。受到重金属污染的土壤所种植的粮食、蔬菜和水果均有不同程度的富集,其对重金属吸收强弱的排序分别为:白菜、白萝卜和胡萝卜中,PbZnCuNiCrCdHgAs;红薯和茄子中,PbCuZnNiCrHgCdAs;南瓜和苹果中,PbCuZnNiCrHgAsCd;柿子中,PbNiCuZnCrHgAsCd;玉米中,ZnPbCuNiCrHgAsCd;西红柿中,PbZnCuNiCrAsCdHg。     

Numerical Simulation of Transport of Four Heavy Metals in Kaolinite Clay

A multicomponent reactive solute-transport model was used to study the migration of dissolved heavy metals (Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) in a clay barrier subject to two leachates having different pH values. This solute-transport model is capable of simulating simultaneous processes of water flow, advective-dispersive-solute transport, and chemical reactions. The migration of these metals was simulated in a kaolinite landfill liner, which was assigned realistic physical and chemical properties and boundary conditions to model one-dimensional contaminant transport. The leachate input properties to the model were those of an actual leachate containing the four heavy metals. The numerical simulations were focused on the concentration profiles of these metals in the simulated clay barrier and leachate pH affects their mobilities. The numerical results indicate that with a nearly neutral leachate, the heavy metals mobility follows: Cd2+ < Pb2+ < Cu2+ < Zn2+. With an acidic leachate, the order changes to Pb2+ < Cu2+ < Zn2+ < Cd2+. Leachate pH has a significant effect on Cd2+ and Pb2+ mobility and a small effect on Cu2+ and Zn2+.     

贵州丹寨县铅锌矿区小流域土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

为探究贵州丹寨县铅锌矿区矿业活动对土壤系统运转对环境影响,以丹寨县兴仁镇铅锌矿区土壤为研究对象,采集小流域内河流周边不同土地利用类型土壤表层(0~20cm)的样品,分析测定土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Mn、Hg、As 7种重金属含量。应用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、地质累积指数法、潜在生态指数法对矿区不同土壤层重金属进行污染程度和潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明,0~10cm土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Mn、Hg、As含量分别是贵州省土壤背景值的0.65、5.13、1.74、2.45、0.59、5.08、0.27倍。10~20cm土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Mn、Hg、As含量分别是贵州省土壤背景值的0.71、3.11、1.18、2.21、0.65、4.88、0.21倍。不同小流域与不同深度土层危害程度有所差异,通过评价结果得出研究区主要污染重金属元素为Cd、Hg,土壤重金属处于中等及以上潜在生态危害程度。     

Lichens as a tool for biogeochemical prospecting

The heavy metal content in lichens and vascular plants from abandoned copper mining areas, Gerakario (Kilkis) and Megali Panagia (Chalkidiki), have been compared with metal content in soil in order to assess their efficiency to accumulate five metals (Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, and Cr). The average metal content in the mineralized soil of Gerakario was, in descending order, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, and Cr, and in Chalkidiki it was Cu, Mn, Cr, Pb, and Zn. The epilithic lichens (Neophuscelia pulla) accumulated the highest amount of Cu and Pb, and Xanthoparmelia taractica accumulated the highest amount of Zn. All the lichens revealed significant (P < 0.05) correlation between Cu content in soil and that in thalli. Out of five metals studied, four (Cu, Pb, Mn, and Cr) in the epigeic lichen Cladonia convoluta, two (Cu and Mn) in both epilithic lichen N. pulla and X. taractica, and one (Pb) in vascular plant Minuartia (root) were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated between their metal content in plant tissue and in soil. Further, discoloration of C. convoluta with higher Cu concentrations adds a visible clue for biogeochemical exploration. Thus, lichens along with other symptomatic species will help in locating mining areas.     

