真空熔炼直接定向凝固制备99.999%高纯铜大铸锭

对真空熔炼直接定向凝固制备99.999%高纯铜大尺寸铸锭进行了研究,探索了制备99.999%高纯铜时真空精炼温度、时间和蒸气压对去除杂质的影响,及温度梯度对大尺寸铸锭定向凝固的影响和杂质分布规律,采用GDMS(辉光放电质谱仪)对杂质元素进行了检测。结果表明:真空熔炼直接定向凝固能够将原料为99.9988711%的电解阴极铜,制备成99.9996219%~99.9995833%的高纯铜Φ67mm大尺寸铸锭;真空熔炼可以使蒸气压比Cu高的杂质元素有效去除;通过定向凝固的提纯,杂质去除效果较好,说明定向凝固有利于99.999%高纯铜大尺寸铸锭的提纯制备。     

钛合金TC4真空自耗熔炼工艺参数对宏观偏析影响

采用Fluent软件模拟了钛合金TC4真空自耗熔炼过程中温度场、流场和溶质场相互作用,研究了与铸锭直接相关的3个工艺参数(熔速、铸锭上表面温度和冷却强度)对铸锭宏观偏析的影响规律。结果表明：不同熔炼条件下,在铸锭1000 mm高度处的铁元素径向偏析均呈钟形分布,即铸锭芯部为正偏析,表面区域为负偏析,且负偏析程度均大于正偏析。熔炼速度对铸锭温度场和宏观偏析的影响最为明显：当熔炼速度由0.15 mm/s增加到0.18 mm/s时,铸锭达到稳定熔炼阶段时的高度由1200 mm增加到1600 mm,熔池深度由494 mm增加到738 mm。当距铸锭中心距离小于130 mm时,偏析随熔炼速度增加而减小,在熔炼速度为0.15 mm/s时达到最大值,为3.36%;当距铸锭中心距离大于295 mm时,偏析随熔炼速度增大而增大,在熔炼速度为0.21 mm/s时达到最大值6.23%。铸锭上表面温度和冷却强度对宏观偏析和熔池深度的影响不明显。通过正交分析得到3个主要工艺参数对宏观偏析影响程度为：熔炼速度>冷却强度>铸锭上表面温度,并得到最优工艺参数为熔炼速度0.15 mm/s、铸锭上表面温度21...     

大规格核级锆合金铸锭冒口氧元素分布研究

氧元素在锆基体中呈正偏析,且偏析现象明显,尤其在熔炼末期受挥发动力条件影响,氧元素的偏析现象加剧,铸锭整体均匀性的控制难度增大。本试验对采用小电流多级补缩制度的大规格锆合金铸锭冒口区域解剖后分析氧含量,研究熔炼末期铸锭冒口中氧元素的分布规律。经分析认为,选用多级降电流、短时间保持的补缩工艺以及补缩末期充氩熔炼的方式可改善铸锭头部中心氧元素的偏析程度。     

VAR熔炼中搅拌磁场对元素宏观偏析的影响

在利用真空自耗电弧炉(VAR)熔炼钛及钛合金铸锭时,因VAR熔炼本身特点,铸锭规格大型化后会出现合金元素控制困难、宏观偏析等问题,对产品质量造成严重影响。通过对成品直径为1040 mm的TA2铸锭中Fe元素、TA10铸锭中Ni元素成分进行分析,设计实验探究搅拌磁场对元素宏观偏析的影响。实验通过改变熔炼时的电磁搅拌方式,探究搅拌磁场对Fe、Ni元素宏观偏析的影响。结果表明两次熔炼都使用交流搅拌磁场的铸锭其偏析程度远远小于一次直流搅拌、二次交流搅拌的铸锭,头底Fe元素偏析率降低到6.25%。头底Ni元素偏析率降低到6.41%。经过分析,主要原因是因为搅拌磁场会影响熔池深度及金属凝固时的结晶,减弱Fe、Ni元素在钛熔液里凝固时因溶质再分配造成的结晶浓度偏差。     

Ti-Al-V合金电子束冷床熔炼过程中Al元素的挥发损失研究

本文采用电子束冷床熔炼Ti-Al-V合金扁锭,对扁锭化学成分和熔炼工艺进行对比分析,结果表明,熔炼速度显著影响铸锭长度方向成分的稳定性,铸锭长度方向Al含量随熔炼速度的增加而升高,反之亦然；电子束冷床熔炼铸锭横向截面成分较均匀,未出现Al元素的偏析现象。通过对电子束冷床熔炼三个阶段熔体流动特征分析表明,冷床和结晶器内熔体界面层的质量传递不在服从Machlin模型,提出了原料熔化、冷床熔炼、结晶器凝固三个阶段Al元素挥发通量的计算方法,理论计算结果与试验结果基本吻合。     

