Polarized light diffraction on anisotropic substrates with rectangular and sine microrelief

Abstract— Light diffraction on optically anisotropic substrates with surface microrelief has been calculated by using the OAGSM method. Varying the microrelief depth and material birefringence allows us to realize different polarization states of the light beam transmitted or reflected by the substrate. The approach can be used to optimize the LCD backlight and control light‐beam propagation for different puposes.     

Narrowing of a light spot at diffraction of linearly-polarized beam on binary asymmetric axicons

To compensate widening of the central light spot which inevitably arises at linear polarization of a beam illuminating high-numerical-aperture axicon we propose to introduce an asymmetry in axicon structure. Experimental research of diffraction of Gaussian beam by three types of binary microaxicons with the period close to wavelength was carried out by means of near-field microscope. Diffractive optical elements with the period of 500 nanometers and various height of a microrelief have been fabricated by e-beam lithography. Narrowing of a central light spot formed by asymmetric microaxicons was experimentally confirmed. Overcoming of the diffraction limit (down to FWHM = 0.32λ) was observed in a near zone.     

Studying fabrication errors of the diffraction grating on the end face of a silver-halide fiber

A technology for fabricating a diffractive microrelief on an end face of a polycrystalline IR fiber (PIR-fiber) is studied. We discuss how fabrication imperfections of a beam-splitter implemented on the fiber’s output end face could affect the specified intensity distribution of diffraction orders. Recommendations for improving the characteristics of the microrelief to manufacture are worked out.     

Compensation of birefringence in lead‐free polarizing beam splitters for LCOS projectors

Abstract— Most optical designs for delivering light to LCOS imagers and then from the imagers to the projection lens use polarizing‐beam‐splitter (PBS) technology. Most of the PBSs used in commercial LCOS projectors contain glass with a significant amount of lead (Pb). Such glasses have inherently low stress birefringence, and therefore maintain the polarization state of light passing through them. However, Pb‐bearing glass is an expensive, difficult to process, and hazardous material with special disposal requirements and is therefore not desirable in consumer‐electronic products. On the other hand, Pb‐free wire‐grid plate PBSs require a longer back focal length than would be optimal. Data and modeling results show that uniform high‐contrast dark states may be obtained from lead‐free‐glass Cartesian PBS prisms when a quarter‐wave compensator is used between the imager and the PBS.     

Optical properties of surface micromachined mirrors with etch holes

We have investigated the optical properties of surface-micromachined polycrystalline silicon reflectors within the visible spectral range at five different wavelengths. The measurement results of the reflectivity of various microreflectors at four different incident angles (20°, 30°, 45°, and 60°) are presented. Optical properties of microreflectors realized using the multiuser MEMS process (MUMPS) have been investigated. Our studies have found that etch holes, widely used in the surface micromachining process to reduce the time for releasing structures by sacrificial undercutting, have a great influence on the optical properties of micromachined mirrors. Diffraction patterns created by two-dimensional etch-hole arrays on micromachined mirrors have been investigated. The diffraction by etch holes obeys the Fraunhofer diffraction theory when a collimated light source (e.g., a laser beam) is incident. We have shown that when the dimension of etch holes increases, an increasing portion of the incident power will be diffracted and transmitted due to etch holes, leading to decreasing reflectivity of surface micromachined mirrors     

Application of genetic algorithm in crack detection of beam-like structures using a new cracked Euler–Bernoulli beam element

In this paper, a crack identification approach is presented for detecting crack depth and location in beam-like structures. For this purpose, a new beam element with a single transverse edge crack, in arbitrary position of beam element with any depth, is developed. The crack is not physically modeled within the element, but its effect on the local flexibility of the element is considered by the modification of the element stiffness as a function of crack's depth and position. The development is based on a simplified model, where each crack is substituted by a corresponding linear rotational spring, connecting two adjacent elastic parts. The localized spring may be represented based on linear fracture mechanics theory. The components of the stiffness matrix for the cracked element are derived using the conjugate beam concept and Betti's theorem, and finally represented in closed-form expressions. The proposed beam element is efficiently employed for solving forward problem (i.e., to gain accurate natural frequencies of beam-like structures knowing the cracks’ characteristics). To validate the proposed element, results obtained by new element are compared with two-dimensional (2D) finite element results as well as available experimental measurements. Moreover, by knowing the natural frequencies, an inverse problem is established in which the cracks location and depth are identified. In the inverse approach, an optimization problem based on the new beam element and genetic algorithms (GAs) is solved to search the solution. The proposed approach is verified through various examples on cracked beams with different damage scenarios. It is shown that the present algorithm is able to identify various crack configurations in a cracked beam.     