典型锰矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染风险评价及其来源分析

为探究典型锰矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染状况及主要来源,以重庆市秀山县溶溪锰矿区周边农用地的土壤为研究对象,测定了土壤中镉、砷、铅、铬、镍、铜、锌和锰的含量,采用了多种分析方法（包括多元统计分析、单因子污染指数法、内梅罗指数法和地质累积指数法）研究土壤重金属污染水平、分布特征,并结合皮尔逊相关性分析、PCA和APCS-MLR分析,解析研究区土壤重金属的主要来源和贡献率。结果表明,锰矿区周边水稻田土壤Mn均值含量显著低于其它农作物土壤（p＜0.05）,其他7种重金属均值含量在各农田土壤中均无显著差异（p＞0.05）。内梅罗综合污染指数表现为红薯地（13.34）＞大豆地（2.73）＞玉米地（2.19）＞水稻田（1.80）,重金属污染程度由大到小表现为：Mn＞Cd＞As＞Ni、Zn＞Pb、Cr、Cu。地累积指数由大到小表现为：Mn＞As＞Pb＞Zn＞Ni＞Cd＞Cu＞Cr。污染源解析表明,研究区土壤中Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn和Mn之间存在显著正相关关系（r=0.5~0.8、p＜0.01）,主要受到矿业开采等活动影响,贡献率分别为80.0%、55.3%、57.9%、61.4%、73.3%和98.4%。As和Cr存在显著正相关关系（r=0.548、p＜0.01）,主要受到土壤母质等自然因素的影响,贡献率分别高达88.5%和76.3%。因此,应重点加强对Mn和Cd的来源管控和污染防治。此外,红薯地8种重金属污染累积程度均高于其他农作物土地,应开展相应整治,防止持续对红薯地土壤造成污染。     

电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定锂制品中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cd

实验采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法来测定锂制品中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cd等杂质元素量,确定了用硝酸（1＋1）10 mL分解样品以及选择锂浓度为5 mg/mL基体效应最小;选择了适合本实验分析用的波长（Zn：213.856 nm;Ca：396.847 nm;Cd：228.802 nm;Cu：324.754 nm;Mg：280.270 nm;Mn：259.373 nm;Ni：231.604 nm;Pb：220.353 nm）;仪器功率选择1000 W;通过实验得出加标回收率为92%-110%,相对标准偏差小于5%;并确定Mn、Cd、Ni 、Zn的测定范围为0.00005%-0.0080%,Ca、Cu、Mg 0.0001%-0.0080%,Pb为0.0002%-0.0080%.     

基于多评估法的硫铁矿区土壤重金属污染特征及源分析

以川南某硫铁矿采选矿区及其尾矿渣场周边农用地为研究对象,采集并测定了51个表层土壤样品、4个背景点土壤样品和4个剖面土壤样品的Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、As、Cu、Zn含量,分析其空间分布特征,应用内梅罗综合污染指数法剖析土壤重金属污染现状,并结合相关性分析和正定矩阵因子分析法对土壤重金属来源进行解析。结果表明：研究区土壤Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、As、Cu、Zn含量均值分别为2.2、163.0、0.2、66.6、41.8、15.1、80.8、153.0 mg/kg,其中Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu存在不同程度的累积现象,且多个重金属元素之间存在显著相关性;Cd为主要污染元素,Cu具有较强的垂向迁移能力;土壤重金属主要来源为工矿活动源(39.5%)、自然源(37.6%)、大气沉降与交通混合源(22.9%)。川南某硫铁矿周边农用地存在多重金属元素复合污染,其中工矿活动起主导作用。     

The concentrations, distribution and sources of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in the atmosphere of an urban environment

The four metals Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn have been measured in residential city air in a relatively small urban environment. The atmospheric concentrations are Cd, 0.516, 0.305; Cu, 12.5, 8.22; Pb, 155, 70.2; and Zn 47.4, 22.4 ng m-3 at two different sites. Except for lead the concentrations are low and more typical of rural areas in more industrialised centres. The concentrations were found to be higher in the colder and more stable air conditions existing during the winter season. Also concentrations on the flat were higher than those on a hillside probably reflecting the influence of thermal inversions. Wind direction influences the concentrations, they being greater when the wind flow comes across the industrial areas of the city. Some of the major sources of the elements are coal, soil, tyre wear and automobile emissions.     

