多端直流输电系统中的直流功率调制技术

与常规的双端直流输电系统相比,基于直流功率调制技术的多端直流输电系统能更灵活地向所连接的交流系统提供快速的紧急功率支持,改善交流系统的稳定性。文章对其中一端为弱交流系统的4端直流输电系统运用PSCAD/ EMTDC仿真软件研究了多端直流输电系统的功率调制技术,提出了该系统的仿真模型及其复合控制策略。仿真结果表明,所连接交流系统的强度、各换流站的控制策略和直流系统电流平衡原则的选取会极大地影响直流功率调制的性能,多端直流输电系统比常规的双端直流输电系统能更灵活地运用直流功率调制技术,进而有效地提高所连接交流系统的稳定性。     

Power links with Ireland-excitation of turbine-generator shafttorsional vibrations by variable frequency currents superimposed on DCcurrents in asynchronous HVDC links

The paper describes an in-depth analysis of excitation of shaft torsional vibrations in steam-turbine-generator-exciter shafts in close proximity to HVDC converter stations by variable-frequency ripple currents superimposed on the DC currents in asynchronous links. It extends earlier work to include an in depth analysis of system scaling factors for harmonic currents impressed on generators in Northern Ireland by an inverter and to investigate the phenomena for possible torsional vibrations in the generators by the link. It is concluded that variable-frequency ripple currents superimposed on the DC current in asynchronous links can excite sympathetic torsional vibrations in turbine-generator-exciter shafts. Subtransient generator reactances may be used to approximately proportion injected harmonic current to each machine of a multi-machine network. Very small noncharacteristic currents could result in serious damage to the machine although possibility of two power systems operating with fixed deviation in system frequencies long enough for the vibrations to build up is remote. Studies should be undertaken as routine on all machines in close proximity to HVDC converter stations to ascertain whether or not the machines are at risk     

MMC换流器桥臂电感短路故障特性研究

在以MMC为核心构建的高压直流输电系统中,因桥臂电感过热或过流等造成的短路故障会破坏系统的稳定运行。本文对MMC的单相上桥臂电感短路故障进行数学建模,推导故障后的MMC环流、传输功率、直流侧电压和直流侧电流等变量的解析表达式,并利用Matlab/Simulink仿真试验进行了验证。进而比较3种桥臂电感短路故障的特性,指出故障主要表现为直流侧电压和电流的轻微振荡、MMC环流的剧烈振荡和传输功率的轻微震荡。     

基于交直流关联最小雅可比矩阵结构的潮流算法

随着直流输电比例的不断增加,以交流输电为主的电网,其潮流计算必将考虑直流输电影响以及交直流关联的机制等基础问题。为此,文中根据直流输电单元的物理方程,以及其不同控制方式间的相通性,在潮流计算中增加直流输电单元的直流电流作为状态变量,以实现直流输电单元与交流(整流、逆变)系统的有机关联。由此建立交直流混合潮流模型,并基于牛顿法进行求解。该研究在力求保留交直流潮流关联机制前提下,使雅可比矩阵维数最小,实现交直流潮流关联机制的直接可观,为评价或调控交直流混合电网提供基础工具。以22节点系统为例,验证了所提算法的有效性。     

直流双极闭锁故障下送端系统暂态过电压计算方法

针对特高压直流输电系统闭锁引起的暂态过电压严重威胁系统安全运行的问题,推导建立了直流双极闭锁后换流母线暂态电压的解析表达式.在此基础上,建立了送端交流系统电力网络等值模型,推导出了直流双极闭锁后送端交流系统内任一关键节点暂态过电压的计算方法.为判断送端新能源节点面临高压穿越问题的严重程度、提前发现系统薄弱环节,提出用阻...     

