花岗岩和大理岩在不同应变率下的冲击试验研究

利用橡胶波形整形器改进后的分离式霍普金森压杆装置,对花岗岩和大理岩在不同应变率下进行了冲击压缩试验。通过试验有效性的验证,证明了数据的可靠性。试验结果表明:应变率明显影响这两类岩石材料的动态力学特性,不同冲击速度下的动态抗压强度、峰值应力、弹性模量表现出显著的率相关性,峰值应变则变化不大,其中分析了花岗岩和大理岩的峰值应力-冲击速度关系以及弹性模量-冲击速度关系,两者呈弱幂函数关系;加载过程中花岗岩表现出更显著的动态脆性,在破坏形态方面花岗岩大多呈轴向劈裂破坏,大理岩破碎程度明显更高呈压碎破坏,并从微观结构方面进行了对比分析。     

温度与冲击荷载耦合下花岗岩动力性质

为考察岩石的热动力学特性,利用改进的分离式霍普金森压杆,对不同实时温度下的花岗岩试样进行了50~250 s-1应变率的冲击压缩试验.基于测试数据,研究发现不同温度下应变率敏感性有所差别,700℃时花岗岩抗压强度的应变率效应最弱,而峰值应变的率效应非常明显,弹性模量的应变率效应无明显规律,如20℃和700℃时,弹性模量表现出随应变率升高而增大的趋势,但300℃和500℃时,其随应变率的增大而降低;较常温状态,300℃时花岗岩的抗压强度变化不大,当温度升高到500℃时,花岗岩热损伤效应明显,其动态抗压强度与弹性模量均大幅降低,而峰值应变呈增大趋势.700℃时热损伤现象突出,抗压强度与弹性模量迅速降低;此外,还发现当温度升高时,不但岩石的破碎程度加重,而且岩样的颜色也发生改变.     

高温作用下高强度混凝土力学性能及分形维数试验研究

为了研究不同温度作用下高强度混凝土的力学性能弱化机理,对不同温度作用下的混凝土进行了单轴压缩试验,并结合单轴压缩作用下不同温度混凝土的分形维数,分析了高温对混凝土的损伤程度.结果表明:(1)随着温度的升高,高强混凝土的抗压强度逐渐降低,峰值应变逐渐增大,弹性模量逐渐减小;(2)随着温度升高,高强混凝土的分形维数逐渐增大,破坏程度越来越严重;(3)200℃时,高强度混凝土脱去自由水导致强度降低,400℃时,高强度混凝土内部结合水脱离导致抗压强度降低,600℃时,高强度混凝土内部骨料之间产生滑移导致抗压强度降低,800℃时,高强度混凝土疏松,内部损伤严重导致抗压强度降低.     

(研究生论坛）温度作用后大理岩破裂及强度特性试验研究

温度是影响岩石力学特性的重要因素之一。开展了常温和温度(200℃、800℃)作用后锦屏大理岩的单轴、常规三轴试验,分析了温度作用对大理岩破裂特征及强度的影响规律。研究表明温度作用对大理岩的破裂形式和强度都有较大的影响。单轴压缩条件下,常温下的大理岩试件发生剪切和张拉复合破坏,而200℃和800℃温度作用后的大理岩表现出明显的张拉劈裂破坏特征。常规三轴压缩情况下,常温下的大理岩主要为剪切破坏;200℃温度作用后的试件有剪切、剪切和张拉复合破坏两种不同形式;而800℃温度作用后的试件,则有单剪破坏、剪切和张拉复合破坏、鼓胀破坏三种形式。相对于常温情况,200℃温度作用后大理岩内聚力略有增加,内摩擦角基本没有变化;800℃温度作用后,试件的内聚力大幅度降低,内摩擦略微增加。由于温度作用,岩石破坏形式比较复杂,强度离散性较大。用Mogi-Coulomb强度准则对温度作用后的大理岩强度进行回归分析优于Mohr-Coulomb准则。     

冻融环境下沙漠砂对混凝土轴心受压力学性能的影响

为研究沙漠砂对混凝土抗冻性能的影响,采用快速冻融方法,进行掺沙漠砂混凝土冻融后轴心抗压强度试验,得到不同冻融循环作用下掺沙漠砂混凝土破坏特征和应力-应变曲线,分析不同冻融循环下掺沙漠砂混凝土表面损伤特征、质量损失率、动弹性模量损失率和超声波波速损失率的变化规律.结果表明:随着冻融循环次数增加,掺沙漠砂混凝土质量损失率变化较小,动弹性模量损失率、超声波波速损失率、相对峰值应变和极限应变均增大,相对峰值应力和横向变形系数均减小,弹性模量先增大后减小;在相同冻融循环次数下,掺沙漠砂混凝土弹性模量损失率、超声波波速损失率和相对峰值应变均小于普通混凝土,相对峰值应力、横向变形系数和弹性模量比普通混凝土高.采用过镇海提出的单轴受压本构模型拟合得到应力-应变全曲线方程,分析冻融循环对应力-应变曲线控制参数的影响,可对沙漠砂混凝土结构的抗冻性能进行分析.     

