700℃超超临界锅炉管用617B合金时效组织演变

研究了700℃超超临界锅炉管用617B合金在720℃/10 000 h、800℃/2000 h和850℃/100 h时效和不同温度50 h时效过程中组织稳定性及力学性能变化。结果表明:617B合金在10 000 h长期时效末期组织稳定性较差,γ′相粗化且晶界上有有害相析出;温度对617B合金的组织稳定性影响较大,随着温度升高γ′相急剧粗化,晶内析出相发生转变;合金的硬度主要受γ′相析出规律的影响;720℃时效过程中晶内有拉链状析出相,其种类、结构有待进一步研究。     

蒸汽轮机用Waspaloy叶片材料长期时效组织及力学性能

研究了Waspaloy合金在标准热处理状态下,700℃长期时效过程中的组织和力学性能变化。结果表明,长期时效过程中Waspaloy合金析出相主要为MC型碳化物,M23C6型碳化物和γ'相,时效过程中并未发现有害TCP相。M23C6型碳化物在晶界呈链状分布,长期时效过程中其大小、分布基本不变,稳定性良好;γ'相在时效100 h后充分析出,尺寸随时效时间延长而长大,γ'粗化规律符合L-S-W理论,5000 h时效后γ'相形貌仍然为球形。时效100 h合金强度有小幅上升,随后随时效时间延长合金强度变化不大。     

长期时效对FGH96粉末高温合金组织稳定性及性能的影响

研究了FGH96粉末高温合金经750℃长期时效1000和3000 h后的晶粒尺寸、晶界形貌、晶粒取向、γ'强化相和碳化物的演变规律及长期时效对合金650℃使用温度下拉伸性能的影响.结果 表明:750℃长期时效对合金的晶粒尺寸、晶界形貌和晶粒取向没有明显影响.然而,长期时效后,合金中γ '相形貌、尺寸和分布发生了显著的变化,大尺寸γ'相先长大后分裂再变小,平均尺寸变大、尺寸梯度降低、间距变大,由双峰分布最终演变为单峰分布;形貌由近球形、方状和蝶状先演变为不规则状,最终又演变回近球状、方状与蝶状.未长期时效合金的晶内和晶界处存在大量富含Ti、Nb元素的块状MC型的碳化物,并与MB型硼化物共存,经750℃长期时效3000 h后没有明显变化.而富含Cr元素的M23C6型小颗粒碳化物经750 ℃长期时效3000 h后,析出量增加并呈链状分布于晶界.长期时效后,FGH96合金650℃拉伸强度降低,塑性提高,主要原因是合金中的γ'相分裂、粗化及晶界处M23C6型碳化物析出呈链状分布所致.     

高强耐蚀Ni-Co-Cr高温合金的组织稳定性

利用SEM，TEM及X射线衍射分析技术观察了高强耐蚀Ni-Co-Cr高温合金不同温度（704，750，849℃）长期时效1000h及700℃长期时效至5008h过程中的组织演变过程。结果表明，700℃即使长期时效5008h，γ‘相粗化缓慢，而且没有发现TCP相（如σ相）的析出。当温度升高到750℃，γ‘相迅速长大。晶界上碳化物析出增多，并析出片状的η相。导致合金冲击性能下降。温度达到849℃时，析出大量的η时。甚至形成魏氏组织形貌。由此可见，该合金在700℃时具有较好的组织稳定性。     

GH710高温合金长期时效中的组织演变

研究标准热处理(1180℃×4 h/AC+ 1080℃×4 h/AC+845℃x24 h/AC+ 760℃×16 h/AC)后的难变形镍基高温合金GH710在650℃和870℃经0～3000 h长期时效后的组织演变.结果表明:650 ℃时效时,γ '相粗化不明显,晶界碳化物基本不变,合金组织稳定性良好;长期时效时,γ'相的粗化行为遵循扩散控制的L-S-W粗化机制,且时效温度越高,粗化速率越大;870℃时效时,一次γ'相急剧粗化,但时效2000 h后发生部分回溶,晶界碳化物聚合粗化现象严重,且硬度值也下降明显.     