电子束冷床熔炼Ti-Al-V合金过程中Al元素的挥发损失

采用电子束冷床熔炼Ti-Al-V合金扁锭,对扁锭化学成分和熔炼工艺进行对比分析。结果表明,熔炼速度显著影响铸锭长度方向成分的稳定性,铸锭长度方向Al含量随熔炼速度的增加而升高,反之亦然;电子束冷床熔炼铸锭横向截面成分较均匀,未出现Al元素的偏析现象。通过对电子束冷床熔炼3个阶段熔体流动特征分析表明,冷床和结晶器内熔体界面层的质量传递不再服从Machlin模型,提出了原料熔化、冷床熔炼、结晶器凝固3个阶段Al元素挥发通量的计算方法,理论计算结果与实验结果基本吻合。     

Ti60合金VAR熔炼过程熔体流动与宏观偏析的数值模拟研究

真空自耗电弧熔炼 (Vacuum arc Remelting,VAR) 是生产钛合金铸锭最常用的方式之一,但由于其熔炼过程温度高且不透明,通过实验研究其熔炼过程中流体流动行为和宏观偏析存在困难。基于此,本工作以Ti60高温钛合金为例,通过数值模拟方法对VAR熔炼过程展开研究,同时探讨了熔炼电流和磁场搅拌强度对流体流动行为和宏观偏析的影响。结果表明,VAR熔炼钛合金时,熔池形状由“扁平状”逐渐向“V形”转变;凝固结束后铸锭锭底和边部Zr元素含量低,中心和冒口含量高。熔炼电流产生的洛伦兹力使熔体沿逆时针流动,且熔炼电流越大,熔体流动更剧烈;同时也导致铸锭中心和冒口处出现更为严重的宏观偏析。搅拌磁场产生的洛伦兹力作用于整个熔池,不仅促进了熔池上部熔体的流动,也有利于熔池下部熔体的流动;当无搅拌磁场和搅拌磁场较大时,都会导致Zr元素在铸锭中产生较为严重的宏观偏析。为有效控制VAR熔炼钛合金时宏观偏析缺陷的产生,应采取小熔炼电流和合适的搅拌强度。     

钛合金VAR熔炼过程中Al元素烧损差异分析

掌握钛合金熔炼过程中Al元素的烧损差异,有助于控制合金中Al元素含量。通过对TC4、TC18、TC19钛合金铸锭真空自耗电弧(VAR)熔炼过程分析,并根据熔炼过程中热力学及动力学原理推算,分析得出合金组元及含量会影响钛合金液相中Al元素的活度,从而影响Al(l)=Al(g)反应的进行,最终导致Al元素的烧损差异。通过对钛合金铸锭充氩熔炼与真空熔炼过程的分析,得出气相分压不同是造成不同熔炼环境中Al元素烧损差异的首要原因,并根据熔炼过程中热力学及动力学原理进行了验证。     

基于田口方法的钛合金熔炼稳弧磁场工艺参数优化研究

针对TC4合金铸锭中Fe元素头、底差异性较大的问题，采用田口试验方法，对钛合金熔炼稳弧磁场工艺参数进行优化设计，研究稳弧磁场的电流大小和交变时间对TC4合金中杂质元素Fe成分均匀性的影响。根据试验结果，通过信噪比和方差分析，发现稳弧交变时间对TC4铸锭单锭Fe含量极差值的影响程度较为显著。选用试验设计确定的最优工艺参数组合进行试验验证，所生产的TC4铸锭单锭中，Fe含量极差值由原来平均0.04%降至0.01%。通过对钛合金熔炼稳弧磁场工艺参数进行优化，提高了TC4铸锭的成分均匀性。     

真空自耗熔炼法制备大规格TA5-A铸锭

采用真空自耗熔炼方法制备了名义成分为Ti-4A1-0.005B的大规格TA5-A钛合金铸锭,并测试铸锭的化学成分及β转变温度,观察了铸锭的低倍金相组织.实验结果表明:真空自耗电弧熔炼制备的φ720 mm×2600mmTA5-A钛合金5t铸锭,其元素Al、B成分分布均匀,满足GJB944-90标准要求,且O、N、H气体间隙元素含量低,铸锭低倍组织无明显的气孔、偏析、金属或非金属夹杂等冶金缺陷,且铸锭表面质量良好,满足工业化生产要求.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.