脱合金化制备纳米多孔Ni、NiO阳极材料及其电催化析氧性能

采用快速凝固与脱合金化相结合的方法制备纳米多孔Ni,经热处理氧化获得纳米多孔NiO,运用XRD、SEM、TEM、BET等对纳米多孔Ni、NiO的物相、形貌结构、孔径分布进行表征,并通过循环伏安、稳态极化、电化学阻抗法研究了其作为电极的电催化析氧性能。结果表明,Ni_(15)Al_(85)和Ni_5Al_(95)脱合金化后均获得了纳米多孔Ni,Al含量的增加使得Ni的孔径尺寸与骨架强度减小,Ni_5Al_(95)形成的纳米多孔Ni在10 mA·cm~(-2)电流密度下的析氧过电位比Ni_(15)Al_(85)形成的纳米多孔Ni低95 mV,但随着反应的进行,纳米多孔Ni表面的孔洞开始坍塌和脱落,导致其析氧稳定性降低。NiO继承了Ni的纳米多孔结构,比表面积和骨架强度进一步增大,Ni_5Al_(95)合金获得的纳米多孔NiO在10 mA·cm~(-2)电流密度下的析氧过电位仅为357 mV,相比Ni电极降低了14. 3 mV,室温下析氧反应的表观交换电流密度是Ni电极的1. 2倍,表观活化自由能降低了8. 59 k J·mol~(-1),经1 000圈循环伏安后过电位降低了12 mV(J=100 mA·cm~(-2)),具有优良的电催化析氧性能和良好的稳定性。     

不同阶段纳米多孔银的制备及其HER电催化性能研究

用Ag_(15)Cu_(85)二元合金薄带为前驱体,采用高温氧化预处理脱合金的方法制备不同阶段的纳米多孔银。在650℃下,进行高温氧化处理,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对试样进行物相分析和形貌表征。对高温氧化后的前驱体脱合金15～60 min,制备不同阶段的纳米多孔银,使用开路电位(OCP)、线性扫描伏安(LSV)、动电位极化曲线等方法测试了不同阶段的纳米多孔银电极的抗毒性能和电催化析氢性能。结果表明,经过3 min高温氧化后脱合金15 min阶段的纳米多孔银电极具有最佳的电极抗毒性能,E_(corr)为-0.088 V,i_(corr)为1.2×10~(-7) A/cm~2;经过1 min高温氧化后脱合金30 min阶段的纳米多孔银电极展现了最低的Tafel斜率(45.8 mV/dec);在10 mA/cm~2电流密度下,经过3 min高温氧化后脱合金60 min阶段的纳米多孔银电极析氢过电位为37.6 mV,经过3 min高温氧化后脱合金15 min阶段的纳米多孔银电极的综合HER性能最好。     

稀土铈对镍-钴合金电极的析氢催化性能的影响

采用电沉积方法制备了Ni—Co和Ni—Co(RE)合金电权。通过电化学方法研究了其在7mol/L KOH溶波中的析氢电催化活性。实验发现，与Fe电权相比，Ni—Co和Ni—Co(RE)合金电权的析氢电位正移，其中Ni—Co(RE)合金电权的析氢电位正移250mV。通过扫描电镜和合金镀层成分分析，探讨了稀土饰对Ni—Co合金电权析氢电催化性能的影响。结果表明，稀土饰的加入提高了合金电权在7mol/L KOH溶液中的析氢电催化活性和电化学稳定性。有利于降低槽压，减少能耗。     

电沉积非晶Ni-Fe-P涂层析氢催化性能研究

采用直流电镀技术,通过改变电沉积电流密度制备了不同的非晶Ni-Fe-P涂层。采用稳态极化技术比较不同电流密度下电镀Ni-Fe-P合金涂层电化学催化析氢活性,发现电流密度200A/m2电沉积的Ni-Fe-P合金涂层的电化学催化析氢性能最好。通过XRD分析镀层相结构,SEM观察涂层表面的微观结构及EDX分析表面成分,研究影响非晶Ni-Fe-P合金涂层的析氢电催化活性原因。结果表明,影响非晶Ni-Fe-P合金涂层电催化活性的主要因素是镀层中Fe、P元素含量。当Fe的含量最大18.63%(原子分数),P的含量最小13.14%(原子分数)时,非晶Ni-Fe-P涂层电催化析氢活性最好。2     

