(How) Do (Firms in) Clusters Create Knowledge?

The literature on clusters and cluster building has been rapidly growing both in academic and policy-making circles. Central to this interest and body of work has been the assumption that location in clusters helps firms to exchange, acquire and generate new knowledge. Since knowledge is increasingly believed to be the basis of firm competitiveness clustered firms and industries will outperform others. This paper sets out to examine the evidence for propositions regarding the knowledge-enhancing qualities of clusters by reviewing the literature with the expressed intention of examining whether such claims in fact rest upon rigorous and verifiable empirical findings. In order to do this we extract from the theoretical literature on clusters three hypothetical arguments for the knowledge creating and competitiveness generating power of clusters: knowledge in clusters is created through various forms of local inter-organizational collaborative interaction; knowledge in clusters is created through increased competition and intensified rivalry; knowledge in clusters is created through spillover following from the local mobility and sociability of individuals. The paper goes on to assess and evaluate the number and rigour of empirical cases supporting these types of argument.     

External Knowledge and Innovation Performance in Clusters: Empirical Evidence from the Uruguay Software Cluster

The importance of geographic proximity for innovation has been widely stressed in the cluster literature. Yet, new insights from the inter-organisational network and cluster literatures underline the role of non-local linkages in enabling firms in networks to enhance learning and to innovate. This paper contributes to this literature by examining the importance of local and non-local knowledge networks for the innovation performance of firms in clusters. Our analysis is based on primary data from a survey of 95 software firms clustered in Montevideo, Uruguay. The results highlight that the most innovative firms in clusters heavily rely on non-local knowledge networks. Moreover, the number of indirect local ties to other firms is a better predictor of innovative performance than the number of direct local ties. Finally, our findings confirm the presence of knowledge gatekeepers in clusters and emphasise their role in enhancing innovation in clusters by absorbing knowledge from extra-cluster sources and diffusing it to other local firms.     

基于外部知识网络利用的团队创新机制研究

本研究旨在考查基于团队外部知识网络利用的团队创新机制。通过对114个团队样本的研究,探讨了外部知识网络利用,知识整合,团队创新,以及团队内部社会资本的三个子维度——结构紧密度、关系亲密度、认知一致性的关系。结果表明外部知识网络利用能够促进团队创新,知识整合在其中承担了中介作用,认知一致性对于外部知识网络利用对知识整合的影响起到调节作用。     

基于知识资本的企业竞争力的评价及实证分析

企业竞争力的评价问题是当今管理界讨论的一个热点问题。从知识资本角度构建企业竞争力评价体系,并提出了一种纵向比较的思路和方法,即根据企业的实际情况设计评价指标,采用隶属赋值法处理指标值,用AHP法处理权重并综合计算竞争力得分,为企业制定战略提供参考和依据。     

社会资本、知识管理能力和核心能力关系研究

在文献回顾的基础上,研究提出了社会资本、知识管理能力和核心能力之间关系的假设模型,并通过对浙江省82家高新技术企业的问卷调查验证这一模型。研究结果表明：高新技术企业结构资本、关系资本以及认知资本对知识管理能力均产生了显著的正向影响;高新技术企业知识管理能力在结构资本和核心能力、认知资本和核心能力之间起到了完全中介作用;高新技术企业关系资本不仅直接影响核心能力,还通过知识管理能力间接影响核心能力。     

Fatigue crack growth at the face sheet-core interface in a discontinuous ceramic-tile cored sandwich structure

The fatigue failure mechanism of a sandwich structure with discontinuous ceramic tile core is characterized. The sandwich structure in consideration comprises ceramic core tiles bonded to composite face sheet with a compliant adhesive layer. The discontinuous nature of the core results in a non-uniform stress field under in-plane loading of the sandwich. Static tensile tests performed on sandwich coupons revealed first damage as debonding at the gaps between adjacent tiles in the core. Tension–tension fatigue tests caused debonding at the gaps followed by initiation of cracks in the adhesive layer between the face sheet and core. Experimental data for crack length versus number of cycles is collected at various load levels. Crack growth rates (da/dN) are determined based on the experimental data acquired. The energy release rate available for crack propagation is computed using an analytical model and finite element analysis. Mode separation performed using the Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT) revealed that crack propagation is completely dominated by shear (mode II). Fatigue crack growth behavior for the discontinuous sandwich structure is quantified by correlating the cyclic energy release rate with the rate of crack propagation. The loss of specimen stiffness with crack propagation is quantified using an analytical model.     

External and Internal Knowledge in the Knowledge Generation Function

This paper explores the role of internal and external knowledge in the generation of new technological knowledge. It implements the notion of recombinant knowledge generation function with the appreciation of: (i) the complementary—as opposed to supplementary—role of external knowledge and (ii) the role of the size and composition of the internal stock of knowledge. The empirical section is based upon a panel of companies listed on the main European financial markets for the period 1995–2006. The econometric analysis is based on simultaneous equations. The results confirm that R&D efforts and external knowledge are indispensable inputs into the generation of new technological knowledge.     

制造企业中的知识管理

首先对知识管理作了概要性介绍 ,提出了知识管理的十二条基本原则 ,在从可编码性角度出发 ,将知识分类成显性知识和隐性知识的基础上 ,分别给出了两类知识的管理模式 ,并讨论了其中的一些关键技术 .     

知识管理中的成组技术

知识正在成为越来越多的企业的主要财富来源,但知识的再用很难.本文研究了知识管理中的成组技术,包括知识条理化、标准化和模块化方法,这些方法有助于提高知识再用水平.     