一种新型耐热合金GY200的长期时效组织与性能

研究了一种新型耐热合金GY200在700℃长期时效过程中的组织与性能稳定性。结果表明,在时效过程中,GY200合金的室、高温力学性能的稳定性较好,且时效5 000 h后的综合力学性能较标准热处理态有所提升;时效过程未发现μ相、σ相、P相等TCP有害相析出,碳化物和γ'相未发生明显粗化,组织稳定性较好;MC碳化物非常稳定,W能不断取代Ni、Cr、Co原子进入M_(23)C_6型碳化物,促进M_(23)C_6型碳化物缓慢析出,且M_(23)C_6还会依附于MC表面形核析出;γ'相的粗化速率较缓慢,稳定性较高,长大规律符合L-S-W理论,700℃时效长大粗化方程为γ-3-γ-3=4.408×10~(-4)t。     

长时时效对汽轮机叶片用GY200镍基合金组织和性能的影响

利用Thermal-calc热力学软件对GY200平衡条件下的析出相进行了计算,并结合金相、扫描、化学相分析等手段研究了700、750℃不同时效时间下先进超超临界电站叶片用GY200镍基合金的组织、性能、碳化物及沉淀强化相的演变。结果表明,GY200镍基合金在700、750℃时效后的强度明显增加,冲击性能稍有下降,在10 000 h时效时间内合金的各项性能没有明显变化。长时时效后的碳化物主要由M_(23)C_6和MC相组成,和热力学软件模拟结果一致,利用2%的W替代Waspaloy中1%的Mo,合金中没有M_6C析出。随着时效时间增加M23C6相含量增加,并呈链状和片状析出在晶界,750℃时效M_(23)C_6粗化更加明显;MC相数量在时效3000 h后开始下降。700℃时效3000 h后,γ′相数量开始增加,5000～10 000 h趋于稳定,750℃时效γ′相数量基本不变。γ′相在700℃时效稳定性较好,粗化速率较低;750℃时效γ′相粗化速率较高,5000 h时效后γ′相平均尺寸约100 nm。     

LTES700R改进型合金700℃时效组织与性能北大核心CSCD

在LTES700R基础上发展了一种新型镍基耐热合金,并研究了该改进合金700℃时效后的组织与力学性能。结果表明:合金热处理后主要析出相为γ'、TiC、M_(23)C_6;在5000 h时效过程中合金组织结构稳定,Cr_(23)C_6在晶界处不连续分布,γ'粗化不明显;合金硬度随时效时间的延长先增加后缓慢降低。改进合金的室温和高温拉伸强度略低于LTES700R合金,长期时效的冲击韧性大于Nimonic263,晶界处不连续分布的碳化物增加合金晶界结合力,提高改进合金冲击韧性。     

LTES700R改进型合金700℃时效组织与性能

在LTES700R基础上发展了一种新型镍基耐热合金,并研究了该改进合金700℃时效后的组织与力学性能。结果表明:合金热处理后主要析出相为γ'、TiC、M_(23)C_6;在5000 h时效过程中合金组织结构稳定,Cr_(23)C_6在晶界处不连续分布,γ'粗化不明显;合金硬度随时效时间的延长先增加后缓慢降低。改进合金的室温和高温拉伸强度略低于LTES700R合金,长期时效的冲击韧性大于Nimonic263,晶界处不连续分布的碳化物增加合金晶界结合力,提高改进合金冲击韧性。     

镍基合金617B的微观组织与力学性能（英文）

采用SEM、TEM和力学性能测试研究镍基合金617B在750°C下时效5000h过程中的微观组织稳定性和力学性能。在时效过程中,合金617B析出M23C6碳化物和γ′相,前者分布于晶界和晶内,后者分布于晶内。随着时效时间的延长,析出物颗粒尺寸逐渐增大。碳化物和γ′相颗粒起到析出强化作用,并提高时效态合金的硬度和强度。在时效过程中,时效态合金的强度和硬度具有良好的稳定性。合金617B时效后的韧性降低是由于γ′相抑制晶界附近的弹性变形,导致晶界裂纹形成;此外,晶界碳化物析出导致其与基体相的界面强度降低,晶界处易产生裂纹。这使得时效态合金的冲击韧性降低。但在时效过程中,时效态合金的韧性具有较好的稳定性是由于时效5000 h过程中析出相的分布未发生明显变化。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。