营养丰富均衡的螺旋藻健美块的研制

以螺旋藻（Ｓ．ｐｌａｔｅｎｓｉｓ）配合我国传统的保健食品薏米、麦芽、麦胚以及豆渣、奶粉等原料，使用糖、食盐调味，经科学的加工方法，制成了营养丰富均衡、有健康美容功效的螺旋藻健康食品。     

营养素度量法在营养和健康声称中的应用现状

随着膳食与健康关系研究的深入,食品的健康效应越来越受到重视,营养和健康声称作为向消费者提供食品健康效应的说明部分,成为政府、非政府组织、企业和消费者关注的热点。营养素度量法作为一个评价食品营养特性的方法,对食品给予了综合评价,有助于规范食品的营养和健康声称。本文就营养素度量模型在营养和健康声称中的应用情况作一综述。     

常熟市城乡居民膳食结构分析

目的:了解常熟市城乡居民膳食结构及营养素摄入情况,为改善居民膳食现状、制定符合本地实际的营养干预政策提供依据。方法:采用3日称重、24h膳食回顾和食物频率调查问卷相结合的膳食调查方法,由专业调查员入户进行食品称重、问卷询问和记录。结果:常熟市调查人群的膳食结构不尽合理,存在着水果、奶类等摄入偏低,植物油和食盐等摄入过量,总能量、膳食纤维、维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、钙、钾、镁、锌、硒等营养素摄入量不足,钠、铁超过参考摄入量等问题。结论:必须采取综合措施,加强膳食指南的健康教育和营养干预,从而提高营养与健康水平,预防和控制营养相关疾病。     

对我国营养配餐研究思路的探析

营养配餐因符合现代营养理念正逐渐成为我国新兴产业.本文论述了我国现行营养配餐研究思路,分析了其中存在的问题,探讨了我国营养配餐发展的对策和建议.     

富硒营养强化面粉开发与生产的研究

概述了富硒营养强化面粉的开发与生产的过程。重点介绍了硒营养素的选择,麦芽硒添加量的确定,富硒面粉流变学实验及制成品实验,富硒面粉技术标准确定,富硒面粉的中试生产等过程,为推动硒营养强化技术的进一步发展提供了依据。     

Animal and dietary factors affecting feed intake during the prefresh transition period in Holsteins

Parity, body condition score (BCS), and dry matter intake (DMI) data of 699 Holsteins fed 49 different diets during the final 3 wk of gestation (prefresh transition period) were compiled from 16 experiments conducted at eight universities. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of animal and dietary factors on DMI and to elucidate interactions between animal and dietary factors and among dietary factors on DMI during the prefresh transition period. Animal factors examined were parity and BCS, whereas dietary factors examined were rumen undegradable protein (RUP), rumen degradable protein (RDP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ether extract (EE). DMI decreased 32% during the final 3 wk of gestation, and 89% of that decline occurred during the final week of gestation. Day of gestation, animal factors, and dietary factors accounted for 56.1, 19.7, and 24.2% of explained variation in DMI, respectively, and R2 of this linear multivariable model was 0.18. Cows had higher DMI than heifers. DMI decreased linearly as BCS, RUP, and NDF increased, decreased quadratically as EE increased, and increased quadratically as RDP increased. Moreover, the magnitude of DMI depression as animals approached parturition was affected by characteristics of animals and dietary nutrient composition. There were significant parity x EE, BCS x NDF, RUP x NDF, RDP x NDF, NDF x EE, and RUP x EE interactions on DMI. In conclusion, parity, BCS, and concentrations of organic macronutrients in diets affected DMI during the prefresh transition period, and the magnitude of DMI depression as animals approached parturition.     