Heavy metal concentrations in two populations of crayfish

To monitor the environmental contamination of heavy metals in Tuskegee Lake (TL) and National Forest Creek (NFC), Tuskegee, Alabama, adult crayfish muscle and exoskeleton and sediment samples were collected and analyzed for Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Co, Ni and Zn. In both TL and NFC crayfish Cu and Zn were not different in muscle and exoskeleton; however, Pb and Cd were significantly different. The Pb in exoskeleton and the Cu and Zn in muscle and exoskeleton of TL crayfish were significantly higher than that of NFC crayfish; however, Cd and Ni were not different between tissues or crayfish sources. Levels of Hg and Co were not detectable.     

Oral intake of cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, nickel, manganese and zinc in the university student's diet

A duplicate diet meal study was carried out with a group of university students living in a hostel, in order to estimate the intake of Zn, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb. Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry and Cd, Co and Pb by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry after a nitric acid wet digestion procedure. The estimated intake values from the contents of breakfast, lunch, dinner and drinks were compared with the values of the Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) in the case of Cd and Pb, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) of Co, Fe and Zn and Estimated Safe and Adequate Dietetic Daily Intake (ESADDI) of Cu and Mn. Neither excessive intake of Pb and Cd nor deficiencies in Zn, Co, Fe, Mn or Ni were observed, but Cu intake was lower than the ESADDI.     

赣江上游龙迳河水体氨氮与重金属污染分布特征及风险评价

论文以我国典型的稀土矿区流域——赣江上游龙迳河为研究对象,自上游至下游采集了15个水样并现场测定了水体pH值,测试和分析了氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮和Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、As、Hg、Pb、Mn 8种重金属含量和相关性,并采用内梅罗综合污染指数评价法对重金属污染程度进行评价.结果表明:①龙迳河流域主要的重金属污染物为Mn、Hg、Pb,其超出地表Ⅱ类水质标准分别为93%、20%、6.7%;②表层水体中亚硝氮、硝氮、氨氮和重金属Zn、Mn、As、Cd、Pb沿程变化具有相似性,且重金属Zn、Mn、As、Cd、Pb与氨氮具有显著的正相关性,表明重金属Zn、Mn、As、Cd、Pb之间可能具有一定的同源性且氨氮含量与该重金属在水中的分布有密切联系;③龙迳河水质优良、良好、较好、较差和极差占整体采样点的概率分别为6.67%、26.67%、33.33%、6.67%和26.67%,河流水质整体较差,部分采样点水质较好,重金属污染上游大于下游.      

溶样方法对电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定区域地球化学调查样品中6种元素的影响

针对区域地球化学调查样品,采用HCl-HNO₃-HClO₄-HF消解样品、王水提取技术,以⁵⁹Co、⁶⁰Ni、⁶⁵Cu、⁶⁶Zn、¹¹⁴Cd、²⁰⁸Pb作为测定同位素,采用间接经验公式校正质谱干扰,最终实现了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时对Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb等6种微量元素的测定。详细对比分析了HCl-HNO₃-HClO₄-HF消解法、王水消解法、微波消解法3种试样处理方法对土壤、水系沉积物和岩石成分分析标准物质的分析数据,结果表明,HCl-HNO₃-HClO₄-HF消解法和微波消解法的测定值与认定值相符;因微波消解法一次性处理样品数量有限,不适合大批量地质样品分析,故实验选取HCl-HNO₃-HClO₄-HF法对样品进行溶样。Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的校准曲线相关系数均达0.999 9以上,方法检出限(μg/g)分别为:Co 0.04,Ni 0.69,Cu 0.89,Zn 1.31,Cd 0.029,Pb 0.34。将方法应用于土壤、水系沉积物和岩石成分分析标准物质中6种金属元素的测定,结果与认定值基本一致,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)均小于8%。方法应用于实际区域地球化学调查样品分析,结果与X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)相吻合。     