直流断路器的研发现状及展望

可靠有效的电力供应以及开发利用可再生资源对于改进电力传输模式提出了巨大的挑战。基于低损耗、远距离、大功率输电以及更有效地连接可再生能源入网和便于灵活操作的优点,高压直流输电(HVDC) 得到了新的重视。特别是电压源换流器(VSC)技术的出现使得多端高压直流(MTHVDC)电网的筹建发展成为可能并越来越具吸引力。目前,多端高压直流电网技术上的主要挑战,如网络结构的拓扑设计、大容量电缆、保护和开断短路电流的直流断路器等成为热门话题。对于多端高压直流电网,具有快速开断直流故障电流和隔离故障功能的直流断路器是必不可少和至关重要的。只有应用高压直流断路器,才有可能采用多端高压直流实现多个节点连接的可再生能源入网或退网、及时快速分离故障并可保证系统的安全可靠运行。 虽然目前市场已有高压直流断路器,且有一些已在超高电压系统运行,但它们直接开断短路故障电流的开断能力较低,且都是作为转换开关将故障电流从一个电路转换到另一电路,最后由交流断路器完成开断,其开断时间较长,系统欠稳定。故具有高开断能力的高压直流断路器仍然是MTHVDC的发展的一个瓶颈,限制着MTHVDC的发展。因此,一场研发高压直流断路器的激烈竞争在ABB、西门子和阿尔斯通等国际电力设备制造商之间正在悄然进行。本文着重介绍了高压直流断路器的发展及其研发的必要性和迫切性,介绍了目前高压直流断路器的最新发展状况、现存的挑战和未来展望。     

Damping torsional oscillations of nuclear generators by using firing delay angle modulation of HVDC schemes

The paper presents the results of hybrid simulation studies of HVDC firing delay angle (α) modulation as a countermeasure to subsynchronous resonance (SSR) torsional oscillations occurring in a nuclear generator interfaced to the rectifier terminals of an HVDC transmission scheme. SSR oscillations can be amplified owing to the negative damping introduced by the HVDC scheme. This report illustrates the α modulation scheme and presents hybrid simulator results to ascertain its effectiveness in damping the low frequency SSR oscillation due to HVDC system control interactions.     

高压直流输电线路故障清除及恢复策略研究综述

高压直流输电线路故障后的快速清除和恢复对整个系统的稳定、可靠运行至关重要。文中分析总结了现有基于电网换相换流器的高压直流(LCC-HVDC)系统和基于电压源型换流器的高压直流(VSC-HVDC)系统中直流线路故障清除及恢复策略。指出现有策略中存在盲目恢复的不足,会对整个系统造成更大的冲击或者不必要的停运。提出了一种可能的解决方案:在不同直流输电系统中展开直流输电线路故障自适应恢复研究,实现直流输电系统的安全、快速恢复,完善直流线路故障综合处理方案。     

Torsional oscillations of series capacitor compensated AC/DCsystems

Torsional oscillations in an AC/DC power system that result from series-capacitor compensation and HVDC converter controllers are investigated. A feasible approach for damping the torsional modes by coordinating the controllers of a static VAr compensator (SVC) unit with the supplemental subsynchronous damping control (SSDC) of the HVDC rectifier is presented. An eigenvalue method is used for the studies, and the analytical results are verified by detailed digital computer simulation, using the BPA's Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). The studies show that in a series-capacitor-compensated AC/DC system, the SSDC can be used to damp the subsynchronous resonance (SSR) modes only over a limited range of operating conditions. The coordinated SVC-SSDC approach provides adequate damping for all the SSR modes under all operating conditions, particularly at high series-compensation levels     

电流源型混合直流输电系统建模与仿真

为解决传统直流输电系统换相失败问题,针对电压源型混合直流输电系统存在直流故障难以处理、平波电抗与直流电容容易产生谐振、无法进行潮流反送等缺点,分析了一种新型电流源型混合直流输电系统,其特点是整流侧采用传统的电网换相换流器,逆变侧采用基于全控型器件的新型电流源型换流器。重点推导了电流源型换流器在dq旋转坐标系下的低频和稳态数学模型,并设计了相应的控制器和控制策略。在PSCAD/EMTDC中以葛南直流系统为基础搭建了电流源型混合直流系统。详细阐述了启动和潮流翻转的步骤和过程,测试了逆变侧发生三相短路故障下系统的响应和恢复特性,研究了系统的直流故障自清理能力和重启动策略。仿真结果表明,该系统具有良好的性能,是直流输电系统在远距离、大功率应用领域一种可行的改进方案。     