多孔Ni-WC复合电极的制备及其在酸性溶液中的电催化析氢性能

目前,关于多孔Ni-WC电极的电催化析氢(HER)性能的报道较少。以多孔海绵镍为基体,采用复合电沉积制备多孔Ni-(WC)x复合电极。运用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射仪线衍射仪(XRD)表征电极的表面形貌和微观结构,通过阴极极化、电化学阻抗(EIS)、循环伏安、计时电流法研究多孔Ni-(WC)x电极在0.5 mol/L H2SO4溶液中的电催化析氢性能。结果表明:与多孔基体Ni电极相比,多孔Ni-(WC)x电极具有较低的析氢过电位、较低的电化学反应阻抗、较小的表观活化能以及较大的交换电流密度;随着镀液中WC浓度的升高,所制备的多孔Ni-(WC)x电极的电催化析氢活性增强,其中Ni-(WC)40电极的表观交换电流密度是多孔Ni基体电极的966.7倍,其表观活化能为5.95 kJ/mol,并具有较好的耐蚀性和析氢稳定性。     

纳米多孔PtNiMo合金的制备及其对甲醇电催化氧化性能的研究

利用脱合金的方法制备了纳米多孔铂镍钼(NP-PtNiMo)合金纳米催化剂,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDX)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和电化学测试的方法对NP-PtNiMo合金纳米催化剂的表面形貌、成分、物相和电催化性能进行了表征。运用循环伏安法(CV)和恒电位极化评价了NP-PtNiMo合金纳米催化剂在室温下对甲醇的电催化氧化性能。结果表明,NP-PtNiMo合金纳米催化剂比商业Pt/C催化剂具有更好的电催化氧化甲醇的性能,更好的电催化稳定性以及更好的抗CO中毒的能力。     

氯化胆碱-尿素体系中电沉积Ni-Fe-Sm析氢催化电极研究

采用恒电位电沉积技术,在氯化胆碱-尿素体系中制备Ni-Fe-Sm/Cu稀土合金电极并研究其析氢(HER)性能。通过阴极极化曲线(LSV)、循环伏安曲线(CV)等电化学测试方法及SEM等表征技术,研究沉积条件对稀土合金电极的析氢性能及其表面形貌的影响。结果表明,添加稀土元素Sm能够有效提升合金电极的析氢性能。在-1.22 V的沉积电位下,沉积20 min制备的Ni-Fe-Sm/Cu稀土合金电极析氢性能最佳。在10 mA/cm²电流密度下,稀土合金电极的析氢过电位仅115 mV,Tafel斜率最小,析氢反应受Volmer-Heyrovsky反应控制。且该条件下制备的Ni-Fe-Sm/Cu稀土合金具备最高的双电层电容,电催化活性表面积最大。通过交流阻抗法(EIS)可知,Ni-Fe-Sm/Cu合金电极具有较高电荷转移速率。此外,Ni-Fe-Sm/Cu稀土合金电极在碱性介质中具有较好的稳定性,在经过1000圈的循环侧安测试,电催化析氢性能没有明显变化。     

泡沫镍负载NiFeMoCu析氢阴极电极材料的电化学制备研究

以泡沫镍(NF)为基板,分别通过恒电位法(i-t)和计时电位法(CP)沉积镍铁钼铜四元合金,经去合金化处理,获得了具有高催化活性的析氢阴极电极材料NiFeMoCu/NF。电沉积过程设计了6种电解液配方进行优选,去合金化处理时采用恒电位法(i-t)分别进行了金属铜的原位溶出和独立溶出。结果表明:参照配方4的物料配比组织电解液,以计时电位法沉积四元合金,经铜的独立溶出后制得了由纳米颗粒堆积而成团簇状结构的析氢电极材料。在1mol/L KOH溶液中,催化电流密度为10mA/cm~2时,NiFeMoCu/NF电极的析氢过电位仅为65mV,其高催化活性主要归因于镍铁钼铜四元合金的金属间协同作用。     

纳米多孔金薄膜的电催化氧化水合肼性能研究

通过脱合金方法对金银合金薄膜进行选择性腐蚀得到了具有三维双连通结构的纳米多孔金(NPG)。将NPG作为三电极测试体系中的工作电极,利用循环伏安法表征了其在碱性条件下对10 mmol/L的水合肼溶液的电催化性能。结果表明,纳米多孔金对水合肼的电催化氧化不仅峰电流强度比纯金电极高一个数量级以上,而且起峰电位很低,表现出很高的电催化氧化性能,这种优越的电催化性能和它的高比表面积以及多孔结构紧密相关。     