Near-field propagation of vortex beams: Models and computation algorithms

We have analyzed the diffraction of a plane wave and a vortex beam on a circular micro-aperture in the near field (a few wavelengths away from the source) using different models and computation algorithms: the Reyleigh-Sommerfeld integral, plane wave expansion method, and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Comparison of the models showed that the plane wave expansion method modified by the Mansuripur matrix allows us to avoid the singularity in the region of high spectral frequencies and take into account all components of the vector field when the incident beam is bounded with an aperture. Comparison of the computation algorithms in respect to accuracy and computation time showed that it is possible to use integral methods even if the distance from the optical element is less than a wavelength. The simulation of the near-field diffraction of a vortex beam on a circular micro-aperture allowed us to discover oscillations of the vortex beam in the central shade area: the size of the light vortex oscillates as the beam propagates and can be much smaller than it is predicted by the paraxial theory. In addition, the expressions obtained for vortex beams show that near the axis the total intensity will not be zero when the order of the vortex is |m| ≤ 2.     

Image formation modeling and analysis of near‐eye light field displays

Near‐eye light field displays based on integral imaging through a microlens array provide attractive features like ultra‐compact volume and freedom of the vergence‐accommodation conflict to head‐mounted displays with virtual or augmented reality functions. To enable optimal design and analysis of such systems, it is desirable to have a physical model that incorporates all factors that affect the image formation, including diffraction, aberration, defocusing, and pixel size. Therefore, in this study, using the fundamental Huygens‐Fresnel principle and the Arizona eye model with adjustable accommodation, we develop an image formation model that can numerically calculate the retinal light field image with near‐perfect accuracy, and experimentally verify it with a prototype system. Next, based on this model, the visual resolution is analyzed for different field of views (FOVs). As a result, a rapid resolution decay with respect to FOV caused by off‐axis aberration is demonstrated. Finally, resolution variations as a function of image depth are analyzed based on systems with different central depth planes. Significantly, the resolution decay is revealed to plateau when the image depth is large enough, which is different from real‐image type light field displays.     

线双折射对光纤光栅磁场传感器性能影响的理论分析

本文介绍了基于偏振效应的光纤光栅磁场传感器的工作机理。利用光纤光栅的偏振效应测量磁场可以克服以前传统测量磁场使用磁致伸缩材料不适合测量瞬态磁场的缺点,而且在传感头的设计上能够更加灵活。在传感头设计中,由于光纤本身存在的线双折射会对测量结果带来影响,为了明确双折射对光纤光栅磁场性能的影响,提高测量系统的准确爱,文中利用琼斯矩阵对光纤固有线双折射对传感器的测量特性的影响进行了理论推导和仿真分析,分别对稳态磁场和瞬态磁场受双折射的影响进行了仿真分析,为基于偏振效应的光纤光栅磁场传感器下一步实验研究提供了理论参考。     

基于铌酸锂晶体自身角度光偏置的光学电压传感器

提出了一种利用单轴电光晶体自身角度光偏置的新型光学电压传感器,其光学传感单元由夹在两个正交偏振器之间的一个单轴电光晶体组成.与以往利用四分之一波片产生光偏置不同,新型电压传感器利用单轴传感晶体的自然双折射和近轴光束,将传感晶体沿电光双折射主轴方向转动一个小的角度,产生π/2的角度光偏置.因此,可在不需要附加四分之一波片的条件下实现电压的线性传感.利用单块铌酸锂晶体作为传感元件,对0.2 ～ 35 V交流电压进行测量的非线性误差低于1.8%.此外,计算表明基于铌酸锂晶体的π/2角度光偏置的温度漂移率低于普通多级石英波片.新型传感器简化了光学电压传感器结构,降低了成本,并避免了以往传感器中附加四分之一波片对传感器性能的不利影响.     

Deformed nanostructure of photo‐induced biaxial cholesteric films and their application in VA‐mode LCDs

Abstract— Novel biaxial retardation films made from photo‐induced deformed cholesteric liquid‐crystal (LC) nanostructures using reactive mesogen mixtures (RMMs) for a viewing‐angle compensation of vertically aligned liquid‐crystal displays (VA‐LCDs) was developed. The deformed cholesteric LC nanostructure has been observed by X‐ray‐diffraction (XRD) measurement. The birefringence of the film was described well by our optical model based on a form birefringence theory. The VA‐LCDs with photo‐induced biaxial cholesteric films have excellent viewing‐angle properties.     

基于模拟退火算法下多位相型达曼光栅分束器的设计

针对传统达曼光栅分束器衍射效率与光强度均匀性低等问题,提出了一种基于模拟退火算法下多位相型达曼光栅分束器的设计方法;基于标量衍射理论,对多位相型Dammann光栅分束器的相位结构设计进行研究;在原二值型突变点坐标的基础上,使用模拟退火算法对光栅一个周期内的位相结构进行离散、调制,并合理的控制目标函数来对相位结构进行优化设计;其次,以9×9点阵Dammann光栅分束器的位相结构设计为例进行仿真分析,得到了衍射效率为85.3%、光强不均匀性为0.095 2%、均方根误差为8.2×10^-5的位相型分束光栅;最后,进行实验验证,得到衍射效率达到73.5%、光强不均匀性达到10.0%、均方根误差达到0.255;结果表明,该方法具有优越性和实用性,为实际应用中三维测量结构光的产生提供了理论基础。     

Terahertz switch and polarization controller based on photonic crystal fiber

Theoretical studies on liquid crystal filled photonic crystal fiber(LC-PCF)are presented.The eects of electric birefringence of liquid crystal(LC)in the LC-PCF and the transmitting properties of photonic crystal fiber(PCF)are investigated by using the full vector plane wave expansion and beam propagation method.The simulation results show that the electrically controlled LC-PCF can act as not only a terahertz(THz)switch with about 0.55 THz bandwidth,but also a tunable polarization controller for changing the polarization state of the fundamental mode.     