Optimal power flow solution of two-terminal HVDC systems using genetic algorithm

The usage extensively of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission links in recent years makes it necessary further work in this area. Therefore, two-terminal HVDC transmission link is one of most important elements in electrical power systems. HVDC link representation is mostly ignored and simplified for optimal power flow (OPF) studies in power systems. OPF problem of purely alternating current (AC) power systems is defined as minimization of the fuel cost to subjected equality and inequality constraints. Hence, OPF software of purely AC power systems is extended by taking into consideration power transfer control characteristics of HVDC links. In this paper, OPF problem of integrated AC–DC power systems is first solved by genetic algorithm that is a heuristic algorithm based on evolutionary. The proposed method is tested on two test systems which are the modified 5-node test system and the modified WSCC 9-bus test system. In order to show effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method, the obtained results are compared to that reported in the literature.     

Fuzzy logic controller for enhancing oscillatory stability of AC/DC interconnected power system

A novel control strategy is developed for High Voltage DC (HVDC) links to improve oscillatory stability of interconnected power systems. An ‘area’ principle is proposed for controller design to damp AC tie power oscillations by increasing the oscillatory ‘deceleration area’. Exploiting fast control capability of HVDC link, a fuzzy-rule is adopted to smooth the power transition for reducing power ‘shock’ to power system. The strategy also incorporates adaptive control techniques to prevent tie-link power ‘chattering’. Simulation results using the proposed control scheme on two typical power systems are presented. The results demonstrate that significant improvements in both oscillatory and transient stability are obtained.     

并联换流器高压直流输电系统控制策略

随着中国高压直流输电技术的发展,在直流工程分期建设和融冰方式运行方面,并联换流器结构受到越来越多的关注。文中详细分析了并联结构的四端直流输电系统特点,提出了整流站定直流电流控制、逆变站定直流电压控制且附加直流电流平衡控制功能的多端直流系统协调配合方式。该方式不仅最大程度地保持了双并联直流系统的相对独立性,简化了多端直流系统控制策略的设计,而且可以实现并联换流器间功率的灵活分配。由于换流器的并联和解并联是系统运行的关键技术,文中提出了详细的第二换流器解锁及第一换流器闭锁控制策略,并基于PSCAD/EMTDC搭建了四端并联直流系统的详细控制策略模型,验证了所提控制策略的有效性。     

一种广域滑模模糊HVDC附加控制器设计方法

区域间的低频振荡成为限制区域联络线输送功率大小,影响互联电网安全稳定运行的主要因素之一。为了抑制区域间低频振荡问题,提出了基于滑模控制思想的HVDC模糊附加控制器设计方法。控制器采用广域信号作为反馈输入,基于李亚普莫夫稳定性定理由实时的广域信号确定滑模切换面,从而引入滑模控制理论作为模糊推理的依据,针对典型存在区域间振荡模式的系统在不同的工况下分析了该控制器的实用效果。特征值分析表明,在不同的运行工况下,系统区域间阻尼模式的阻尼都得到很大增强。通过非线性仿真的手段,验证了在不同的工作模式下,不同故障时控制器的动态性能,结果表明控制器均能发挥良好的附加阻尼效果。     

多馈入交直流混联受端电网直流接入能力研究评述

受端电网的直流接入能力是大规模交直流混联电网调度运行部门越来越关注的问题。从直流多馈入交直流混联电网后面临的主要问题出发,分析了影响受端电网直流接入能力的主要因素,对现有直流及新能源接入能力研究方法进行总结。分析了各方法的优缺点,探讨了受端电网直流接入能力的计算方法及未来的研究方向。受端电网直流接入能力是一个多目标优化问题,下一步研究重点是建立系统的优化模型,科学化、实用化地评估受端电网直流接入能力。针对限制受端电网直流接入能力的主要因素,提出了提高电网直流接入能力的相关建议。     

