Detection of Unfaithfulness and Robust Causal Inference

Much of the recent work on the epistemology of causation has centered on two assumptions, known as the Causal Markov Condition and the Causal Faithfulness Condition. Philosophical discussions of the latter condition have exhibited situations in which it is likely to fail. This paper studies the Causal Faithfulness Condition as a conjunction of weaker conditions. We show that some of the weaker conjuncts can be empirically tested, and hence do not have to be assumed a priori. Our results lead to two methodologically significant observations: (1) some common types of counterexamples to the Faithfulness condition constitute objections only to the empirically testable part of the condition; and (2) some common defenses of the Faithfulness condition do not provide justification or evidence for the testable parts of the condition. It is thus worthwhile to study the possibility of reliable causal inference under weaker Faithfulness conditions. As it turns out, the modification needed to make standard procedures work under a weaker version of the Faithfulness condition also has the practical effect of making them more robust when the standard Faithfulness condition actually holds. This, we argue, is related to the possibility of controlling error probabilities with finite sample size (“uniform consistency”) in causal inference.

Ethics,science, and the mechanisation of the world picture

A nascent science in the sixteenth century rejected explanations in terms of purpose in favour of causality, and this bias has persisted and grown stronger. It has unfortunate consequences in areas where social and ethical considerations should prevail, and the paper describes a search extending over 20 years for a way in which these consequences could be avoided.

Error associated with the direction of arrival estimation in the presence of material bodies

In many adaptive processing it is assumed that the direction of arrival of (DOA) of the signals is known. For a radar problem this is true as we know along which direction we transmitted the beam and therefore we expect the radar return to be arriving from that direction. However, this assumption is questionable when there are material bodies near or along its path. Here, we address the question as to what happens to the direction of propagation when the electromagnetic wave encounters a material body near or along its path for the noise free case. Thus the objective is to calculate the error associated with the prediction of DOA when the free space is not empty. We illustrate the error associated with the estimation of the DOA when there is a perfect electric conducting (PEC) sphere and a dielectric sphere along/near the path of propagation. A PEC and dielectric will diffract the incident electromagnetic energy. We evaluate the scattered far fields at a few points away from the obstacle. From the measured field points we predict the DOA of the signal of interest. The simulations have been carried out using an electromagnetic simulator and a DOA estimation algorithm using the Matrix Pencil Method. The examples deal with the case of both one- and two-dimensional antenna arrays and how they interpret the diffracted signals.     

“门诊一卡通”的设计与实施

简要介绍门诊"一卡通"的就诊流程、功能和意义,方便了患者就医,规范了医院管理,提高了医院的效益。     

用JAVA实现HELLO WORLD入门和常见错误分析

本文论述了JAVA语言及编译过程,并且对其中的常见错误进行了详尽分析。     

校园网络安全中的常见故障和对策

人们的生活、工作、学习离不开网络.在计算机网络技术不断发展的形势下,校园网在高校信息数据管理中得到大力应用,给学生和高校带来便利.但由于网络环境复杂,具有开放性和无形性等特点,造成各种安全隐患,如病毒感染、系统漏洞、垃圾邮件、黑客攻击等等,影响校园网的安全正常运行,因此要采取对策保证校园网安全.本文就此分析了校园网络安全中的常见故障,并重点分析了提高校园网络安全性的有效措施.     

Common sets of weights as summaries of DEA profiles of weights: With an application to the ranking of professional tennis players

In this paper, we propose a DEA approach aimed at deriving a common set of weights (CSW) to be used to the ranking of decision making units (DMUs). The idea of this approach is to minimize the deviations of the CSW from the DEA profiles of weights without zeros of the efficient DMUs. This minimization reduces in particular the differences between the DEA profiles of weights that are chosen, so the CSW proposed is a representative summary of such DEA weights profiles. We use several norms to the measurement of such differences. As a result, the CSWs derived are actually different summaries of the chosen DEA profiles of weights like their average profile of their median profile. This approach is illustrated with an application to the ranking of professional tennis players.     

