钡盐蒸发器1Cr18Ni9Ti列管失效分析

通过宏观和微观观察与分析 ,对制钡盐蒸发器的 1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢列管开裂原因进行了讨论。认为列管开裂起源于内壁的点蚀坑 ,裂纹的扩展方式为腐蚀疲劳和应力腐蚀开裂。指出消除加工过程的残余应力可防止SCC的发生 ,同时可选用双相钢 ,Cr5Mo、ND钢或 0 8Cr2AlMo做为列管材料。     

H2S对1Cr18Ni9Ti在NaCl溶液中应力腐蚀的影响

本文通过闭塞电池法和化学分析法,用不同浓度H_2S对多种浓度NaCl溶液进行条件试验,研究H_2S对1Cr18Ni9Ti在NaCl溶液中应力腐蚀的影响。结果表明:当溶液为中性和弱碱性时,H_2S对氯化物的应力腐蚀有一定抑制作用,当溶液为酸性时,H_2S对氯化物应力腐蚀起加速作用。     

1Cr18Ni9Ti油管在酸化作业环境下的腐蚀研究

针对油气田酸化增产作业对油套管腐蚀的实际,利用高温高压釜,实验研究了1Cr18Ni9Ti在盐酸溴化锌加重溶液中的腐蚀行为,利用扫描电镜观察了试样腐蚀后的形貌和腐蚀特征,利用能谱和衍射仪分析了腐蚀产物膜的成分及物相.实验结果表明:在实验条件下,Cl-是引起1Cr18Ni9Ti腐蚀的主要因素,电镜下观察发现1Cr18Ni9Ti的点蚀形貌为封闭状,表面被气泡状腐蚀产物所覆盖,腐蚀产物膜主要构成为Cr2Ni3相.     

0Cr18Ni10Ti不锈钢换热器管束腐蚀开裂分析

某石化公司裂解燃料油加氢装置汽提塔进料换热器0Cr18Ni10Ti不锈钢管束发生腐蚀开裂。采用宏观腐蚀调查、光谱分析、金相分析、SEM观察、EDS分析、XRD分析及腐蚀介质分析等方法,对腐蚀失效换热管的腐蚀情况、化学成分、金相组织、腐蚀产物进行了检测分析,结果表明,换热管固溶处理效果不佳,存在一定的残余应力,断口为解理断裂形貌,裂纹呈穿晶扩展,具有典型的应力腐蚀开裂特征。分析结果认为,换热管的腐蚀开裂为氯化物应力腐蚀开裂,而其本身的残余应力及壳程冷低分油中的氯化物为0Cr18Ni10Ti奥氏体不锈钢换热管发生应力腐蚀开裂提供了必要条件。     

高温高压环境中不锈钢原电池腐蚀研究

通过在高压釜内放置1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢电极和Cu电极组成原电池,研究了1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢在高温高压NaCl-H2S-H2O溶液中的原电池腐蚀行为。结果表明:原电池的腐蚀电流密度随温度升高和压力增大呈波动性变化,在沸点和临界点附近均出现极大值,且极大值随着NaCl和H2S浓度升高而增大。最大腐蚀电流密度在Cl-浓度较小(0．01 mol/L)时出现在亚临界腐蚀区(350℃,21．5 MPa左右),而在Cl-浓度较大(0．1 mol／L)时则出现在超临界腐蚀区(450℃,38．4 MPa左右)。根据腐蚀形貌探讨了1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢原电池的腐蚀规律。     

苯酐换热器应力腐蚀开裂原因分析

简述了0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti不锈铜应力腐蚀裂纹的产生机理,分析认为锅炉给水中Cl^-浓缩导致了苯酐换热器管束的开裂。根据裂纹产生的机理提出了相应的解决方法。     

白油加氢管线0Cr18Ni10Ti法兰开裂失效分析

采用化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相组织分析、断口微观形貌扫描电镜观察和能谱分析等方法,对白油加氢管线0Cr18Ni10Ti不锈钢法兰颈部开裂的原因进行了分析研究。分析结果表明,材料中C元素质量分数偏高,Cr、Ti元素质量分数偏低,晶界析出富铬碳化物受到了敏化,同时外部保温层下有害介质浓缩形成了含Cl、O、S元素的腐蚀环境,法兰颈部在轴向拉应力和腐蚀介质的共同作用下,发生了晶间应力腐蚀开裂。     