电沉积非晶态Co-W合金镀层在碱性溶液中的电催化析氢研究

利用恒电流直流电沉积方法在Cu基底表面制备了Co-W合金镀层,当镀液中WO_4~(2-)浓度≥0.075 mol/L时镀层为非晶态结构。电化学研究表明,非晶态Co-W合金镀层在1 mol/L NaOH溶液中表现出良好的电催化析氢活性,过程受Volmer-Heyrovsky路径控制。W含量约为40.1%(质量分数)的Co-W合金镀层析氢活性最强,其表观交换电流密度j_0为3.17×10~(-5)A/cm~2;当电位负于-1.464 V(相对于饱和甘汞电极电位)后该Co-W合金镀层的阴极电流密度超越了商用Pt片。结合电化学阻抗分析获知,由于镀层本征催化活性和比表面积(或电化学活性面积)均得到提升,使得非晶态Co-W合金镀层析氢活性获得提高。     

Nanoporous PdNi Alloy Nanowires As Highly Active Catalysts for the Electro-Oxidation of Formic Acid

Highly active and durable catalysts for formic acid oxidation are crucial to the development of direct formic acid fuel cell. In this letter, we report the synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical testing of nanoporous Pd(57)Ni(43) alloy nanowires for use as the electrocatalyst towards formic acid oxidation (FAO). These nanowires are prepared by chemically dealloying of Ni from Ni-rich PdNi alloy nanowires, and have high surface area. X-ray diffraction data show that the Pd(57)Ni(43) nanowires have the face-centered cubic crystalline structure of pure Pd, whereas X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm the modification of electronic structure of Pd by electron transfer from Ni to Pd. Electrocatalytic activity of the nanowires towards FAO exceeds that of the state-of-the-art Pd/C. More importantly, the nanowires are highly resistant to deactivation. It is proposed that the high active surface area and modulated surface properties by Ni are responsible for the improvement of activity and durability. Dealloyed nanoporous Pd(57)Ni(43) alloy nanowires are thus proposed as a promising catalyst towards FAO.     

Synergistic Nanotubular Copper‐Doped Nickel Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reactions

Developing highly active electrocatalysts with low cost and high efficiency for hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) is of great significance for industrial water electrolysis. Herein, a 3D hierarchically structured nanotubular copper‐doped nickel catalyst on nickel foam (NF) for HER is reported, denoted as Ni(Cu), via facile electrodeposition and selective electrochemical dealloying. The as‐prepared Ni(Cu)/NF electrode holds superlarge electrochemical active surface area and exhibits Pt‐like electrocatalytic activity for HER, displaying an overpotential of merely 27 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm^?2 and an extremely small Tafel slope of 33.3 mV dec^?1 in 1 m KOH solution. The Ni(Cu)/NF electrode also shows excellent durability and robustness in both continuous and intermittent bulk water electrolysis. Density functional theory calculations suggest that Cu substitution and the formation of NiO on the surface leads to more optimal free energy for hydrogen adsorption. The lattice distortion of Ni caused by Cu substitution, the increased interfacial activity induced by surface oxidation of nanoporous Ni, and numerous active sites at Ni atom offered by the 3D hierarchical porous structure, all contribute to the dramatically enhanced catalytic performance. Benefiting from the facile, scalable preparation method, this highly efficient and robust Ni(Cu)/NF electrocatalyst holds great promise for industrial water–alkali electrolysis.     

Self-supporting amorphous nanoporous NiFeCoP electrocatalyst for efficient overall water splitting

The design of cost-effective and earth-abundant bifunctional electrocatalysts for highly efficient oxy-gen evolution reaction(OER)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is important for water splitting as an advanced renewable energy transformation system.In this work,the self-supporting amorphous NiFeCoP catalyst with nanoporous structure via a facile electrochemical dealloying method is reported.Benefiting from the bicontinuous nanostructure,disordered atomic arrangement,abundant active sites and synergic effect of various transition metals,the as-prepared nanoporous NiFeCoP(np-NiFeCoP)cat-alyst exhibits good electrocatalytic activity,which achieves the current densities of 10 mA cm-2 at low overpotentials of 244 mV and 105 mV for OER and HER in 1.0 M KOH,respectively.In addition,the bifunc-tional electrocatalyst also shows outstanding and durable electrocatalytic activity in water splitting with a small voltage of 1.62 V to drive a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in a two-electrode electrolyzer system.The present work would provide a feasible strategy to explore the efficient and low-cost bifunctional electrocatalysts toward overall water splitting.     