硫酸盐腐蚀后混凝土单轴受压本构关系

为了研究硫酸盐侵蚀环境下混凝土力学性能的变化,对受硫酸盐腐蚀的普通混凝土进行单轴受压实验.通过实验室加速腐蚀的实验方法,测定不同腐蚀时期的混凝土的应力应变全曲线,研究受腐蚀混凝土应力-应变曲线上的几个特征值(峰值应力及应变、弹性模量、割线模量、拐点应力及应变、收敛点应力及应变)随腐蚀程度变化的规律,对腐蚀后混凝土的应力应变全曲线进行拟合.结果表明:随腐蚀的进行,混凝土峰值应力、弹性模量先增加后减小,而峰值应变是先稍微有所减小,而后急剧增大;该实验条件下获得了受腐蚀后混凝土应力应变曲线上各特征值与峰值应力fc′的关系式,建立了曲线上升段参数αa的数学表达式.可以以受腐蚀混凝土的强度为基本参数,分别求解受腐蚀混凝土峰值应变、弹性模量,上升段曲线拟合参数、拐点应力以及收敛点应力.从而得到受腐蚀混凝土一系列的力学参数和本构关系.     

再生混凝土单轴受压应力-应变全曲线试验

完成了不同再生粗骨料取代率下再生混凝土的单轴受压应力-应变全曲线试验,分析了再生粗骨料取代率对再生混凝土的应力-应变全曲线形状、弹性模量、峰值及极限应变的影响.研究表明：再生混凝土的应力-应变全曲线的总体形状与普通混凝土的相似,但曲线上各特征点对应的应力和应变值不同;再生混凝土的弹性模量明显低于普通混凝土的;再生混凝土的峰值应变与峰值应力大于普通混凝土的.     

高温后水泥基灌浆料低周重复荷载作用下的受力性能

针对不同掺水率(12%,14%,16%)、受热温度(150,300,450,600℃)和冷却方式(自然冷却、喷水冷却),对高温冷却后水泥基灌浆料棱柱体在低周重复荷载作用下的受力性能进行了试验研究.结果表明:水泥基灌浆料棱柱的峰值应力随受热温度升高而降低,喷水冷却下峰值应力下降速率略快于自然冷却下峰值应力下降速率;峰值应变随受热温度升高而增大,且喷水冷却峰值应变大于自然冷却峰值应变.随着受火温度的升高,冷却方式对水泥基灌浆料棱柱体试块在低周重复荷载作用下的应力-应变曲线影响明显,喷水冷却下试块的应力-应变曲线较自然冷却下更为饱满,残余塑性变形更大.     

水泥砂浆高温SHPB实验及动态力学特性研究

采用一种新的混凝土类材料快速加温装置,在Ф50的SHPB系统上,对水泥砂浆试件进行了不同温度(20~600℃)下的冲击压缩实验,分析了水泥砂浆试件在不同温度和冲击速度下的破坏形态,并且获得了不同温度下水泥砂浆试件3个冲击速度下的应力应变曲线以及峰值应力、峰值应变的变化规律。研究表明,水泥砂浆材料具有明显的应变率效应,随着应变率的增加,水泥砂浆的峰值应力不断地提高。同时,水泥砂浆材料具有明显的温度损伤效应,在相同的冲击速度下,其峰值应力随温度的增加不断地减小,而其峰值应变则不断地增加。     

轻集料混凝土局部受压试验及动力本构分析

为探究轻集料混凝土单轴局部受压动力特性,采用试验机对轻集料混凝土单轴局部受压本构关系进行相关试验研究.考虑了5种不同加载应变率和4种不同加载面积,在位移控制下,得到轻集料混凝土单轴局部受压应力-应变曲线.根据应力-应变曲线特征点的峰值应力、峰值应变和弹性模量,分析不同加载应变率与加载面积对特征点的影响.同时根据混凝土黏弹塑性损伤本构模型,考虑不同加载应变率和加载面积的影响修正模型参数,并通过试验数据验证理论模型的合理性.研究结果表明:加载应变率和加载面积对轻集料混凝土应力-应变曲线影响明显;不同加载面积对轻集料混凝土弹性模量、峰值应力及峰值应变有较大影响;所提出的理论模型能够准确描述轻集料混凝土材料局部动力荷载作用下的应变率效应和非线性行为.     