南方电网高压直流输电系统调度运行操作分析

南方电网于2008年已经形成“八交四直”的主干网架,是一个典型的交直流并联电力系统。分析了南方电网在正常方式下、事故条件下和特殊情况下高压直流输电系统的运行操作。在正常方式下,直流系统功率调整越须考虑如下几个方面：交流断面限制要求;与交直流功率优化分配有关的安全和经济优化因素;接地极不平衡电流对中性点直接接地主变压器的影响;直流系统的电流限制和降压限制;直流系统的解闭锁操作。特殊情况是指纯直流方式和直流孤岛方式。在直流孤岛方式下系统调控过程中要考虑直流系统运行工况、发生次同步振荡的可能性和直流稳定控制功能的投退等因素;此外,还要应遵从一定的调控要点。     

宁东—山东±660kV直流输电工程解锁逻辑研究

换流器解锁性能是考核HVDC控制策略的重要指标,性能良好的解锁过程使直流系统起机平滑,对交流系统产生较小的扰动。宁东—山东±660 kV直流工程是世界上首个±660 kV电压等级的直流输电工程,其解锁沿用SIMSDYN D技术的Kick Start策略,分析该解锁策略并与MUCH2的解锁策略进行对比,最终在HVDC物理模型和实际的宁东直流工程控制保护平台上进行仿真实验,并对该工程解锁逻辑电流参考值释放回0.1 pu时存在的电流向零轴方向过调问题进行修正,使其更加平滑。     

Converting a three-phase AC line to a three-wire DC line by a modified converter

Converting existing AC lines to DC for increasing power transmission has been an interesting topic for scientists, such applications could be managed by conventional converters. Converting AC lines to DC upgrades the power capacity of existing lines up to square root of two. In this paper, a modified converter that would use all three existing AC lines at the same time for DC transmission will be introduced. This converter will then be used to model a high-voltage direct current transmission (HVDC) system which enables to convert high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission lines to HVDC lines. The mathematical model of the converter is developed and the system is tested by modeling with PSCAD/EMTDC software for operation and dynamic stability. A practical model is also developed in laboratory conditions and tested for operation.     

适用于架空线路的双极混合MMC-HVDC拓扑

为应对柔性直流输电在远距离大容量架空线输电领域应用问题,基于钳位双子模块和双晶闸管子模块拓扑构成的两种模块化多电平换流器,设计了串联双极混合直流输电系统,既提高了输电容量,又能缓解单种拓扑能耗较大或直流故障抑制时间较长问题。重点分析了双极混合拓扑在不同直流故障下等值电路和直流故障穿越机理及其抑制特性。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真环境下搭建双极混合直流输电模型,对系统稳态运行工况和直流故障穿越特性进行了对比研究。仿真结果表明,双极混合系统既体现出灵活多样的稳态运行特性,又具有直流故障穿越与快速恢复能力,较好地适用于远距离大容量架空线路输电应用领域。     

Power swing damping control by HVDC power modulation in an ac/dc hybrid transmission system

This paper describes power swing damping control by HVDC power modulation. In a hybrid system (where the ac transmission system and the HVDC system compose a loop transmission system), damping control of power swing by control of HVDC power is called power modulation control. The new HVDC link between the Shokoku and Kansai power systems forms a loop transmission system consisting of the existing ac transmission system and the new HVDC transmission system; therefore, power modulation control can be applied for stabilization of the ac system. This paper deals with a newly developed power modulation control system to damp two power-swing modes occurring in a 60-Hz interconnected system and the neighboring power system to the HVDC converter station. Characteristics of power swings in an ac systems, principles of power swing damping control by power modulation, the control system design method, and the results of verification tests by digital and analog simulators are described. It is shown that the developed power modulation system applied to the HVDC link is effective for damping two power swing modes.