某矿区农田土壤重金属分布特征与生态风险评价

为探明贵州六盘水某矿区周边农田土壤重金属的分布特征及污染程度,以矿区周边农田为研究对象,采集表层土壤测定Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和As含量,分析重金属空间分布特征,评价土壤重金属污染程度及潜在生态风险,并探究其来源。结果显示,6种重金属元素含量均高于贵州省土壤重金属背景值,超标倍数依次为Cu(5.82)>Ni(2.52)>Zn(2.46)>Pb(1.81)Cr(1.51)>As(1.18),重金属分布显示矿区煤矸石山和洗选厂周边的农田土壤重金属富集较为严重。单项污染指数均值显示Cu处于重度污染水平,Ni、Zn为轻度污染水平,Pb、Cr、As为轻微污染水平;综合污染处于重度污染级别。地质累积指数法评价结果显示:Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb处于轻度污染,Cr、As表现为尚未污染水平。研究区重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数为68.02,已经达到轻度危害程度,其中Cu、Ni对综合潜在生态风险(RI)的贡献最大。多元统计分析结果显示,Zn与Pb、Zn与As以及Cu与Pb的相关性较强,表明Zn、Pb、AS、Cu的来源较相似,为第一类来源,主要源于采矿活动产生的三废;Ni、Cr分别为第二、三类来源,第二类重金属来源与汽车尾气的排放、机械损耗有关;第三类重金属主要受土壤母质影响。4种评价结果基本一致,矿区周边农田土壤重金属处于重度污染,轻度危害程度,Cu、Ni是研究区土壤影响最显著的生态风险因子,重金属主要源于采矿活动产生的三废。     

市政污泥中重金属赋存状态及生物有效性

在分析污泥理化性质的基础上,采用Tessier连续提取法对污泥中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cd、Cr进行形态及生物有效性分析.结果表明,该污泥中有机质含量达到45.62 %,N、P、K含量分别为1.55 %、4.26 %、1.01 %,重金属含量均低于污泥农用控制标准值.污泥中Cu的生物有效态占2.65 %,潜在有效态占36.52 %,不可利用态占60.83 %;Zn的生物有效态占1.24 %,潜在有效态占10.71 %,不可利用态占88.05 %;Pb全部以残渣态存在于污泥中,不可利用态占100 %;Ni的生物有效态占46.01 %,不可利用态占53.99 %;该污泥中未检测出Cd和Cr.污泥中重金属主要以非交换态形式存在,生物可利用程度低,对污泥堆肥农用非常有利.      

Distribution of Metals for Particulate Matter Transported in Source Area Rainfall-Runoff

In urban drainage, metals partition between dissolved (fd) and particulate (fp) phases. Metals also distribute across particulate matter (PM) gradations. In this study, granulometric metal distributions were examined for similar urban paved source areas in Baton Rouge, La.; Cincinnati; New Orleans; Little Rock, Ark.; and N. Little Rock, Ark. Metal distributions were examined for PM fractions from <25?μm to >4,750?μm, as suspended (< ～ 25?μm), settleable ( ～ 25–75?μm), and sediment (>75?μm bed load) fractions. For all areas, analysis of PM indicated that metal mass and concentration (mole/m2) were distributed across the gradation. A cumulative gamma distribution constitutive model related metal mass and PM size. The study focused on Baton Rouge, La. where event-based and composited PM metal distributions were statistically similar. For influent and settled runoff, fp dominated Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb partitioning. Influent Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb exceeded discharge criteria for receiving water beneficial uses on a total metal basis. A constitutive model for Pb and Zn mass distributions at Baton Rouge, La. was combined with Newtonian settling and ideal overflow rate to examine two limiting cases of storm events loading a screened hydrodynamic separator. For low and high flow events, modeling reproduced metal mass of eluted PM (2 to ～ 250?μm) from an HS within 4% of measurement, but when influent Pb and Zn exceeded discharge criteria so did HS effluent. As a separate unit operation, 1 h of quiescent settling did reduce Pb, but not Cu, Zn, and Cd to discharge criteria levels.