Experimental study on the mechanical properties of rocks at high temperature

The mechanical properties of marble, limestone, and sandstone as well as the stress-strain curve, the varying characteristics of the peak strength, the peak strain and elastic modulus were studied by using the MTS810 Rock Mechanics Servo-controlled Testing System under the action of temperatures rang- ing from room temperature to 800℃ . Results show that (1) the peak strength and elastic modulus of marble fluctuate at the temperature from normal to 400 ℃ ; and they decrease gradually over 400℃ . (2) With th...     

Physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing a single fissure after exposure to high temperatures

In order to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing fissures after exposure to high temperatures,fissures with different angles α were prefabricated in the plate sandstone samples,and the processed samples were then heated at 5 different temperatures.Indoor uniaxial compression was conducted to analyze the change rules of physical properties of sandstone after exposure to high temperature,and the deformation,strength and failure characteristics of sandstone containing fissures.The results show that,with increasing temperature,the volume of sandstone increases gradually while the quality and density decrease gradually,and the color of sandstone remains basically unchanged while the brightness increases markedly when the temperature is higher than 585 ℃;the peak strength of sandstone containing fissures first decreases then increases when the temperature is between 25℃and 400℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature,and the mechanical properties of sandstone show obvious deterioration after 400 ℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature;with increasing angle αof the fissure,the evolution characteristics of the macro-mechanical parameters of sandstone are closely related to the their own mechanical properties.When the temperature is 800 ℃,the correlation between the peak strength and average modulus of sandstone and the angle α of the fissure is obviously weakened.The failure modes of sandstone containing fissures after high temperature exposure are of three different kinds including:tensile crack failure,tensile and shear cracks mixed failure,and shear crack failure.Tensile and shear crack mixed failure occur mainly at low temperatures and small angles;tensile crack failure occurs at high temperatures and large angles.     

Fracture evolution characteristics of sandstone containing double fissures and a single circular hole under uniaxial compression

The uniaxial compression experiments on the sandstone samples containing double fissures and a single circular hole were carried out by using electro-hydraulic servo universal testing machine to investigate the effect of rock bridge angle β and fissure angle α on mechanical properties and evolution characteristics of cracks.The results show that the peak strength,peak strain and elastic modulus of defected specimens decrease comparing with those for intact sample,and show a decreased trend firstly and then increase with β changing from 0° to 90°.The peak strength and elastic modulus achieve the minimum value as the rock bridge angle is 60°,while the peak strain reaches the minimum value with the rock bridge angle of 45°.The crack initiation of tested rock samples occurs firstly in stress concentration areas at tips of prefabricated fissures under uniaxial compression,and then propagates constantly and coalescences with the prefabricated hole.Some secondary cracks initiate and propagate as well until buckling failure happens.The rock bridge angle has a great influence on crack initiation,coalescence,final failure mode,crack initiation stress and transfixion stress.The peak strength varies significantly,while the elastic modulus and peak strain change slightly,and the failure modes are also different due to the influence of fissure angle.     

Mechanical characteristics and microcosmic mechanisms of granite under temperature loads

The relationships between mechanical characteristics of rock and microcosmic mechanism at high temperatures were investigated by MTS815, as well as the stress-strain behavior of granite under the action of temperatures ranging from room tem-perature to 1200 ℃. Based on a micropore structure analyzer and SEM, the changes in rock porosity and micro'structural mor-phology of sample fractures and brittle-plastic characteristics under high temperatures were analyzed. The results are as follows: 1) Mechanical characteristics do not show obvious variations before 800 ℃; strength decreases suddenly after 800 ℃ and bearing capacity is almost lost at 1200 ℃. 2) Rock porosity increases with rising temperatures; the threshold temperature is about 800 ℃;at this temperature its effect is basically uniform with strength decreasing rapidly. 3) The failure type of granite is a brittle tensile fracture at temperatures below 800 ℃ which transforms into plasticity at temperatures higher than 800 ℃ and crystal formation takes place at this time. Chemical reactions take place at 1200 ℃. Failure of granite under high temperature is a common result of thermal stress as indicated by an increase in the thermal expansion coefficient, transformation to crystal formation of minerals and structural chemical reactions.     