Fabrication of GaN light emitting diode membrane on Si substrate for MEMS applications

GaN membrane structures are fabricated for micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). The combination of GaN and Si semiconductors is promising for future MEMS. However, due to the different material properties, the fabrication of MEMS using GaN semiconductor is still limited. Here, a simple membrane of GaN semiconductor deposited on Si substrate was investigated. The GaN crystal was grown by molecular beam epitaxy and metal organic chemical vapor deposition. The basic properties of the fabricated GaN light emitting diode (LED) were investigated. Etching the Si substrate from the backside, a freestanding GaN LED membrane was fabricated which can be useful for micro total analysis system. From those experimental results, it was shown that the GaN LED membrane was feasible for MEMS applications.     

Multi‐planar plenoptic displays

Multi‐planar plenoptic displays consist of multiple spatially varying light‐emitting and light‐modulating planes. In this work, we introduce a framework to display light field data on this new type of display device. First, we present a mathematical notation that describes each of the layers in terms of the corresponding light transport operators. Next, we explain an algorithm that renders a light field with depth into a given multi‐planar plenoptic display and analyze the approximation error. We show two different physical prototypes that we have designed and built: The first design uses a dynamic parallax barrier and a number of bi‐state (translucent/opaque) screens. The second design uses a beam splitter to co‐locate two pairs of parallax barriers and static image projection screens. We evaluate both designs on a number of different 3D scenes. Finally, we present simulated and real results for different display configurations.     

Photon Beam Diffusion: A Hybrid Monte Carlo Method for Subsurface Scattering

We present photon beam diffusion, an efficient numerical method for accurately rendering translucent materials. Our approach interprets incident light as a continuous beam of photons inside the material. Numerically integrating diffusion from such extended sources has long been assumed computationally prohibitive, leading to the ubiquitous single‐depth dipole approximation and the recent analytic sum‐of‐Gaussians approach employed by Quantized Diffusion. In this paper, we show that numerical integration of the extended beam is not only feasible, but provides increased speed, flexibility, numerical stability, and ease of implementation, while retaining the benefits of previous approaches. We leverage the improved diffusion model, but propose an efficient and numerically stable Monte Carlo integration scheme that gives equivalent results using only 3–5 samples instead of 20–60 Gaussians as in previous work. Our method can account for finite and multi‐layer materials, and additionally supports directional incident effects at surfaces. We also propose a novel diffuse exact single‐scattering term which can be integrated in tandem with the multi‐scattering approximation. Our numerical approach furthermore allows us to easily correct inaccuracies of the diffusion model and even combine it with more general Monte Carlo rendering algorithms. We provide practical details necessary for efficient implementation, and demonstrate the versatility of our technique by incorporating it on top of several rendering algorithms in both research and production rendering systems.     

利用扭转高双折射光纤实现波长解调的方法

提出了一种基于扭转高双折射光纤实现光纤光栅波长解调的新型解调系统,对高双折射光纤光栅扭转特性进行了详细的理论推导,给出了数学表达式.通过计算机仿真发现系统输出光强与高双折射光纤扭转角度成标准余弦关系,扭转角度和时输出的光强的比值与波长近似呈线性关系.实验表明,系统具有10 nm的准线性解调范围,与理论分析相吻合.     

基于移动有限元法的裂纹梁振动分析

采用移动有限元法和局部柔度法对移动质量作用下含裂纹简支梁进行了振动计算分析.计算考虑了裂纹和移动质量的相对位置对梁固有频率的影响,以及移动质量在不同位置、速度情况下对裂纹梁的动力响应的影响.结果分析表明,裂纹与移动质量的存在会使得梁的动态位移有不同程度的增大,且随着移动质量位置和裂纹位置的改变会使得梁的固有频率变小.     

特征融合网络：多通道信息融合的光场深度估计

摘 要：光场相机可以仅在一次拍摄中记录场景的空间和角度信息,所生成的图像与传统 二维图像相比包含了更多的信息,在深度估计任务方面更具有优势。为了利用光场图像获取高 质量的场景深度,基于其多视角的表征方式,提出了一种具有多通道信息高效融合结构的特征 融合网络。在人为选择特定视角的基础上,使用不同尺寸卷积核来应对不同的基线变化;同时 针对光场数据的多路输入特点搭建了特征融合模块,并利用双通道的网络结构整合神经网络的 前后层信息,提升网络的学习效率并减少信息损失。在 new HCI 数据集上的实验结果显示,该 网络在训练集上的收敛速度较快,可以在非朗伯场景中实现精确的深度估计,并且在 MSE 指 标的平均值表现上要优于所对比的其他先进的方法。