Demonstration of CSRZ Signal Generator Using Single‐Stage Mach‐Zehnder Modulator and Wideband CMOS Signal Mixer

In this paper, we demonstrate an electrically band‐limited carrier‐suppressed return‐to‐zero (EB‐CSRZ) signal generator operating up to a 10 Gbps data rate comprising a single‐stage Mach‐Zehnder modulator and a wideband signal mixer. The wideband signal mixer comprises inverter stages, a mixing stage, and a gain amplifier. It is implemented by using a 0.13 μm CMOS technology. Its transmission response shows a frequency range from DC to 6.4 GHz, and the isolation response between data and clock signals is about 21 dB at 6.4 GHz. Experimental results show optical spectral narrowing due to incorporating an electrical band‐limiting filter and some waveform distortion due to bandwidth limitation by the filter. At 10 Gbps transmission, the chromatic dispersion tolerance of the EB‐CSRZ signal is better than that of NRZ‐modulated signal in single‐mode fiber.     

动态色散补偿系统中色散监测技术的研究进展

光纤色散是限制光信号传输质量和距离的主要因素之一,动态色散补偿是高速光通信系统中迫切需要解决的问题.色散监测技术是动态色散补偿系统的关键.系统地总结了色散监测技术的研究情况及其进展.对几种动态色散监测技术的机制、特点及其实现进行了分析比较.     

Alternative modulation formats in N×40 Gb/s WDM standardfiber RZ-transmission systems

A comparison of carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (CSRZ) and single sideband return-to-zero (SSB-RZ) formats is made in an attempt to find the optimum modulation format for high bit rate optical transmission systems. Our results show that CSRZ is superior to return-to-zero (RZ) and SSB-RZ with respect to signal degradation due to Kerr nonlinearities and chromatic dispersion in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) as well as in single-channel 40-Gb/s systems over standard single-mode fibers (SSMF). It is shown that CSRZ enables a maximum spectral efficiency of approximately 0.7 (b/s)/Hz in a N×40 Gb/s WDM system with equally polarized channels. Furthermore, the CSRZ format in N×40 Gb/s WDM systems shows no further signal degradation compared to single-channel transmission     

高速光通信系统中的色散补偿技术

高速光纤通信系统中，色散补偿和极化模色散补偿是提高信噪比、改善系统性能的必要手段。本文介绍了几种常用商用传输光纤及其色散特性，分析了相应的色散补偿技术，重点分析了其中普遍采用的色散补偿光纤技术。     

高精度色散管理实现160Gb/s光时分复用信号100km稳定无误码传输

在160 Gb/s 100 km光时分复用(OTDM)通信系统中,色散是影响系统性能的主要因素。为减小由此带来的信号波形的失真,进行了理论分析与研究,并做了相应的实验加以验证。传输链路采用混合补偿方式,精确补偿色散与色散斜率,优化传输链路色散图谱及各点工作功率,有效抑制非线性效应,实现高精度色散管理,提升系统的整体性能。使用500 GHz高速示波器,调整传输链路光纤的长度精确到10 m,并准确观测各环节实验结果。系统既没有使用前向纠错技术,也没有进行偏振模色散(PMD)补偿,仅仅通过高精度色散管理实现了160 Gb/s光时分复用信号100.25 km稳定无误码(误码率小于10-12)传输。     

基于SOA啁啾管理的连续可调谐色度色散补偿的研究

提出了一种新型的可小范围连续调谐的色度色散(CD)补偿方案.该CD补偿方案包括一个半导体光放大器(SOA)和一段固定长度的色散补偿光纤(DCF).利用SOA的交叉相位调制(XPM)效应,通过调节SOA的偏置电流和控制脉冲光的强度,可以对进入SOA的光信号引入不同大小的附加啁啾量,从而可以利用固定长度的DCF得到补偿后的无啁啾光信号.实验中,实现了10 Gb/s可调谐CD补偿器,在无需替换DCF的情况下,实现了补偿范围为-40 ps/nm到60 ps/nm的连续可调谐CD补偿.     

Comparative investigations of DWDM transmission system with PMD for different orthogonally modulated signals at 80 Gb/s

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) has become one of the major limiting factors for high‐bit‐rate optical transmission systems. This paper evaluates the performance of dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) system with PMD at 80 Gb/s in the presence of Kerr‐nonlinear effects. Orthogonally modulated signals have been investigated and compared for tolerance against PMD in a DWDM transmission system with direct detection receivers. The optimized combinations of orthogonal polarization (OP) with carrier‐suppressed return‐to‐zero (CSRZ) and CSRZ differential‐phase‐shift‐keying signals are shown to improve PMD tolerance over high bit rates and long transmission lengths. Improved performance greater than 4 dB is observed for CSRZ modulated signal with OP because of less channel cross talk and reduced power transfer between adjacent bits over different PMD values. The numerical results demonstrate that our proposed orthogonally modulated signals perform better with lesser complex direct detection receivers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于受激布里渊散射的40 Gb/s时钟提取试验

对基于受激布里渊散射效应(SBS)的时钟恢复系统模型进行了试验验证,实现了40 Gb/s载波抑止归零码(CSRZ)的全光时钟提取.试验结果表明由于产生了强烈的受激布里渊散射的梳状放大特性,光信号的时钟分量得到显著增强.在不改变该模型结构的基础上,利用G.652普通单模光纤传输8 km而不经过色散补偿的40 Gb/s载波抑止归零码光信号恶化以后仍可进行良好地时钟恢复,时钟抖动小于6.5 ps.研究证明该方案可在一定程度上抵制传输信号恶化所造成的影响,并无明显的码型效应,适合高速长距离全光时钟提取.     

