小方坯连铸机喷淋结晶器的研究

建立小方坯喷淋结晶器凝固传热数学模型，模拟计算了铸坯温度场、坯壳厚度、热流场，坯壳与铜壁间气隙厚度。计算坯壳厚度与实测坯壳厚度基本吻合；与普通水缝式结晶器相比，铸坯温度场均匀，坯壳厚度均匀，冷却强度有所提高。     

Metal cooling and solidification in a continuous-casting mold

A mathematical model is proposed for cooling a metal solidifying in a continuous-casting mold. In this model, heat exchange is related to solidification; therefore, the thermal resistance of the gap between the ingot and the work mold surface, which is the main component of the total thermal resistance to heat transfer from the ingot to cooling water, can be calculated. This mathematical model is applied to the cooling and solidification of an ingot in a continuous-casting mold, and some numerical-calculation results for the case of a medium-carbon steel are presented.     

Solidification in Soft-Contact Continuous Casting Mold with Alternating Electromagnetic Field

Ａｓａｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅ ,ｓｏｆｔ ｃｏｎｔａｃｔｅｌｅｃｔｒｏ ｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｃａｓｔｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｉｓｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｃａｓｔｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｔｏｃｏｎ ｔｒｏｌｔｈｅｉｎｉｔｉａｌｓｏｌｉｄｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｔｈｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙｏｆｂｉｌｌｅｔ[1,2 ] .Ｔｈｅｈｉｇｈｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｆｉｅｌｄｉｓｕｓｅｄｍａｉｎｌｙｔｏｃｏｎｆｉｎｅｔ…     

水平连铸圆坯凝固及铸坯质量的研究

以水平连铸圆坯连铸生产工艺为研究对象,通过射钉实验并采用Fluent数值模拟软件建立凝固传热模型,研究了在不同工艺条件下圆坯结晶器内的温度场分布与凝固传热过程,并对铸坯质量进行了相关的检测分析.通过本研究进一步明确了结晶器内钢液的温度场分布,及不同拉坯工艺对结晶器内钢液温度场变化的影响.结果表明:通过射钉实验并采用Fluent数值模拟软件建立凝固传热模型,可以有效分析水平连铸钢液的凝固传热过程,对改善钢水质量有积极作用.     

漏斗形薄板坯结晶器内铸坯传热分析

 为了更好地研究FTSC结晶器内铸坯的凝固过程,基于节点温度传递方法建立薄板坯结晶器内铸坯三维瞬态传热数值模型,采用有限元软件ANSYS模拟结晶器内铸坯三维稳态温度场。对比分析平板形及漏斗形结晶器内铸坯传热规律,探讨了漏斗区传热特点。结果表明,漏斗区内钢水存储空间增大,总热容量增加,漏斗区铸坯宽面表面中心温度升高,坯壳厚度减薄。FTSC结晶器宽面出口温度、坯壳厚度连续变化,与漏斗形布置一致。     

不同拉速对薄板坯凝固过程及组织的影响

针对薄板坯在凝固过程中容易出现铸坯裂纹、疏松、缩孔等质量问题,以某厂生产的高拉速薄板坯为研究对象,通过建立传热凝固有限元和元胞自动机相结合的CAFE模型,基于ProCAST平台开展凝固传热全过程数值计算,探究不同拉速下的结晶器末端坯壳生长情况、不同拉速对凝固传热过程的温度场和三维凝固组织的影响.结果表明,在不同的拉速下...     

小方坯连铸机结晶器的研究

本文建立了铸坯凝固传热数学模型，模拟计算了铸坯温度场、坯壳厚度、热流场、坯壳热收缩应力场、坯壳与铜壁间气隙厚度；计算出的坯壳厚度与实测的坯壳厚度基本吻合，计算结果可为连铸机生产和连铸机设计提供参考。     

A 3D Mathematical Modeling on Meniscus Solidification and Heat Transfer in Continuous Casting Chamfered Mold of Slab

Herein, a 3D mathematical model is established to elucidate the meniscus solidification and heat transfer in the chamfered mold. The fluid flow, heat transfer, the solidification of steel, the oscillation of the mold, and the steel–slag interfacial tension are considered, and the meniscus behavior on different longitudinal sections and cross sections is discussed. Under the influence of the upper roll flow, the height of the steel level increases from submerged entry nozzle to narrow face, which affects the distribution of the oscillation mark on the surface of the shell. With the mold chamfer and two new corners, the thickness of the slag film at the corner 1 with angle of 123.7° is the largest, and the shell thickness is the smallest, which is related to the 3D profile of the meniscus near the corner. The largest heat flux is located at 10–14 mm below the initial level of liquid steel and is below 3.0 MW m⁻². The heat flux at the corner 1 with small obtuse angle is the smallest on the same cross section, indicating that small obtuse angle near the corner resulted in the low heat transfer.     

大方坯连铸过程凝固规律

通过建立425mm×320mm连铸大方坯二维凝固传热数学模型,模拟了凝固坯壳的长大过程,并通过窄面射钉实验对数学模型进行了验证,精确得到了任意位置处大方坯凝固坯壳的厚度分布情况及最终凝固终点的位置,发现经典的凝固平方根定律对于连铸大方坯的凝壳长大进程不再适用.回归宽面中心坯壳厚度与凝固时间平方根的关系式发现,结晶器弯月面至二冷区出口,近似为线性关系,符合平方根定律,二冷区出口至凝固终点,二者为非线性关系,不再符合平方根定律.     

高速连铸结晶器内凝固传热行为及其均匀性控制

从分析高拉速包晶钢板坯连铸结晶器内凝固传热行为特征入手,首先阐明拉速对结晶器内的界面热阻、凝固坯壳的温度与应力分布的影响规律,研究发现拉速超过1.6 m·min?1时,界面热阻明显增加,拉速由1.4 m·min?1提升至1.6 m·min?1和1.8m·min?1时,出结晶器坯壳厚度相应减少约10%,其发生漏钢的危险不断增加;在此基础上,阐述了结晶器的内腔结构、保护渣、振动与液面控制等控制结晶器内坯壳凝固均匀性的相关技术。要实现高速连铸,首要应考虑结晶器内腔结构的优化设计,使其能更好地迎合凝固坯壳的生长,研制适合包晶钢等凝固特点的专用连铸保护渣至关重要,铸坯鼓肚控制也是保障高拉速液面稳定的关键。      

Heat-transfer and solidification model of continuous slab casting: CON1D

A simple, but comprehensive model of heat transfer and solidification of the continuous casting of steel slabs is described, including phenomena in the mold and spray regions. The model includes a one-dimensional (1-D) transient finite-difference calculation of heat conduction within the solidifying steel shell coupled with two-dimensional (2-D) steady-state heat conduction within the mold wall. The model features a detailed treatment of the interfacial gap between the shell and mold, including mass and momentum balances on the solid and liquid interfacial slag layers, and the effect of oscillation marks. The model predicts the shell thickness, temperature distributions in the mold and shell, thickness of the resolidified and liquid powder layers, heat-flux profiles down the wide and narrow faces, mold water temperature rise, ideal taper of the mold walls, and other related phenomena. The important effect of the nonuniform distribution of superheat is incorporated using the results from previous three-dimensional (3-D) turbulent fluid-flow calculations within the liquid pool. The FORTRAN program CONID has a user-friendly interface and executes in less than 1 minute on a personal computer. Calibration of the model with several different experimental measurements on operating slab casters is presented along with several example applications. In particular, the model demonstrates that the increase in heat flux throughout the mold at higher casting speeds is caused by two combined effects: a thinner interfacial gap near the top of the mold and a thinner shell toward the bottom. This modeling tool can be applied to a wide range of practical problems in continuous casters.     

Thermomechanics of the cooling stage in casting processes: Three-dimensional finite element analysis and experimental validation

A thermomechanical three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis of solidification is presented. The heat transfer model is based on a multidomain analysis accounting for noncoincident meshes for the cast part and the different mold components. In each subdomain, a preconditioned conjugate gradient solver is used. The mechanical analysis assumes the mold is rigid. A thermoelastic-viscoplastic rheological model is used to compute the constrained shrinkage of the part, resulting in an effective local air gap width computation. At each time increment, a weak coupling of the heat transfer and mechanical analyses is performed. Comparisons of experimental measurements and model predictions are given in the case of a hollow cylindrical aluminum alloy part, showing a good quantitative agreement. An application to an industrial aluminum casting is presented, illustrating the practical interest of thermomechanical computations in solidification analysis.     

Mold Simulator Study of Heat Transfer Phenomenon During the Initial Solidification in Continuous Casting Mold

In this paper, mold simulator trials were firstly carried out to study the phenomena of the initial shell solidification of molten steel and the heat transfer across the initial shell to the infiltrated mold/shell slag film and mold. Second, a one-dimensional inverse heat transfer problem for solidification (1DITPS) was built to determine the temperature distribution and the heat transfer behavior through the solidifying shell from the measured shell thickness. Third, the mold wall temperature field was recovered by a 2DIHCP mathematical model from the measured in-mold wall temperatures. Finally, coupled with the measured slag film thickness and the calculations of 1DITPS and 2DIHCP, the thermal resistance and the thickness of liquid slag film in the vicinity of the meniscus were evaluated. The experiment results show that: the total mold/shell thermal resistance, the mold/slag interfacial thermal resistance, the liquid film thermal resistance, and the solid film thermal resistance is 8.0 to 14.9 × 10^?4, 2.7 to 4.8 × 10^?4, 1.5 to 4.6 × 10^?4, and 3.9 to 6.8 × 10^?4 m² K/W, respectively. The percentage of mold/slag interfacial thermal resistance, liquid film thermal resistance, and solid film thermal resistance over the total mold/shell thermal resistance is 27.5 to 34.4, 17.2 to 34.0, and 38.5 to 48.8 pct, respectively. The ratio of radiation heat flux is around 14.1 to 51.9 pct in the liquid slag film.     

Thermomechanical finite-element model of shell behavior in continuous casting of steel

A coupled finite-element model, CON2D, has been developed to simulate temperature, stress, and shape development during the continuous casting of steel, both in and below the mold. The model simulates a transverse section of the strand in generalized plane strain as it moves down at the casting speed. It includes the effects of heat conduction, solidification, nonuniform superheat dissipation due to turbulent fluid flow, mutual dependence of the heat transfer and shrinkage on the size of the interfacial gap, the taper of the mold wall, and the thermal distortion of the mold. The stress model features an elastic-viscoplastic creep constitutive equation that accounts for the different responses of the liquid, semisolid, delta-ferrite, and austenite phases. Functions depending on temperature and composition are employed for properties such as thermal linear expansion. A contact algorithm is used to prevent penetration of the shell into the mold wall due to the internal liquid pressure. An efficient two-step algorithm is used to integrate these highly nonlinear equations. The model is validated with an analytical solution for both temperature and stress in a solidifying slab. It is applied to simulate continuous casting of a 120 mm billet and compares favorably with plant measurements of mold wall temperature, total heat removal, and shell thickness, including thinning of the corner. The model is ready to investigate issues in continuous casting such as mold taper optimization, minimum shell thickness to avoid breakouts, and maximum casting speed to avoid hot-tear crack formation due to submold bulging.     

Numerical simulation of the infiltration of fibrous preforms by a pure metal

The numerical simulation of the metal-matrix composites (MMCs) elaboration by an injection process is presented. The equations governing the heat and mass transfers through a porous medium are applied to the metal injection process. The bidimensional numerical model is described based on a finite volume formulation. It is shown that two types of metal solidification appear during the injection: (1) a frontal solidification related to the heat balance between the fibrous preform and the metal and (2) a lateral solidification related to the heat losses toward the mold walls. Numerical tests validate the numerical model in the case of theoretical mono-dimensional geometries when analytical solutions exist. The model is then applied to bidimensional geometries. The preform is progressively closed until the channel is obstructed so that injection is achieved to the “impregnation depth.≓ A systematic study determines the influence on the impregnation depth of different parameters, such as thermal properties of fibers and mold walls, injection flow rate, and preform geometry. Finally, the results of the experimental injection of biphenyl resin through the SAFFIL* preform are discussed and compared with the numerical results.     

Numerical simulation of the infiltration of fibrous preforms by a pure metal

The numerical simulation of the metal-matrix composites (MMCs) elaboration by an injection process is presented. The equations governing the heat and mass transfers through a porous medium are applied to the metal injection process. The bidimensional numerical model is described based on a finite volume formulation. It is shown that two types of metal solidification appear during the injection: (1) a frontal solidification related to the heat balance between the fibrous preform and the metal and (2) a lateral solidification related to the heat losses toward the mold walls. Numerical tests validate the numerical model in the case of theoretical mono-dimensional geometries when analytical solutions exist. The model is then applied to bidimensional geometries. The preform is progressively closed until the channel is obstructed so that injection is achieved to the “impregnation depth.” A systematic study determines the influence on the impregnation depth of different parameters, such as thermal properties of fibers and mold walls, injection flow rate, and preform geometry. Finally, the results of the experimental injection of biphenyl resin through the SAFFIL* preform are discussed and compared with the numerical results.     

Simulation of thermal behavior during peritectic steel solidification in slab continuous casting mold

Thermal behavior of the solidifying shell in continuous casting mold is very important to final steel products.In the present work,one two-dimension transient thermal-mechanical finite element model was developed to simulate the thermal behavior of peritectic steel solidifying in slab continuous casting mold by using the sequential coupling method.In this model,the steel physical properties at high temperature was gotten from the micro-segregation model withδ/γtransformation in mushy zone,and the heat flux was obtained according to the displacement between the surface of solidifying shell and the hot face of mold as solidification contraction,the liquid-solid structure and distribution of mold flux,and the temperature distribution of slab surface and mold hot face,in addition,the rate-dependent elastic-viscoplastic constitutive equation was applied to account for the evolution of shell stress in the mold.With this model,the variation characteristics of surface temperature,heat flux, and growth of the solidifying shell corner,as well as the thickness distribution of the liquid flux,solidified flux,air gap and the corresponding thermal resistance were described.     

板坯连铸结晶器内钢水流场和传热凝固数值模拟

 以鞍山钢铁集团公司中薄板坯连铸机为研究对象,利用商业软件CFX44对结晶器内钢水流场和传热凝固进行了数值模拟,主要研究了三孔浸入式水口的冶金特征及其对结晶器内钢水流场和温度场的影响。结果表明,采用三孔浸入式水口可以优化结晶器内钢水流场和温度场,稳定坯壳发育和成形,防止拉漏。     

The air-gap formation process at the casting-mold interface and the heat transfer mechanism through the gap

The formation process of the air gap at the casting-mold interface and the heat transfer mechanism through the gap were investigated by measuring the displacement of, and the temperature in casting and mold for cylindrical and flat castings of aluminum alloys. The thickness of the air gap was measured as the difference between the location of the casting surface and that of the mold inner surface. For cylindrical castings, the mold began to move outward immediately after pouring, while the casting stayed until solidification progressed to a great extent. For flat castings, the mold began to move greatly toward the casting pushing the casting immediately after pouring and moved reversely after a maximum appeared. It was possible to calculate the displacement of the mold by thermal expansion. It was found that when the thickness of the air gap was not large, the heat through the gap was transferred mainly by heat conduction.     

车轮钢圆坯表面温度和坯壳厚度的数值分析

采用分段线性的结晶器和二冷拉矫段热流密度表示方法,对车轮钢圆坯的宏观凝固过程进行了流场、温度场和凝固的耦合数学模拟.计算结果与实测数据吻合,表明数学模型可靠准确地反映了实际情况.由于拉速变化引起计算空间内质量流量的变化,圆坯的表面温度和坯壳厚度受拉速强烈影响.二冷拉矫段热流密度的变化反映了散热方式随温度变化进行的自我调节.保温段对圆坯表面温度回升有明显影响,并将凝固终点推后大约1 m.