几种钢材的硫化物应力腐蚀性能研究

对炼油工业中5种常用钢材进行了腐蚀评价,旨在从腐蚀的角度为炼油装置的合理设计、选材、有效防护和开发新的耐蚀材料提供依据。采用恒载荷法中的应力环研究了这5种材料在NACE饱和硫化氢溶液中的耐硫化物应力腐蚀性能,并对影响材料抗硫化物应力腐蚀性能的合金成分、合金组织等相关因素进行了讨论。试验结果表明,在NACE饱和硫化氢溶液中,0Cr13和CF62抗SSCC的门槛应力值小于0.75倍的屈服强度,16MnR的门槛应力值大于等于0.75倍的屈服强度而小于0.95倍的屈服强度,0Cr18Ni10Ti和316L门槛应力值大于等于0.95倍的屈服强度,各种材料抵抗SSCC的能力从小到大的顺序为0Cr13,CF62,16MnR,0Cr18Ni10Ti和316L。为保证炼油装置的长周期安全运行,对于炼油装置中硫化物应力腐蚀非常苛刻的环境,应首先考虑316L和0Cr18Ni10Ti等抵抗硫化物应力腐蚀能力大的材料,诸如0Cr13和CF62等抵抗硫化物应力腐蚀能力小的材料要慎重选用。     

制氢装置中变气空冷管线腐蚀开裂原因分析及应对措施

通过观察管线焊缝处裂纹形貌、晶间腐蚀裂纹形貌及断口形貌,对构件所处的工艺环境和应力情况进行化验分析以判断腐蚀开裂原因。结果表明:晶间腐蚀裂纹形貌与发生应力腐蚀的裂纹形貌一致,构件所处的工艺环境中含有二氧化碳、氯离子和水,形成了酸性腐蚀环境,且构件焊缝处存在焊接残余应力。开裂构件材质为0Cr18Ni9,焊接时被加热到450~850℃发生敏化,使晶界的抗腐蚀能力降低。因此,制氢装置中变气空冷管线焊缝处的开裂是在这几种因素的共同作用下导致的应力腐蚀开裂。     

PTA装置干燥机耐腐蚀性能实验研究

溴醋酸溶液对精对苯二甲酸(PTA)生产装置具有强烈腐蚀作用。本文通过实验,研究了装置常用材料316L和1Cr18Ni9Ti在溴醋酸溶液中的腐蚀机理和特性。实验结果表明:在含溴醋酸溶液中,316L和1Cr18Ni9Ti随着温度和Br-浓度的增加,年腐蚀深度增大,腐蚀电位降低,耐蚀性能下降。通过电镜扫描也验证了本实验结果。     

工业电解处理食盐的设计

工艺设计了在工业中用电解法电解食盐所需的设备及选型。通过设计可以更加清楚的分析出,在电解过程中影响电解效率的因素不仅与电解槽副反应及食盐中杂质离子有关,而且还与电解槽的电压、电流等因素有关,只有更好的控制各项影响因素才能得到较好的电解效率。     

Experimental study of the formation of natural gas hydrates in the presence of NaCl and KCl

In this work, the conditions for the formation of natural gas hydrate in pure water as well as in the presence of two electrolytic inhibitors of NaCl and KCl were investigated at different concentrations using the isochoric method. This study has been conducted on natural gas source field (Pazanan2 region) and due to the uniqueness of this gas, it may be considered significant. In order to estimate the conditions for the formation of natural gas hydrate in the presence of pure water, hydrate equations have been used. Experiments were carried out at the different temperatures and pressures.     

钢的环保型NaCl水溶液缓蚀剂的研制

研制了适用做盐水冷冻液和NaCl冷媒的环保型廉价缓蚀荆,在4℃和30℃的1％～25％ NaCl加自来水的盐水溶液中,研制缓蚀剂对低碳钢、低碳锰钢和Cr-Mo钢都有良好的防锈能力,并且在pH值4.O～8.5的塔里木河水中,该缓蚀剂均有缓蚀效果,而以在中性河水中效果最好。     

Study of the properties of non-gas dielectric capacitors in porous media

The size of pores and throats is at the nanometer scale in tight oil and shale gas zones, and the resistivity of these reservoirs is very high, so the reservoirs show more dielectric properties than conductivity properties. The conductive and dielectric characteristics of a parallel plate capacitor full of fresh water, Na Cl solutions,and solid dielectrics, for example, sands are investigated in this paper, and the capacitance data of the non-gas capacitor are measured at different salinities and frequencies by a spectrum analyzer. The experimental results illustrate that the capacitance of this kind of capacitor is directly proportional to the salinity of the solutions and inversely proportional to the measuring frequency, the same as a vacuum parallel plate capacitor. The remarkable phenomenon, however, is that the capacitance is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between two plates.The specific characteristic of this capacitor is different from the conventional parallel plate capacitor. In order to explain this phenomenon, the paper proposed a new concept, named ‘‘single micro ion capacitor', and established a novel model to describe the characteristics of this particular capacitor. Based on this new model, the theoretical capacitance value of the single micro ion capacitor iscalculated, and its polarization and relaxation mechanisms are analyzed.     