FoxPro环境下通用型工资管理软件的研制

为了为了适应工资管理制度的不断改革和避免软件的重复开发，本文提出在ＦｏｘＰｒｏ环境下实现工资管理软件通用化的方法，它可使软件维护的开销大大降低，并使软件适用于任何类型的企、事业单位及工资管理制度频繁变动的情况．     

变频器共直流母线及并联回馈单元模式在离心机上的应用

本文介绍了采用共直流母线及回馈单元并联模式的变频控制系统在离心机上的应用。主要论述了该变频控制系统升级改造前后的技术方案和测试数据,并分析了节能情况。     

Semantic Externalism and the Mechanics of Thought

I review a widely accepted argument to the conclusion that the contents of our beliefs, desires and other mental states cannot be causally efficacious in a classical computational model of the mind. I reply that this argument rests essentially on an assumption about the nature of neural structure that we have no good scientific reason to accept. I conclude that computationalism is compatible with wide semantic causal efficacy, and suggest how the computational model might be modified to accommodate this possibility.

Size distribution and waiting times for the avalanches of the Cell Network Model of Fracture

The Cell Network Model is a fracture model recently introduced that resembles the microscopical structure and drying process of the parenchymatous tissue of the Bamboo Guadua angustifolia. The model exhibits a power-law distribution of avalanche sizes, with exponent −3.0 when the breaking thresholds are randomly distributed with uniform probability density. Hereby we show that the same exponent also holds when the breaking thresholds obey a broad set of Weibull distributions, and that the humidity decrements between successive avalanches (the equivalent to waiting times for this model) follow in all cases an exponential distribution. Moreover, the fraction of remaining junctures shows an exponential decay in time. In addition, introducing partial breakings and cumulative damages induces a crossover behavior between two power-laws in the histogram of avalanche sizes. This results support the idea that the Cell Network Model may be in the same universality class as the Random Fuse Model.     

Effects of sense of direction on Internet skill and cognitive maps of the Web

The relationship of sense of direction in the real world to Internet use, as well as to cognitive maps of the Internet, was investigated. In Study 1, 28 participants were asked to draw a sketch map of the Internet. They also completed a questionnaire containing scales for measuring Internet usage, knowledge, and skill, and completed the Sense of Direction Questionnaire (SDQ-S), which is composed of two scales, awareness of orientation and memory for usual spatial behavior. In Study 2, 48 participants performed a modified sketch map task and completed the same questionnaires. Awareness of orientation improved the Internet skills of novices but not of experts. In addition, awareness of orientation affected the structure of the cognitive maps of the Internet. These results suggest that sense of direction in the real world influence skill with the Web for novice users.     

Quantum mechanical description of the interactions between DNA and water

In recent years, a lot of attention has been focused on the electronic properties of DNA. With recent advances in linear scaling quantum mechanics there are now new tools available to enhance our understanding of the electronic properties of DNA among other biomolecules. Using both explicit solvent models and implicit (continuum) solvent models, the electronic characteristics of a dodecamer duplex DNA have been fully studied using both divide and conquer (D&C), semi-empirical quantum mechanics and non-D&C semi-empirical quantum mechanics. According to the AM1 Hamiltonian, 3.5 electrons (0.3 electron/base pair) are transferred from the duplex to the solvent. According to the density of state (DOS) analysis, in vacuo DNA has a band gap of 1 eV showing that in the absence of solvent, the DNA may exhibit similar properties to those of a semiconductor. Upon increasing solvation (2.5–5.5 Å), the band gap ranges from 3 eV to 6 eV. For the implicit solvent model, the band gap continues this widening trend to 7 eV. Therefore, upon solvation and in the absence of dopants, the DNA should begin to loose its conductive properties. Finally, when one considers the energy and localization of the frontier orbitals (HOMO and LUMO), solvent has a stabilizing effect on the DNA system. The energy of the HOMO drops from 15 eV in vacuo to 2 eV for 5.5 Å of water to −8 eV for the implicit solvent model. Similarly, the LUMO drops from 16 eV for in vacuo to 9 eV for 5.5 Å of water to −1 eV for the implicit model. Beyond the importance of the computed results on the materials properties of DNA, the present work also shows that the behavior of intercalators will be affected by the electronic properties of DNA. This could have an impact on our understanding of how DNA based drugs interact with DNA and on the design of new DNA based small molecule drugs.     

二次型最小化所展现的BP与Hopfield类型神经网络的学习同质性

本论文揭示,作为两种并行的神经计算模型,BP和Hopfield类型神经网络都可以有效地对二次型V（x）=x^TPx/2＋q^Tx实现最小化求解。而且,尽管BP和Hopfield类型神经网络在网络设计思想和网络结构上呈现出很大的差异,但是它们在二次型函数最小化问题上都表现出了相同的学习能力,这说明两者具有本质的联系.     

