共聚物链结构对共聚型含氟聚酰亚胺薄膜性能的影响

以4,4'-二氨基-2,2'-双三氟甲基联苯(TFMB)、4,4'-(六氟异丙烯)二酞酸酐(6FDA)和3,3',4,4'-联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)为反应单体,改变非含氟BPDA单体在二酐中的配比和加料方式制备出一系列共聚型含氟聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜并表征和分析其性能,研究了共聚物链结构对其性能的影响。结果表明,BPDA单体的加料方式及其在二酐单体中的比例均影响薄膜的性能。共聚型含氟PI薄膜在室温下均溶于非质子极性溶剂,且在可见光范围内有较高的透光率。随着非含氟二酐单体BPDA含量的提高薄膜的光学性能略有降低而其热性能和力学拉伸性能提高。非含氟二酐单体占二酐单体的比例为68.97%的共聚型PI薄膜,在500 nm处的透过率达到96.01%;非含氟二酐单体占二酐单体比例为35.71%的共聚型PI薄膜失重10%的热分解温度为595.23℃,拉伸强度为100.98 MPa。同时,BPDA加料方式的改变对共聚型PI薄膜的光学性能、热学性能和力学拉伸性能均有不同程度的影响。     

热塑性共聚聚酰亚胺薄膜的合成及性能研究

以2,2′-二甲基-4,4′-二氨基联苯(m-TB)为二胺单体,均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)和3,3′,4,4′-联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)为二酐单体,N,N′-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂,采用常规的两步法制备了一系列不同二酐比例的热塑性聚酰亚胺,并通过红外光谱仪、X-射线衍射仪、热重分析仪、紫外光谱仪、动态热分析仪、溶解性测试等对共聚聚酰亚胺的结构和性能进行表征.结果表明:在1 780、1 720、1 500、1 380、1 050和725 cm~(-1)处出现明显的吸收峰,说明成功制备了聚酰亚胺材料;共聚聚酰亚胺只在PMDA与BPDA物质的量比为0.2∶0.8时存在结晶峰,其他比例时均为非晶聚合物;亚胺化后的共聚聚酰亚胺在DMSO、DMAc、DMF、NMP和m-cresol中有溶解性,证明成功制备出热塑性聚酰亚胺薄膜;热塑性共聚PI起始分解温度大于500℃,800℃时的质量保持率在50%以上,具有良好的热稳定性;随着聚合物中BPDA含量的提高,热塑性聚酰亚胺薄膜的玻璃化转变温度呈现下降的趋势.当紫外光波长达到400 nm时,薄膜的透光率高达57.6%,当波长为760 nm时,薄膜透光率均达到100%,成功制备了透光率较高的聚酰亚胺薄膜.     

共聚低热膨胀聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与表征

以4,4′-(六氟异丙烯)二酞酸酐(6FDA)为含氟二酐,4,4′-二氨基-2,2′-双三氟甲基联苯(TFMB)为含氟二胺,通过引入分子结构相对对称的刚性单体1,2,4,5-均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)进行共聚合成了5种含氟比例不同的透明聚酰亚胺薄膜,并对其性能进行了表征。分析表明:引入刚性单体共聚后薄膜的热稳定性和耐热性有所提高;薄膜的介电常数随着PMDA含量的上升而增加;共聚薄膜在可见光领域的透光率低于均聚薄膜;拉伸实验显示在添加少量PMDA后,薄膜的拉伸强度和弹性模量有所增大,但当PMDA含量过高时其力学性能反而下降;随着PMDA含量的增加,薄膜的热膨胀系数明显降低。     

聚脲-聚酰亚胺嵌段共聚物的制备及表征

以4,4′-二氨基二苯醚(ODA)、4,4′-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)、3,3′,4,4′-联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)为原料,首先合成端氨基聚酰胺酸和端异氰酸酯基聚脲,然后将2个均聚物偶联,制备3种聚脲链段含量不同的聚脲-聚酰亚胺嵌段共聚物。通过红外分析、X射线衍射、热重分析、差示扫描量热分析和热膨胀系数测试对嵌段共聚物的结构和性能进行了表征。结果表明,聚脲-聚酰亚胺嵌段共聚物具有较好的热稳定性,失重5%的温度T_(5%)在330℃以上;热失重曲线出现2个失重台阶;聚脲链段含量的增加,使玻璃化转变温度升高,热膨胀系数降低;聚脲-聚酰亚胺嵌段共聚物在酸性介质中比在碱性介质中更稳定。     

含双苯并咪唑单元的聚酰亚胺的制备及性能

联苯四羧酸二酐(BPDA)与4,4′-二氨基二苯醚(ODA)及自制的2,2′-对苯基双-(5-氨基苯并咪唑)(PBABI)在二甲基乙酰胺中共聚,成膜后进行热酰亚胺化,得到了含双苯并咪唑共聚酰亚胺薄膜,对其结构、热稳定性、力学性能及光学性能进行了研究。结果表明,PBABI杂环单体的引入对聚酰亚胺的热分解温度稍有影响,但明显提高了聚合物的玻璃化转变温度。随着杂环含量的增加,材料的拉伸强度和模量均有所提高,当二胺单体的物质的量比为9∶1时,其力学性能提高明显。     