盐岩损伤测试中卸载模量研究

利用MTS815 Flex Test GT岩石力学试验系统,对盐岩和大理岩进行了单轴压缩下的7级加卸载试验和低周循环加卸载试验测试,对盐岩和大理岩的卸载模量进行了探讨。低周循环试验加载波形采用正弦波,频率1Hz,循环应力幅值小于其平均抗压强度,单级应力幅值为30个振动循环。通过试验,得到了盐岩应力应变滞回环均为条带状,大理岩则均为尖叶状;盐岩在加卸载部位具有较大不可逆变形,对应弹性响应较慢,大理岩则反之;盐岩卸载模量变化趋势受加载测试方法影响较大,而大理岩在2种试验条件下得到的卸载模量变化趋势相似;加载应力幅值比加卸载循环数对盐岩不可逆变形增量影响更加显著。损伤变量研究结果表明,利用低周循环加卸载方法测试具有显著时间效应变形岩石的损伤弹性模量,能更真实反映其损伤特征。     

Mechanical properties of deep-buried marble material under loading and unloading tests

The mechanical properties are essentially different when rock material is subjected to loading or unloading conditions. In this study, loading and unloading tests with various confining pressures are conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of marble material samples taken from the deep diversion tunnels of Jinping II Hydropower Station. The stress-strain relationship, failure characteristics and strength criterion are compared and analyzed based on the experiment results. The results show: in the loading and unloading test, peak strength, lateral strain, axial strain and plastic deformation increase significantly as the confining pressure increases. Lateral strain increased significantly and obvious lateral dilatancy can be observed to the change of confining pressure; The fracture mode is mainly the single shear fracture for the triaxial compression test and post-peak test, angle between the failure surface and the ends of the rock material becomes smaller as the confining pressure increases. Hoek-Brown strength criterion reflects the strength characteristics of marble material under two different unloading conditions, and has some supplementary effects to the rock material of mechanical field.     

真三轴压缩下大理岩强度、变形与损伤特征数值

为研究真三轴条件下岩石的力学行为,采用离散元颗粒流程序,探析不同应力路径下大理岩试样的变形破坏过程、微裂纹演化机制及其中间主应力效应。结果表明：平行黏结模型能较准确地反映大理岩真三轴压缩下力学特性和破坏模式;中间主应力对峰值强度、弹性模量、破坏角和破坏模式演变的影响较为显著;八面体理论可较好地拟合出大理岩真三轴压缩中的破坏应力,所得的破坏强度包络线具有明显线性特征;结合应力-应变曲线形状,该大理岩在压缩过程中裂纹扩展可划分为4个阶段,即线弹性阶段、裂纹稳定扩展阶段、裂纹非稳定扩展阶段及峰后破坏阶段;随着中间主应力增大,应力-应变曲线峰后段的脆性破坏特征变强,试样从拉伸破坏向拉剪混合破坏转变,且中间主应变符号由拉转向压,岩石损伤演化与中间主应力间呈现出“对勾”型趋势。     

Microscopic and dynamic rheological characteristics of crumb rubber modified asphalt

A test for crumb rubber modified asphalt containing 20% crumb rubber particles(30 mesh) was performed using a scanning electron microscope(SEM).The experimental results indicate that the crumb rubber particles are evenly distributed in the asphalt.Shear rate sweep and shear-temperature sweep tests on the crumb rubber modified asphalt at-20-80 ℃ using a dynamic shear rheology(DSR) instrument,were carried out.The tests show that the complex modulus decreases with increasing temperature;at equivalent temperature,higher load frequencies lead to a larger complex modulus,and this value increasingly decreases as the temperature increases;the phase angle increases with temperature and decreases as the load frequency increases.It can be concluded that the rutting resistance limiting temperature of crumb rubber modified asphalt is 78 ℃,and the anti-fatigue limiting temperature is 16 ℃,which shows that the asphalt has preferable rutting resistance characteristics at high temperature,as well as anti-fatigue characteristics.In addition,the complex modulus master curve at different temperatures was plotted according to the time temperature equivalence principle,which allows the study of the dynamic state behavior of crumb rubber modified asphalt at a wide range of load frequency.     

Cycling hardening and serration yielding of Fe-Ni-Cr alloy at high temperature under out-phase TMF

Behaviour of hardening and serration yield of a Fe-Ni-Cr alloy under isothermal cycling (ISC) and out-phase TMF was studied on the basis of varied hysteresis loops. Cycling hardening and serrated yielding for ISC depend on the temperature and the total strain range, stronger hardening with serrated yielding at higher strain range under ISC at 600 °C, but no hardening and serrated yielding occurred under ISC at 800 °C. Stronger hardening with stress serration occurred at the thermal path going to the lowest temperature, no stress serration occurred at the highest temperature under the out-phase. The hardening also depends on the total strain range, higher total strain range with lower cycling temperature resulted in a stronger hardening and remarkable serration yielding behavior. Weaker hardening without serrated yielding occurred at near 800 °C may due to an obvious cycling stress drop under out-phase TMF. Change in the shape of the hysteresis loops also expresses the degree of the damage of the tested alloy under out-phase and ISC.