新型不饱和橡胶氯化剂的合成与表征

以次氯酸钠、叔丁醇和冰乙酸为原料合成了次氯酸叔丁酯。考察了反应温度、反应物配比、投料方式对产物的收率及纯度的影响以及放置时间对贮存稳定性的影响,确定了次氯酸叔丁酯合成的工艺条件,并用色谱-质谱对其纯度、杂质含量及产物结构进行了表征。结果表明,产物中次氯酸叔丁酯的质量分数可达92％,其纯度随放置时间的延长降低,杂质叔丁醇含量增加。将氯化试剂用于镍系顺丁橡胶的氯化反应,氯化反应为加成反应,氯化程度可控而且氯化顺丁橡胶的凝胶质量分数可控制在5％以下。     

低温湿法制取高纯碳酸锶

采用低温湿法由自制的高纯氢氧化锶和碳酸钠制取高纯碳酸锶,本工艺主要对反应温度、反应物浓度、碳酸钠的流速等因素进行了初步摸索.结果表明:反应温度在90℃左右,氢氧化锶的浓度10％(质量分数)左右,碳酸钠溶液的浓度18％左右,碳酸钠溶液的流速为10 mL·min-1时,制取的高纯碳酸锶不需要高温灼烧就能达到分析纯指标,含量达99.93％,产品一次性合格率高.     

羟戊醛的合成工艺研究

以甲醛和异丁醛（IBAL）为原料,在碳酸钠催化作用下羟醛缩合合成羟戊醛。利用正交实验设计法和单因素法考察了催化剂用量、反应配比、反应时间以及反应温度对合成反应规律的影响,并由此确定了最佳反应条件：催化剂碳酸钠占甲醛物质的量分数为2．9％,nHCHO：nIBAL=1：1,反应时间5h,反应温度66℃。在此条件下产物收率可达87．6％,质量分数89．88％。采用红外光谱分析仪和色质联机对产物的结构进行了表征,验证了其结构与文献的一致性。     

由硫磺、氯气一步法制备二氯化硫

以工业硫磺和液氯为主要原料,一步法直接制备二氯化硫。确定了合成反应最佳工艺条件：起始反应温度１００～１１０℃,氯气通入时间（即反应时间）６ｈ,通氯气量７５Ｌ／ｈ,精制蒸馏温度６０～６５℃,稳定剂三氯化磷用量０．１％～０．３％。在此工艺条件下制备的二氯化硫收率可达８０％以上。     

由糠醛合成富马酸亚铁

糠醛经Ｖ２Ｏ５催化氧化为富马酸,收率６１％～６５％,再由富马酸与硫酸亚铁反应以８５％～９０％的收率制取富马酸亚铁。由于改善了工艺操作条件,总收率比以苯为原料的传统工艺从２５％～２８％提高到５２％～５９％。分析鉴定表明,富马酸和富马酸亚铁与文献相符。     

氯气的污染与防治

氯气是一种对人的身心健康具有极大危害的污染物，同时它对金属设备具腐蚀作用，特别是在含水情况下，它与水反应生成腐蚀性极强的盐酸和次氯酸：另外，大量的氯气泄漏事故还会严重地破坏树木，花卉和农作物的生长，因此，我国把氯气列为污染物重点控制对象。     

卧式螺旋卸料离心机在环化废水预处理中的应用

氯气与水直接反应生成次氯酸，次氯酸与氯丙烯在反应器中连续而均匀地反应生成二氯丙醇（DCH）。其中包括1，3-DCH（占34％）和2，3-DCH（占66％）。     

一种用铝电解废渣生产冰晶石的方法

一种用铝电解废渣生产冰晶石的方法,把铝电解废渣磨至75—250μm以下,去除废渣中的炭、铁后,加入浓硫酸,在温度20-90℃条件下经过30～180min反应,反应产生的氟化氢气体用水或碱液吸收。反应完毕后加入1～20倍废渣质量的水,搅拌2—20min,经过滤,往滤液中投加10％-30％（质量分数）的碳酸钠溶液或固体碳酸钠、10％～50％（质量分数）的氢氟酸。     

环己烷直接氯化合成一氯代环己烷

本文采用氯气与环已烷直接反应的方法，制得了一氯代环已烷，并着重讨论了温度，物料配比，不同光源对收率的影响，得出了适宜的反应条件：温度为40℃，环已烷与氯气摩尔比为4：1，光照采用蓝光，收率为83％，纯度为98％。     

高收率高稳定性过碳酸钠的制备

以碳酸钠和双氧水为原料制备过碳酸钠。考察了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、后处理工艺等因素对过碳酸钠产品收率和稳定性的影响。适宜工艺条件：反应温度为15 ℃、反应时间为30 min、复合稳定剂（聚丙烯酸钠-硅酸钠-硫酸镁）加入量为碳酸钠质量的1%、碳酸钠与双氧水物质的量比为1∶（1.5~1.6）。在此条件下,制得过碳酸钠产品活性氧含量较高。结晶后,利用双氧水溶液对晶粒进行洗涤,于50 ℃下干燥3 h,过碳酸钠产品收率可达到88%,活性氧质量分数可达到14.75%。过碳酸钠产品存储35 d后,活性氧质量分数仍可达到13.90%,稳定性较好。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.