Workplace user frustration with computers: an exploratory investigation of the causes and severity

When hard-to-use computers cause users to become frustrated, it can affect workplace productivity, user mood and interactions with other co-workers. Previous research has examined the frustration that students and their families face in using computers. To learn more about the causes and measure the severity of user frustration with computers in the workplace, we collected modified time diaries from 50 workplace users, who spent an average of 5.1 hours on the computer. In this exploratory research, users reported wasting on average, 42 – 43% of their time on the computer due to frustrating experiences. The largest number of frustrating experiences occurred while using word processors, email and web browsers. The causes of the frustrating experiences, the time lost due to the frustrating experiences, and the effects of the frustrating experiences on the mood of the users are discussed in this paper. Implications for designers, managers, users, information technology staff and policymakers are discussed.     

基于Hi3510处理器和Linux的嵌入式Web Server的研究和实现

论述了在基于嵌入式Linux操作系统和海思Hi3510处理器的嵌入式系统中WebServer（Thttpd网络服务器）的实现方法,通过CGI程序,用户可以动态地访问WebServer。采用目标板启动时自动运行Thttpd服务器的方法,用户可以方便地访问服务器的资源。这种嵌入式WebServer方案可以广泛地应用在远程监控、智能家居等应用领域,具有广泛的应用前景。     

Topological properties of reachable sets and the control of quantum bits

We consider the problem of controlling the state of a two-level quantum system (quantum bit) via an externally applied electro-magnetic field. The describing model is a bilinear right-invariant system whose state varies on the Lie group of 2×2 special unitary matrices. We study the topological structure of the reachable sets. If two or more independent controls are used, then every state can be achieved in arbitrary time. However, this is no longer true if only one control is available and, in this case, we give an exact characterization of states reachable in arbitrary time. We prove small time local controllability for any state and the existence of a critical time which is the smallest time after which every transfer of state is possible. We provide upper and lower bounds for such a time. The mathematical development is motivated by the problem of manipulating the state of a quantum bit. Every transfer of state may be interpreted as a quantum logic operation and not every logic operation can be obtained in arbitrary time. The analysis we present provides information about the feasibility of a given operation as well as estimates for the speed of a quantum computer.     

基于长输管道SCADA运行数据的诟控操作分析与研究

长输管道SCADA系统建设日趋成熟,在各级油气管道调控中心也搭建了数据小心,实现了对多条管道SCADA运行数据的汇聚,积累了大量的管道生产运行数据,这些数据详实地记录了管道生产运行和调控操作的全过程。而调控中心面临着如何对管道调控操作规律、篱道复杂度和调度漪操作水平进行科学评估与分析的难题。本文介绍了采用数据挖掘中描述性分析技术,基于海量的长输管道SCADA运行数据,对调控操作基础数据进行工况判断规律的提取、分析和完善,最终识别判断出调度人员在各种工况下操作全貌,井基于工况自动判断结果进行各种纬度的统计分析,为调控运行管理提供科学的决策支持数据和有效分析方法。     

垂直轴风力发电机的建模与变桨距研究

定桨距垂直轴风力发电机存在启动转矩小和输出效率低的缺点。为了改善垂直轴风电机组的输出特性,在静止和旋转状态下,对6叶片H型垂直轴风力发电机的风轮的受力情况进行了分析。首先建立了H型垂直轴风力机模型,然后对单个叶片变桨距与定桨距下的受力进行了分析,进而对6叶片风力机受力进行了分析。理论分析和仿真结果表明,叶片通过采取变桨距控制,不但有效地改善了H型垂直轴风力机的启动性能,并且减小了输出振动。因此,所提出的变桨距控制方法是可行的。     

Timing of resources exploration in the behavior of firm – Innovative approach and empirical simulation

We have insight into the importance of resource exploration derived from the quest for sustaining competitive advantage as well as the growth of the firm, which are well-explicated in the resources point of view. However, we really do not know when the firm will seriously commit to this kind of activities. Therefore, this study proposes an innovative approach using quantum minimization (QM) to tune a composite model comprising adaptive neuron-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and nonlinear generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (NGARCH) such that it constitutes the relationship among five indicators, the growth rate of long-term investment, the firm size, the return on total asset, the return on common equity, and the return on sales. In particularly, this proposed approach outperforms several typical methods such as auto-regressive moving-average regression (ARMAX), back-propagation neural network (BPNN), or adaptive support vector regression (ASVR) for this timing problem in term of comparing their achievement and the goodness-of-fit. Consequently, the preceding methods involved in this problem truly explain the timing of resources exploration in the behavior of firm. Meanwhile, the performance summary among methods is compared quantitatively.