NaCl、NaBr对HPG压裂液性能的影响

随着国内外深井、高压井、高应力井储层的压裂改造,压裂液加重已成为降低压裂施工压力的必要措施,常用的加重剂为NaCl、NaBr等无机盐。室内研究了NaCl、NaBr对压裂液性能的影响。结果表明,加重之后压裂液黏度升高,并呈指数上升趋势;压裂液耐温耐剪切能力提高,14%NaCl、14%NaBr加重压裂液在130℃、170 s^-1连续剪切120 min后的黏度分别约为200 mPa·s和300 mPa·s,而非加重压裂液剪切70 min后的黏度在100 mPa·s以下;加重压裂液高温滤失降低,黏弹性略有降低。加重后,压裂液破胶相对困难,所需破胶剂量增大。125℃时,30%NaBr压裂液需0.3%APS以上剂量才能达到非加重压裂液加入0.05%APS的效果。低剪切速率下,加重后压裂液的摩擦压降相对偏高;但随剪切速率增大,摩擦压降有低于非加重压裂液的趋势。     

Inactivation of Anisakis pegreffii larvae in anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) by salting and quality assessment of finished product

There is an increasing reporting of Anisakiasis in humans at the world level and this disease has become a concern for the public health and for the fish and derived product trade. Humans acquire the infection by the ingestion of live larvae present in raw or almost raw (e.g., marinate, salted) fish products if the processing is insufficient to devitalize the worms. The aim of this study was to asses a dry salting process in killing Anisakis pegreffii larvae in naturally infected European anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) and to evaluate the quality assessment. The results show that a dry salting process with a salt concentration of 21% in all parts of the anchovy fillets devitalize A. pegreffii larvae in a 15 day period. The finished product showed a good panel acceptance and anchovies reached a good quality grade.     

Influence of copper nanoparticles capped by cationic surfactant as modifier for steel anti-corrosion paints

The synthesized cationic surfactant N-(2-(2-mercaptoacetoxy) ethyl)-N,N-dimethyldodecan-1-aminium bromide (QSH) was used to prepare colloidal copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) in water through the chemical reduction method. The obtained copper nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR spectrum and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The corrosion performance was evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements in addition to the salt spray test. The results obtained from these methods were in good agreement. Results showed that the modified coating provide a good coverage and an additional corrosion protection of the carbon steel.     

CH4、CO2与稀有气体溶解度的估算模型及其地质应用

CH₄、CO₂、稀有气体的溶解度模型在地球科学领域应用广泛。它们的溶解度模型在研究流体包裹体的均一化压力、古气温变化、天然气运移与聚集规律、富氦天然气成藏、储层中气—水体积比等方面发挥着重要作用。主要综述了纯水与NaCl水溶液中CH₄、CO₂、稀有气体溶解度研究的新进展。重点介绍了精度高且适用性广的模型的建立过程及其适用范围,并给出了部分模型的计算结果。包括：①0~250 °C、0.1~200 MPa、0~6.0 mol/kg NaCl溶液中CH₄的溶解度模型;②0~450 °C、0.1~150 MPa、0~4.5 mol/kg NaCl溶液中CO₂的溶解度模型;③0~80 °C范围内大气稀有气体溶解度与亨利常数的计算模型;④纯水中稀有气体亨利常数计算模型;⑤0.1 MPa、0~65 °C、0~5.8 mol/kg NaCl溶液中稀有气体的溶解度模型。CH₄与CO₂的溶解度模型复杂,但精度高,适用范围广。稀有气体溶解度模型的精度相对较低,适用范围相对较小,有待进一步提高与改进。CO₂—稀有气体—水体系中,低密度的CO₂对稀有气体溶解度的影响较小,而高密度的CO₂对稀有气体的溶解度有较大的影响。目前还无法判断CH₄—CO₂—稀有气体共存时对彼此溶解度的影响程度,其混合气的溶解度模型需要加强研究。     

非离子表面活性剂驱油体系配方研究—方程系数法

用方程系数法研究了以OP—10为非离子表面活性剂、正构烷烃为油相、正丁醇为基醇、正己醇为追加醇的体系形成中相微乳液的规律,确定了该体系的最佳含盐量方程。非离子表面活性剂体系具有特殊的性质,其最佳含盐量对油溶性和水溶性基醇的方程都能满足。     

吉林红岗区块低滤失气井压井液研制

吉林油田红岗区块明水气层、黑帝庙油气层埋深浅,对外来流体敏感性强,现有3种压井液滤失性过大,对储层伤害大(岩心伤害率76.62%～97.95%).以黏土膨胀率和储层岩心伤害率为评价指标筛选组分,研发了可用于该区块的低滤失压井液,其配方为:0.7%小阳离子黏土抑制剂+2.0%KCl+0.05%水锁抑制剂BNP-10+0.05%缓蚀剂HS-1+2.0%降滤失剂DST-1(SPN-1+SPN-2,质量比3∶2)+1.33%改性纤维素NDT,用NaCl加重.该压井液密度1.02～1.20g/mL,表观黏度5.76～5.80 mPa·s,pH=7.0,API滤失量4.5～7.6 mL,稳定性好,对实验岩心渗透率的伤害率仅为3.70%～4.89%.