基于射频信号2阶零功率的链路色散测量技术

为了适应高速率大色散光纤信道对链路色散的精确补偿要求,研究并提出了一种基于射频信号2阶零功率点的信道色散测量方案。采用信号两边带的位相差来测量光纤链路中的色散值,通过在发射端加载射频信号,可以得到接收端射频信号功率大小随链路色散值的周期性变化关系,从仿真光纤链路色散随射频信号频率的变化曲线获得接收端射频信号2阶零功率点位置。结果表明,基于射频信号2阶零功率的信号测量方案色散测量误差可控制在±10ps/nm范围内。相较于1阶零功率点,基于射频信号2阶零功率点信道色散测量方案可满足高速率、长距离大色散光纤信道对色散值的精确测量需求。     

Transmission Fiber Chromatic Dispersion Dependence on Temperature: Implications on 40 Gb/s Performance

In this letter, we will evaluate the performance degradation of a 40 km high‐speed (40 Gb/s) optical system, induced by optical fiber variations of the chromatic dispersion induced by temperature changes. The chromatic dispersion temperature sensitivity will be estimated based on the signal quality parameters.     

Small Signal Transfer Function of Periodically Dispersion-Compensated Optical Link for Intensity Modulated Signals

We present analytical expressions for the transfer function of periodically dispersion compensated optical links within intensity-modulated optical transmission systems. The accuracy of the proposed expressions is confirmed through the simulation based on the split-step Fourier method. With the transfer function, we thoroughly investigate the effects of precompensation and nonzero residual chromatic dispersion (CD) on the performance of periodically dispersion compensated optical links. We also introduce a fast and simple technique to determine the optimum link condition, such as the optimum amount of precompensation and residual CD, and show that there is an optimum monitoring frequency in the CD monitoring technique based on the sub-carrier tone.      

不同FBG色散补偿结构中OOK传输性能对比

光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)以其使用方便、造价低、可靠性高等优势在高速光纤通信系统中逐步得到应用,而其色散补偿能力也一直备受研究者关注。文章对比研究了NRZ、33%RZ和CSRZ三种开关键控(OOK)调制格式在预补偿、对称补偿和后补偿三种FBG色散补偿结构中的传输性能,仿真结果表明OOK调制格式在FBG色散对称补偿结构中具有最好的传输性能。当在FBG色散对称补偿结构中单独考虑非线性效应和偏振模色散(PMD)时33%RZ具有较好的传输特性,而当综合考虑残留色散、非线性效应和PMD时,CSRZ系统传输性能最佳。     

An chromatic dispersion monitoring method based on spectral-shift of SOA

A remnant dispersion monitoring method based on spectral-shift of SOA in high speed optical communication system with CSRZ format and single channel speed of 40 Gbit/s is proposed. The system performance can be optimized by careful choosing bandwidth and center wavelength of the optical fiber grating filter. The dynamical monitoring range is ±60 ps/nm and the monitoring precision is about 5 ps/nm. This method can be suitable for the application in dynamical dispersion compensation of high speed optical communication systems.     

Passive phase correction for stable radio frequency transfer via optical fiber

The transfer of radio frequency (RF) signal via optical fiber is widely adopted in distributed antenna systems and clock standard disseminating networks. To suppress the phase variation caused by fiber length fluctuation, passive phase correction technique based on frequency mixing has been proved as a promising approach due to its significant advantages over the traditional active compensation technique in terms of complexity, compensation speed, and compensation range. The phase correction can be done either in the transmitter or in the receiver, but it usually requires many stages of electronic mixing and auxiliary microwave signals, which not only increases the cost of the link but also degrades the quality of the transmitted signal. In addition, the effect of chromatic dispersion, polarization mode dispersion, and coherent Rayleigh noise in the optical fiber will further deteriorate the phase noise of the signal after transmission. In this paper, an analytical model for the stable RF transfer system based on passive phase correction is established, and the techniques developed in the last few years in solving the problems of the method are described. Future prospects and perspectives are also discussed.     