福建设施葡萄园土壤氮磷钾丰缺状况及垂直分布特征

以福建寿宁高优葡萄示范园区为研究对象,选取了14个代表性葡萄园(坡地6个和平地8个),按照0～20 cm、20～40 cm和40～60 cm深度分层取样,测定土壤氮、磷、钾含量,研究养分的垂直分布特征。结果表明:平地葡萄园土壤氮磷钾含量明显高于坡地葡萄园;调查区内土壤养分具有明显的表层"积聚效应",土壤全氮、全磷及其有效量和有效钾含量随土层深度的增加而增加;除有效磷和全钾在中等以上水平外,其他指标均处于缺素状态,土壤不平衡缺肥现象比较突出。因此,应充分考虑葡萄园所处的地形位置,合理配施氮磷肥,避免盲目过量施用钾肥,通过增施有机肥和补充土壤微生物菌剂,促进被固定土壤养分的重新利用。不仅减少化肥的投入量,还可以避免因养分大量富集而造成的农业面源污染。     

自然霉变饲粮添加酵母细胞壁对仔猪养分消化率和消化酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究自然霉变饲粮添加酵母细胞壁(YCW)对仔猪养分消化率、肠道消化酶活性的影响。选取40头体重相近(8.32±0.49)kg健康的三元(杜×长×大)杂交仔猪,随机分为4个处理,每个处理10个重复。对照组用优质玉米和玉米蛋白粉配制基础饲粮,50%M组(玉米赤霉烯酮849.4μg/kg;伏马毒素5 661.55μg/kg;呕吐毒素1 576.80μg/kg)为霉变玉米和玉米蛋白粉替代对照组中50%的玉米和玉米蛋白粉,0.10%YCW和0.25%YCW组为50%M组基础上添加0.10%和0.25%的YCW。结果表明:自然霉变饲粮显著降低仔猪养分消化率及十二指肠和空肠淀粉酶(AMS)、胰蛋白酶(TRS)和脂肪酶活性(LPS)(P0.05);YCW显著改善仔猪养分消化率以及消化酶活性(P0.05),并具有剂量效应。由此可知,自然霉变饲粮降低了仔猪养分消化率及AMS、TRS和LPS活性,酵母细胞壁具有一定的改善和脱毒效果。     

Evaluation of the passage rate equations in the 2001 Dairy NRC model

Dairy ration formulation to meet protein and amino acid requirements with the National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle (NRC, 2001) model depends on accuracy of predicting feed passage rates out of the rumen. The NRC (2001) passage rate (Kp) equations were evaluated for validity and sensitivity to input variables in predicting supplies of rumen degraded protein, rumen undegraded protein, and metabolizable protein. The database used in the development of the 3 Kp equations (for dry forage, wet forage, and concentrate) was used to independently derive the 3 equations using a meta-analysis technique. To extract quantitative relationships between statistically significant input variables and rate of passage, a random coefficients model that used each study effect as a random variable was used. The database was comprised of studies that only used rare earth markers. Outliers were identified by acceptance criteria defined a priori or the difference in fit statistic (DFFITS) value; 319, 63, and 139 treatment means were used to develop the Kp equations for dry forage, wet forage, and concentrate, respectively. We found that the sign of the regression coefficient for concentrate content in diet dry matter in the equation for Kp dry forage was inverted; it should be positive. A sensitivity analysis was conducted with a spreadsheet version of the NRC (2001) model developed for this study, using the Monte Carlo technique. The sensitivity analysis indicated that all Kp predictions were the most sensitive to variation in DM intake, and thus accurate measurement of DM intake is the most important factor in predicting Kp. Predictions for protein supply (rumen degraded protein, rumen undegraded protein, and metabolizable protein) were sensitive to variability in amount of feed crude protein (CP, %DM), digestion rate (Kd) of the B fraction of feed CP (%/h), and the Kp for concentrate (%/h), due to the high proportion of dietary CP in lactating dairy rations coming from concentrates. The sensitivity analysis indicated that accurate determinations of DMI, the Kd of the B fraction of feed CP, and feed CP are the most important variables needed to predict MP supply in lactating dairy cows with the NRC (2001) model. We conclude that the empirical Kp equations in the model are suitable for predicting passage rate in lactating dairy cows. More accurate predictions of Kp will require the development of a more mechanistic model that accounts for more of the biologically important variables (e.g., physical property of particles, liquid flow, and timely variation of intake) affecting passage rate.