Nanoporous Al‐Ni‐Co‐Ir‐Mo High‐Entropy Alloy for Record‐High Water Splitting Activity in Acidic Environments

Ir‐based binary and ternary alloys are effective catalysts for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic solutions. Nevertheless, decreasing the Ir content to less than 50 at% while maintaining or even enhancing the overall electrocatalytic activity and durability remains a grand challenge. Herein, by dealloying predesigned Al‐based precursor alloys, it is possible to controllably incorporate Ir with another four metal elements into one single nanostructured phase with merely ≈20 at% Ir. The obtained nanoporous quinary alloys, i.e., nanoporous high‐entropy alloys (np‐HEAs) provide infinite possibilities for tuning alloy's electronic properties and maximizing catalytic activities owing to the endless element combinations. Particularly, a record‐high OER activity is found for a quinary AlNiCoIrMo np‐HEA. Forming HEAs also greatly enhances the structural and catalytic durability regardless of the alloy compositions. With the advantages of low Ir loading and high activity, these np‐HEA catalysts are very promising and suitable for activity tailoring/maximization.     

Structure and properties of nanoporous FePt fabricated by dealloying a melt-spun Fe_(60)Pt_(20)B_(20) alloy and subsequent annealing

A nanoporous FePt alloy has been fabricated by dealloying a melt-spun Fe(60)Pt(20)B(20)alloy composed of nanoscale amorphous and face-centered-cubic FePt(fcc-FePt)phases in H2 SO4 aqueous solution.The nanoporous alloy consists of single fcc-FePt phase with an Fe/Pt atomic ratio of about 55.3/44.7,and possesses a uniform interpenetrating ligament-channel structure with average ligament and pore sizes of 27 nm and 12 nm,respectively.The nanoporous fcc-FePt alloy shows soft magnetic characteristics with a saturation magnetization of 37.9 emu/g and better electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation than commercial Pt/C in acidic environment.The phase transformation from disordered fcc-Fe Pt into ordered face-centered-tetragonal FePt(L10-FePt)in the nanoporous alloy has been realized after annealing at823-943 K for 600 s.The volume fraction of the L10-FePt phase in the alloy increases with the rise of annealing temperature,which results in the enhancements of coercivity and saturation magnetization from 0.14 kOe and 38.5 emu/g to 8.42 kOe and 51.4 emu/g,respectively.The ligament size of the samples is increased after annealing.     

Revealing component synergy of Ni‒Fe/black phosphorous composites synthesized by self-designed electrochemical method for enhancing photoelectrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction

Developing high-activity and low-cost catalysts is the key to eliminate the limitation of sluggish anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during electrocatalytic overall water splitting. Herein, Ni‒Fe/black phosphorous (BP) composites are synthesized using a simple three-electrode system, where exfoliation of bulky BP and synthesis of NiFe composites are simultaneously achieved. Under light illumination, the optimized Ni‒Fe/BP composite exhibits excellent photoelectrocatalytic OER performance (e.g., the overpotential is 58 mV lower than a commercial RuO₂ electrocatalyst at a current density of 10 mA·cm⁻²). The electron transfer on this composite is proved to follow a Ni‒BP‒Fe pathway. The electronic structure of this Ni‒Fe/BP composite is effectively regulated, leading to optimized adsorption strength of the intermediate OH* and improved intrinsic activity for the OER. Together with active sites on the support, this Ni‒Fe/BP composite possesses abundant electrochemical active sites and a bug surface area for the OER. The introduction of light further accelerates the electrocatalytic OER. This work provides a novel and facile method to synthesize high-performance metal/BP composites as well as the approaches to reveal their OER mechanisms.     

Mesoporous nickel–iron binary oxide nanorods for efficient electrocatalytic water oxidation

The design and fabrication of low-cost,high-efficiency,and stable oxygen-evolving catalysts are essential for promoting the overall efficiency of water electrolysis.In this study,mesoporous Ni1-xFexOy (0 ≤ x ≤ 1,1 ≤ y ≤ 1.5) nanorods were synthesized by the facile thermal decomposition of Ni-Fe-based coordination polymers.These polymers passed their nanorod-like morphology to oxides,which served as active catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER).Increasing the Fe-doping amount to 33 at.％ decreased the particle size and charge-transfer resistance and increased the surface area,resulting in a reduced overpotential (～302 mV) at 10 mA/cm2 and a reduced Tafel slope (～42 mV/dec),which were accompanied by a far improved OER activity compared with those of commercial RuO2 and IrO2 electrocatalysts.At Fe-doping concentrations higher than 33 at.％,the trend of the electrocatalytic parameters started to reverse.The shift in the dopant concentration of Fe was further reflected in the structural transformation from a NiO (＜33 at.％ Fe) rock-salt structure to a biphasic NiO/NiFe2O4 (33 at.％ Fe) heterostructure,a NiFe2O4 (66 at.％ Fe) spinel structure,and eventually to α-Fe2O3 (100 at.％ Fe).The efficient water-oxidation activity is ascribed to the highly mesoporous one-dimensional nanostructure,large surface area,and optimal amounts of the dopant Fe.The merits of abundance in the Earth,scalable synthesis,and highly efficient electrocatalytic activity make mesoporous Ni-Fe binary oxides promising oxygen-evolving catalysts for water splitting.     

Ni-W-TiO2复合镀工艺及其镀层性能研究

为了进一步提高Ni-W合金镀层的析氢电催化活性,用电沉积方法制备了Ni-W-TiO2复合镀层,通过阴极极化曲线和交流阻抗等电化学技术研究了其在碱性溶液中的析氢电催化活性,并用扫描电镜观察了电极的表面形貌.结果表明,在Ni-W合金中掺入TiO2微粒可增大电极的比表面积,并改变Ni-W合金在碱性介质中的析氢反应机理.Ni-W-TiO2复合镀层有较高的析氢电催化活性,可用作电解水反应的活性电极.     

General synthesis of sponge-like ultrafine nanoporous metals by dealloying in citric acid

A general method is proposed to synthesize ultrafine nanoporous Cu,Ag,and Ni with novel sponge-like morphologies,high porosities,and large surface areas.The materials are produced by dealloying Mg65M25Y10 (M =Cu,Ag,and Ni) metallic glasses in citric acid.Citric acid played a key role due to its capping effect,which reduced the surface diffusion of metals.A structural model consistent with the sponge-like morphology was constructed to calculate the porosity and the surface area.The mechanism of the dealloying process in dtric add,involving ligament formation and coarsening,was illustrated.The mechanism was capable of explaining the experimental trends of dealloying,especially the morphology.A glucose sensor,which can be further developed into a high-precision real-time glucose monitor for medical use,was constructed using sponge-like nanoporous copper.Our findings are not only relevant to understanding the dealloying mechanism of metallic glasses,but also provide promising materials for multiple applications.     

Flexible Honeycombed Nanoporous/Glassy Hybrid for Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Generation

Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media urgently requires electrocatalysts concurrently possessing excellent activity, flexible free‐standing capability, and low cost. A honeycombed nanoporous/glassy sandwich structure fabricated through dealloying metallic glass (MG) is reported. This free‐standing hybrid shows outstanding HER performance with a very small overpotential of 37 mV at 10 mA cm^?2 and a low Tafel slope of 30 mV dec^?1 in alkaline media, outperforming commercial Pt/C. By alloying 3 at% Pt into the MG precursor, a honeycombed Pt₇₅Ni₂₅ solid solution nanoporous structure, with fertile active sites and large contact areas for efficient HER, is created on the dealloyed MG surface. Meanwhile, the surface compressive lattice‐strain effect is also introduced by substituting the Pt lattice sites with the smaller Ni atoms, which can effectively reduce the hydrogen adsorption energy and thus improve the hydrogen evolution. Moreover, the outstanding stability and flexibility stemming from the ductile MG matrix also make the hybrid suitable for practical electrode application. This work not only offers a reliable strategy to develop cost‐effective and flexible multicomponent catalysts with low Pt usage for efficient HER, but also sheds light on understanding the alloying effects of the catalytic process.