一种克服色度色散影响的四倍频光毫米波信号产生方法

提出一种克服色度色散影响的四倍频光毫米波信号产生方法。该方法使用一个双驱动马赫曾德尔调制器,通过调整上、下两路射频信号的相位差、直流偏置点、调制系数以及基带信号增益,将数据信号仅调制到四倍频光毫米波信号的一个2阶边带上传输,解决了色度色散引起的码元走离问题,有效增加了传输距离。理论分析和仿真实验结果表明,信号在光纤中传输120 km后眼图仍然十分清晰,经过60 km传输后的功率代价约为0.45 dB。另外,基于频率再用技术,没有调制数据的另一个2阶边带信号还可以作为全双工光纤无线通信(RoF)系统的上行链路光载波,简化了基站配置。仿真实验结果表明,双向2.5 Gbit/s数据信号在光纤中传输40 km后,功率代价小于0.6 dB。     

2.5 Gb/s偏振模色散自动补偿对偏振模色散容限值的影响

在我国现有的光纤通信骨干网中,绝大部分速率为2.5 Gb/s。今后如在我国现有的2.5 Gb/s网络系统上进行密集波分复用(DWDM)升级,亦需要考虑偏振模色散(PMD)对系统容量升级的影响。采用十段高双折射光纤级联而成的偏振模色散模拟器模拟实际光纤,从信号中提取基带频率分量作为反馈信号,对2.5 Gb/s系统进行了偏振模色散自动补偿实验,并对反馈前后的系统进行了系统代价的测量和比较。实验结果表明,偏振模色散自动补偿能较大幅度地提高系统的偏振模色散容限值。     

Chromatic Dispersion Compensation via Mid‐span Spectral Inversion with Periodically Poled LiNbO3 Wavelength Converter at Low Pump Power

Mid‐span spectral inversion (MSSI) has to utilize high optical pump power, for its operation principle is based on a nonlinear optical wavelength conversion. In this paper, a low pump‐power operation of MSSI‐based chromatic dispersion compensation (CDC) has been achieved successfully, for the first time to our knowledge, by introducing a noise pre‐reduction scheme in cascaded wavelength conversions with periodically poled LiNbO₃ waveguides at a relatively low operation temperature. As preliminary studies, phase‐matching properties and operation‐temperature dependence of the wavelength converter (WC) were characterized. The WC pumped at 1549 nm exhibited a wide conversion bandwidth of 59 nm covering the entire C‐band and a conversion efficiency of –23.6 dB at 11 dBm pump power. CDC experiments were implemented with 2.5 and 10 Gb/s transmission systems over 100 km single‐mode fiber. Although it is well‐known that the signal distortion due to chromatic dispersion is not critical at a 2.5 Gb/s transmission, the clear recovery of eye patterns was identified. At 10 Gb/s transmission experiments, eye patterns were retrieved distinctly from seriously distorted ones, and notable improvements in bit‐error rates were acquired at a low pump power of 14 dBm.     

25-Gb/s optical NRZ transmission over 40 km of single-mode fiber at 1550 nm without dispersion compensation

We present a method for transmitting 25-Gb/s optical nonreturn-to-zero signals at a wavelength of 1550 nm over a 40-km single-mode fiber without any dispersion compensation methods. We propose optimized self-phase modulation by varying parameters of the fiber launching power and the extinction ratio of optical non-return to zero signals to overcome severe signal distortions by the chromatic dispersion effect. Using the optimization of the self-phase modulation effect, we were able to transmit 25-Gb/s optical nonreturn-to-zero signals over a 40-km single-mode fiber, which can be applicable to passive optical networks with a single wavelength channel and a high split ratio. We demonstrated that the self-phase modulation effect can be controlled by the extinction ratio and the fiber launching power.     

First-order PMD monitoring for NRZ data using RF clock regeneration techniques

We propose and demonstrate two novel techniques for 10 Gb/s polarization-mode-dispersion (PMD) monitoring for NRZ signals that use a regenerated RF clock tone as a monitoring signal. Our techniques regenerate the RF clock tone that is usually absent after square-law detection in the electrical NRZ data spectrum (in the absence of dispersion). Our first technique uses a dispersive element in the monitoring tap-line to put the beat terms between the optical clock sidebands and the carrier in phase and thus regenerates the RF clock tone after detection. Our second technique involves the use of an optical filter that is centered at the bit rate frequency on either the upper or lower sideband of the optical spectrum, removing one of the sidebands and thus preventing the beating that normally cancels the RF clock tone. We show (theoretically, via simulation, and experimentally) the effect that PMD has on these regenerated RF clock tones. We also demonstrate PMD compensation at 10 Gb/s using these techniques for monitoring and show a 6-dB improvement in the 1% power penalty tail. Our techniques are simple, do not require modification at the transmitter, and can be applied to WDM systems via the use of a multichannel dispersive element or a tunable filter swept across all channels.     

Independent and Simultaneous Monitoring of Chromatic and Polarization-Mode Dispersion in OOK and DPSK Transmission

We propose and demonstrate a novel technique for a simultaneous chromatic and first-order polarization-mode-dispersion (PMD) monitoring method using a partial bit delay Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with radio-frequency (RF) clock tone monitoring. RF clock tones at the output of the two branches of the MZI behave oppositely with increasing chromatic dispersion (CD) which improves the sensitivity of the measurement. The technique increases CD monitoring sensitivity over standard clock tone methods by a factor of two for a nonreturn-to-zero intensity modulation format and a factor of five for a differential-phase-shift-keying modulation format. The accuracy of PMD monitoring is also enhanced. Moreover, the partial bit delay allows the signal to pass through the constructive branch of the MZI with no observable degradation of the signal quality, allowing it to be normally detected by a receiver