小湾拱坝700m高边坡的加固

小湾拱坝两岸坝肩部位的开挖边坡高达700m，由于特定的地形地质条件以及复杂的开挖体型，边坡稳定条件较差，存在许多可能的破坏模式。其处理难度之大，在国内外水电建设中尚属罕见。为此，针对边坡的稳定性开展了一系列分析研究。在此基础上，从安全经济和易于实施等方面，确定了适宜的工程措施，成功地解决了小湾工程的高边坡问题。     

小湾电站高边坡常规系统支护加固施工方法

文章对小湾电站高边坡不同部位的特殊地质特点，进行了概括性的分析介绍。对于电站高边坡永久深层加固之前，为保证边坡开挖中的安全稳定，较为详细地介绍了不同地质特性边坡的常规系统加固支护方法及施工工艺。论述了小湾高边坡开挖支护施工中的相互关系及可推广借鉴的成功经验。     

小湾水电站右岸坝基高边坡坝肩槽开挖施工及质量管理

四三局联营体在小湾电站的建设过程中，以“创小湾精品、树四三品牌”为目标，在被称为“我国第一高边坡”的小湾电站坝基边坡开挖过程中，严格依照小湾工程施工招标文件中的技术要求，通过自身的摸索和实践，逐步建立健全了一套适应小湾工程建设特点的质量监控和管理体系，有效的保证了小湾电站坝基高边坡及坝肩槽开挖的施工质量。     

某库区料场高边坡全过程稳定性评价

针对某一库区层状料场的岩质高边坡,考虑高边坡的复杂地质条件以及料场的实际开挖过程,基于MIDAS/GTS建立了有限元数值计算模型。在进行三维非线性数值模拟时,计入开挖卸荷、不同蓄水位和降雨以及地震荷载等因素对高边坡的变形、应力和稳定性的影响。计算结果表明,各工况下塑性区均属浅表塑性区,边坡整体稳定性良好,且开挖对边坡的稳定性有较明显的改善。研究结果为全面评价该边坡料场的安全稳定性提供了理论依据。     

水利水电工程 主要水工建筑施工中常见技术问题分析

在水利水电工程主要水工建筑施工过程中经常碰到岩质高边坡的治理问题．如水库溢洪道开挖后的边坡、大坝岸坡开挖后的边坡及水电站前池、明渠、隧洞口开挖后的边坡等均存在高边坡的加固与整治问题。高边坡加固与整治措施多种多样，技术复杂的程度也各不相同，但目的均是为了防止边坡的滑动，提高岩体稳定性，保证边坡的稳定，从而保障高边坡下的水工建筑能够安全运行，充分发挥其技术与经济运行能力。     

小湾水电站右岸高边坡开挖爆破质量控制及管理

小湾水电站工程，地质条件复杂，施工难度大，技术要求高。右岸开挖边坡高达600m，控制开挖爆破质量尤为重要。针对小湾右岸开挖爆破施工特点，制定了相应的开挖爆破质量标准，采取了一系列质量控制措施，使开挖爆破质量得到了有效的控制，既保证了开挖高边坡的稳定，又保证了开挖坡面的质量。     

小湾左岸坝前堆积体高边坡稳定性分析

小湾左岸坝前堆积体边坡为一复杂岩土高边坡，其稳定性分析中小汲到堆积体本身的稳定性及由其下部前缘其岩引起的牵引滑动问题，采用三维非线性有限元为分析方法，研究了该边坡在无水、蓄水及地震工况下的稳定怀及失稳破坏机理。研究成果为边坡设计和加固提供了依据。     

溪洛渡水电站拱肩槽及进水口高边坡稳定性研究

溪洛渡水电站的拱肩槽开挖高边坡最高约250 m, 进 水口开挖高边坡最高约160 m,其稳定性是复杂的空间问题。通过对拱肩槽及进水口边坡的应力场、位移场和破坏区域模拟计算表明: 拱肩槽、进水口边坡在拟订的开挖坡比条件下整体 均处于稳定状态。边坡局部稳定性分析表明: 拱肩槽、进水口边坡均存在不同程度的不稳定 性块体,对边坡开挖施工和后期工程运行存在不同程度威胁。针对研究中发现的上述问题提 出了相应的处理措施。     

大石门水库工程砂砾石高边坡渗流场流固耦合分析

文章采用流固耦合(流体-固体的相互作用)方法分析134m砂砾石高边坡运行期的稳定性,包括流固耦合计算原理、高边坡竖向应力计算、高边坡塑性区开展情况分析、高边坡稳定安全系数计算及不考虑排水管作用高边坡的稳定性分析。研究结果表明,高边坡最大竖向应力在模型底部位置,达到8.807MPa,自下而上逐渐减小。邻近开挖面(临空面)时的应力向平行于坡面方向偏转,符合工程实际情况。边坡开挖后在新坡面上的塑性区范围较小,主要集中于坡面表层土。现在的塑性区基本上出现在河谷或开挖边坡下游较远处,且范围几乎就是表层土,故对高边坡的整体稳定性影响不大。研究结果为渗流作用下的砂砾石高边坡计算提供借鉴。     

锦屏一级水电站高边坡开挖三维仿真分析

锦屏一级水电站左岸高边坡的开挖高度达到530 m,断层发育,岩体卸荷深度大,地质条件十分复杂,边坡在施工期和运行期的稳定性问题突出。对锦屏一级水电站左岸高边坡开挖施工过程进行了三维数值模拟,详细分析了施工过程中左岸高边坡的应力、位移、稳定性等变化情况,并与实际监测情况做了对比。研究结果表明,锦屏一级水电站左岸高边坡除局部出现拉应力集中现象外,其余基本处于三向受压状态,边坡变形主要为指向临空面的向下变形与卸载回弹变形,除部分块体外边坡的整体稳定性较好;施工过程中需要注重合理的开挖支护程序。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.