宝钢益昌基于电子商务的知识管理体系结构

针对电子商务中知识管理的需求,以上海宝钢益昌薄板有限公司为对象,在分析宝钢益昌实施知识管理现状的基础上,设计了宝钢益昌电子商务集成系统,形成了以ERP为平台支持、连接SCM和CRM的系统结构,并在集成过程中渗透知识管理的思想,以实现对整个供应链的信息集成。依据设计目标,提出了基于电子商务的知识管理体系结构,以有效利用企业知识资源,增强企业的核心竞争力。     

知识员工核心化度量表的问卷调查与分析

采用现代组织社会资本核心员工流失的组织绩效观提示的7个测量维度,将员工优势组织行为绩效特征操作化定义为核心化度;在开发核心化度量表的问卷调查基础上,引入系统模糊决策理论构建核心化度综合测度模型;结果表明该核心化度量表具有良好的信度(α＞0.7)和结构效度,样本核心员工平均识别率达94%,并与组织创新绩效显著相关(R=0.82,P＜0.01),显示出较高的组织绩效预测潜力.     

基于知识源的专家系统知识获取技术

基于专家系统开发中的知识获取的瓶颈问题,文章提出基于知识源分类的知识获取技术研究思路.将知识源分为领域专家、文献数据库和专家系统的自学习机制,并对这些知识源的特点进行了分析,并结合专家系统知识源的特点,提出了相应的知识获取技术.     

Electron Pairing in Ferroelectric Niobium and Niobium Alloy Clusters

Cryogenic molecular beam experiments show that the ferroelectric dipole moments of small niobium clusters with an even number of valence electrons n are typically greater than those with odd n. This is verified in alloy clusters Nb _N X _M where X=Al, Au, O, Mn, Fe, and Co; N≤100;M≤3. Like in superconducting alloys, Mn doping quenches the effect while Al and Au enhance it, suggesting a relation between cluster ferroelectricity and bulk superconductivity. A correlated ground state is proposed where the even-odd effect is caused by the depolarizing effect of a single unpaired electron.     

两种类型的企业知识管理现状试析

针对我国企业界对知识管理的研究多于实践、实施知识管理项目失败多于成功这一现状,从总体上分析了造成我国制造型企业和知识型企业知识管理现状的根源,并分别具体分析了造成制造型企业和知识型企业知识管理现状的主要原因。在此基础上提出了基于双重知识转化理论模型的知识管理系统的技术方案,为制造型企业和知识型企业的知识管理研究者和实践者提供了一种新思路。     

制造企业的产品创新与知识管理

分析了制造企业所面临的变革与挑战,探讨了“知识”在产品创新过程中作为一种独特而又无限的资源必须进行有效的管理和充分利用的观点,认为知识已经成为产品创新和帮助客户创造价值的源泉,传统制造企业能否向知识型制造企业过渡,在很大程度上取决于在其业务过程中是否能有效地获取和应用知识。在构建了知识型制造企业总体构架的基础上,根据知识管理的目标、构架特征和系统结构,研究了知识型企业的知识共享空间基础的建立。通过案例分析了建立知识管理系统的主要过程及其应用。     

制造企业知识管理实施方法的探讨

企业知识管理实施是一项系统工程,本文从企业知识管理概念模型出发,从企业战略选择,企业文化培养,企业组织创新和有效的知识管理的构建四个方面对知识管理的实施进行了讨论,分析表明：知识管理的实施不是四个方面的简单叠加,需要各方面的协调发展,需要针对企业自身情况,通过企业各子系统和过程的整合,建立适合自身特点的具有特色的知识管理模式是企业知识管理实施的最佳选择。     

Bayesian Diagnostic Network： A Powerful Model for Representation and Reasoning of Engineering Diagnostic Knowledge

Engineering diagnosis is essential to the operation of industrial equipment. The key to successful diagnosis is correct knowledge representation and reasoning. The Bayesian network is a powerful tool for it. This paper utilizes the Bayesian network to represent and reason diagnostic knowledge, named Bayesian diagnostic network. It provides a three-layer topologic structure based on operating conditions, possible faults and corresponding symptoms. The paper also discusses an approximate stochastic sampling algorithm. Then a practical Bayesian network for gas turbine diagnosis is constructed on a platform developed under a Visual C environment. It shows that theBayesian net work is a powerful model for representation and reasoning of diagnostic knowledge. The three-layer structure and the approximate algorithm are effective also.     

A knowledge accumulation approach based on bilayer social wiki network for computer-aided process innovation

Under the fierce competition, manufacturing companies pay more attention to innovation and the knowledge that enables innovation. Manufacturing process innovation is a knowledge-intensive activity, and efficient knowledge accumulation is the prerequisite and basis for computer-aided process innovation (CAPI). Hence, this research aims to build an open knowledge accumulation approach to obtain organised and refined process innovation knowledge (PIK). By considering the similarity of PIK network with biological neural network and combining the technical characteristics of social network with wiki, a novel PIK accumulation schema based on bilayer social wiki network is proposed. In social wiki network environment, PIK is accumulated in public knowledge space through participants’ social interactions and knowledge activities. The process of knowledge fusion is investigated to form the preliminary knowledge containing collective intelligence, and the mechanisms of collaborative editing and collaborative evolution are studied to refine the knowledge. The outcomes of this study lay the foundation for knowledge application of CAPI. Finally, a case study is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach.