高取代度阳离子淀粉合成工艺研究

以环氧氯丙烷和三甲胺为原料，采用水介质合成季铵型阳离子醚化剂，实验研究了反应体系的pH和反应温度对产率的影响。在正交实验的基础上，实验探．索了阳离子淀粉制备工艺中的NaOH用量、水用量及反应温度对产物取代度和反应效率的影响，并在此基础上考察了醚化剂用量与产物取代度之间的关系，研究结果表明：干法制备阳离子淀粉的最佳工艺条件为，碱粉比：0．13；水粉比：0．23；反应温度：75％；反应时间：2．5h，当醚化剂用量为50％时，产物的取代度为0．427，反应效率达80．5％。     

微波辅助一步法制备氧化阳离子淀粉的研究

以木薯淀粉为原料,3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵为阳离子醚化剂,自制碱性复合催化剂为醚化催化剂,双氧水为氧化剂,CuSO4为氧化催化剂,采用微波辅助一步法制备氧化阳离子淀粉。通过单因素实验研究醚化剂用量、碱性催化剂用量、氧化剂用量、CuSO4用量、反应温度和反应时间对粘度、取代度和反应效率的影响,并对工艺参数进行优化验证。结果表明,较佳的工艺条件为：淀粉用量200 g,醚化剂用量15 g,碱性催化剂与醚化剂摩尔比1.5,双氧水用量8 g,CuSO4用量0.09 g,反应温度90℃,反应时间18 min。在此条件下所得产品阳离子取代度（DS）为0.0414,醚化反应效率为92.87%,粘度为32.6 mPa·s（固含量12%,55℃）。本工艺制备的淀粉产品具有糊化温度低,糊液粘度低、稳定性高的特点。     

高取代度木薯羧甲基淀粉的合成及表征

以机械活化60min的木薯淀粉为原料,采用乙醇溶剂法合成了高取代度的木薯羧甲基淀粉.通过正交实验优化羧甲基淀粉的合成工艺条件,探讨了反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量、醚化剂用量、乙醇浓度及淀粉乳浓度等因素对羧甲基淀粉取代度的影响.结果表明,其合成的最优工艺条件为:反应温度50℃,乙醇浓度90%,反应时间120min,ClCH2COOH与淀粉摩尔比0.80,淀粉乳浓度35%(ω),NaOH与淀粉摩尔比0.80.在此条件下合成的羧甲基淀粉的取代度为1.24.并对产物的结构进行了表征.     

季铵型低取代度阳离子淀粉的合成

以玉米淀粉及3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)为原料,采用水法制备低取代度季铵型阳离子淀粉,讨论了醚化剂用量、NaOH用量、反应温度、反应时间等对取代度的影响。结果表明,最佳合成条件为:淀粉50 g,醚化剂用量3 g,NaOH用量为0.77 g,反应温度40℃,反应时间2 h,制备的阳离子淀粉取代度可达0.079。     

季铵型阳离子淀粉絮凝剂的制备及其应用

以玉米淀粉为原料,3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵为阳离子醚化剂,采用预干燥干法制备高取代度季铵型阳离子淀粉絮凝剂.考察了醚化剂用量、氢氧化钠与醚化剂摩尔比、反应温度及反应时间对取代度和反应效率的影响,优化出制备高取代度阳离子淀粉的最佳工艺条件为:醚化剂的加入量为绝干淀粉量的55%,氢氧化钠与醚化剂摩尔比为1.2,反应温度85℃,反应时间4h.将阳离子淀粉对工业中较难处理的高色值糖蜜酒精废液进行絮凝脱色性能测定,结果表明当阳离子淀粉质量浓度为500mg/L、取代度为0.39、废液初始pH值为9.0时,脱色率达53.6%.     

羧甲基两性淀粉的合成及其在造纸中的应用

研究了以木薯淀粉为原料,用湿法工艺在50%乙醇水溶液介质中以NaOH为催化剂,与氯乙酸钠、3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CHPTMA)反应一步合成低取代度羧甲基两性淀粉。并通过单因素实验讨论了NaOH用量、氯乙酸钠用量、3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵用量、反应温度和反应时间等对合成反应的影响。结果表明:氢氧化钠用量与氯乙酸钠、阳离子醚化剂总量摩尔比为2.22,反应温度40℃,反应时间4 h,氯乙酸钠用量为2.5%,阳离子醚化剂用量为3.5%,合成样品阳离子取代度为0.028,阴离子取代度为0.011,在造纸应用实验中增强效果显著。     

阳离子改性淀粉絮凝剂的制备及应用

以糯玉米淀粉为原料,3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵为阳离子醚化剂,采用预干燥干法制备高取代度季铵型阳离子淀粉絮凝剂.考察了醚化剂用量、氢氧化钠与醚化剂摩尔比、反应温度及反应时间对取代度的影响,优化出制备高取代度阳离子淀粉的最佳工艺条件为:醚化剂的加入量为绝干淀粉量的52.5%,氢氧化钠与醚化剂摩尔比为1.2,反应温度80℃,反应时间5 h.将阳离子淀粉对玫瑰花色素酒精废液进行絮凝脱色性能测定,结果表明当阳离子淀粉量浓度为1250 mg·L-1、取代度为0.3342时,脱色率达78.42%.     

低取代度阳离子淀粉的制备及在造纸上的应用

介绍了以玉米淀粉和3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)为原料,采用水法制备低取代度季铵型阳离子淀粉,讨论了醚化剂用量、n(NaOH)∶n(CTA)、反应温度、反应时间对取代度的影响,最佳实验条件为:淀粉50 g,醚化剂用量0.0 160 mol,n(NaOH)∶n(CTA)=1.2∶1,反应温度40℃,反应时间2 h,制备的阳离子淀粉取代度可达0.0791%,糊液粘度为1.07,同时对阳离子淀粉在造纸工业上的应用做了简述。     

醋酸酯阳离子两性淀粉印染废水处理剂的合成及应用

用低取代度的醋酸酯淀粉与阳离子醚化剂反应而合成了一种新型两性淀粉印染废水处理剂,通过考察醚化反应体系的p H、反应时间、反应温度及醚化剂的用量对阳离子取代度的影响,确定最佳反应条件为:反应体系p H=11,反应温度45℃,反应时间8 h。并测试了不同阳离子取代度的醋酸酯阳离子两性淀粉水处理剂对印染废水色度去除率,确定阴离子取代度0.074 5、阳离子取代度0.013 1的两性淀粉脱色效果最好。     

黄原酸酯阳离子两性淀粉印染废水处理剂的合成及应用

用中等取代度的黄原酸酯淀粉与阳离子醚化剂反应而合成了一种新型两性淀粉印染废水处理剂,通过考察醚化反应体系的p H值、反应时间、反应温度及醚化剂的用量对阳离子取代度的影响,确定最佳反应条件为:反应体系p H=11,反应温度45℃,反应时间6h。并测试了不同阳离子取代度的黄原酸酯阳离子两性淀粉水处理剂对印染废水色度去除率,确定阴离子取代度0.235、阳离子取代度0.0085的两性淀粉脱色效果最好。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。