基于2-苯基-4,4′-二氨基二苯醚的异构聚酰亚胺

以异构的联苯二酐(BPDA)、二苯醚二酐(ODPA)以及2-苯基-4,4′-二氨基二苯醚(p-ODA)为原料,通过一步法或两步法,合成了一系列异构聚酰亚胺,并表征了这类聚酰亚胺的溶解性、热性能和力学性能。结果表明:基于p-ODA的聚酰亚胺在有机溶剂中具有优异的溶解性;基于p-ODA的异构聚酰亚胺都是非晶结构,且聚酰亚胺的溶解性和玻璃化温度(Tg)呈现3,3′-位3,4′-位4,4′-位的趋势,聚合物Tg250℃。聚合物4,4′-ODPA/p-ODA具有较优的热稳定性,5%热失重温度(T5%)=551℃,聚合物3,4′-ODPA/p-ODA和4,4′-ODPA/p-ODA具有相似的机械性能。异构BPDA/p-ODA系列聚酰亚胺具有相似的热稳定性,T5%550℃,聚合物4,4′-BPDA/p-ODA的机械性能优异,薄膜拉伸强度为182.4MPa、模量为3.5GPa、断裂伸长率为44.2%。     

笼型聚倍半硅氧烷增韧3层聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能

以3,3′,4,4′-联苯四酸二酐(BPDA)-对苯二胺(PDA)/4,4′-二苯醚二胺(ODA)型聚酰亚胺为芯层,将2,2′-双(4-(4-氨基苯氧基)苯基)丙烷(BAPP)-BPDA型聚酰胺酸涂覆于芯层的上、下表面并热亚胺化得到3层聚酰亚胺薄膜。为提高3层聚酰亚胺薄膜的韧性,将降冰片烯二酸酐-马来酰亚胺基七异丁基聚倍半硅氧烷交替共聚物(poly(MIPOSS-alt-NA))作为BPDA的共单体引入到上、下表层的热塑性聚酰亚胺中。结果表明,当poly(MIPOSS-alt-NA)的质量分数为6.0%时,3层聚酰亚胺薄膜的断裂伸长率从7.2%提高到14.5%,热膨胀系数则从27.0×10-6 K-1降低至23.6×10-6 K-1,与铜箔制备的柔性覆铜板剥离强度达到12.0 N/cm,针对拉伸断面电镜照片的变化对增韧机理进行了分析。     

砜基取代高折射率高透明性聚酰亚胺的合成与性能

首先合成了同时含有砜基与硫醚键的二胺单体,4,4′-双(4-胺基苯硫基)二苯砜(BADPS).采用BADPS分别与4种二酐单体,3,3′,4,4′-联苯四羧酸二酐(BPDA)、3,3′,4,4′-二苯醚四羧酸二酐(ODPA)、4,4′-双(3,4-二羧基苯硫基)二苯硫醚二酐(3SDEA)以及1,2,3,4-环丁烷四羧酸二酐(CBDA)通过两步聚合工艺制备了一系列聚酰亚胺(PI).制备的PI薄膜具有优良的综合性能,包括良好的热稳定性、可见光波长范围内优良的透明性以及高折射率与低双折射.10mm厚的PI薄膜在450nm处的透光率超过80%.全芳香族PI(PI-1～PI-3)的折射率＞1.70,双折射＜0.02.     

2,5-双(4-氨基-2-三氟甲基苯氧基)叔丁基苯及其聚酰亚胺的制备和性能研究

通过两步反应制备得到2,5-双(4-氨基-2-三氟甲基苯氧基)叔丁基苯,将其分别与均苯四甲酸二酐(PM-DA)、3,3’,4,4’-四羧酸二苯醚二酐(ODPA)、3,3’,4,4’-二苯酮四酸二酐(BTDA)、3,3’,4,4’-联苯四酸二酐(BPDA)、双酚A二酐(BPADA)通过缩聚和热亚胺化制备得到5种性能优异的聚酰亚胺薄膜。结果表明薄膜的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)高于210℃,起始分解温度高于510℃;吸水率低于0.9%;介电常数介于2.90～3.15之间;杨氏模量在1.48～2.27GPa之间。     

6FAPE基含氟聚酰亚胺的结构与性能研究

利用含氟二胺单体4,4'-双(4-氨基-2-三氟甲基苯氧基)二苯醚(6FAPE),分别与1,2,3,4-环丁烷四酸二酐(CBDA)、3,3',4,4'-二苯醚四酸二酐(ODPA)、3,3',4,4'-联苯四酸二酐(BPDA)、3,3',4,4'-二苯甲酮四羧酸二酐(BTDA)和均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)进行低温缩聚反应,经热酰亚胺化制备出5种聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜,考察了其光学透明性和热性能,研究了聚酰亚胺分子结构与性能的关系.结果表明,CBDA基含氟PI薄膜在可见光波长范围内(400～700nm)具有优异的光学透明性,450nm处的透光率为84.6%,且5种含氟PI薄膜在光通讯波段(1.30μm和1.55μm)均无明显吸收;除CBDA外,含氟PI薄膜均具有良好的热稳定性,5%热失重温度超过530℃;5种含氟PT薄膜的玻璃化转变温度Tg均在200℃以上,且CBDA基舍氟PI薄膜的Tg最高,达到265.5℃.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...