EFFECT OF BIAXIAL MEAN STRESS ON CYCLIC STRESS-STRAIN RESPONSE AND BEHAVIOUR OF SHORT FATIGUE CRACKS IN A HIGH STRENGTH SPRING STEEL

Abstract— Biaxial fatigue tests were conducted on a high strength spring steel using hour-glass shaped smooth specimens. Four types of loading system were employed, i.e. (a) fully reversed cyclic torsion, (b) uniaxial push—pull, (c) fully reversed torsion with a superimposed axial static tension or compression stress, and (d) uniaxial push—pull with a superimposed static torque, to evaluate the effects of mean stress on the cyclic stress—strain response and short fatigue crack growth behaviour. Experimental results indicate that a biaxial mean stress has no apparent influence on the stress—strain response in torsion, however a superimposed tensile mean stress was detrimental to torsional fatigue strength. Similarly a superimposed static shear stress reduced the push—pull fatigue lifetime. A compressive mean stress was seen to be beneficial to torsion fatigue life. The role of mean stress on fatigue lifetime, under mixed mode loading, was investigated through experimental observations and theoretical analyses of short crack initiation and propagation. Using a plastic replication technique the effects of biaxial mean stress on both Stage I (mode II) and Stage II (mode I) short cracks were evaluated and analysed in detail. A two stage biaxial short fatigue crack growth model incorporating the influence of mean stress was subsequently developed and applied to correlate data of crack growth rate and fatigue life.     

A FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION METHOD BASED ON A MESOSCOPIC APPROACH IN CONSTANT AMPLITUDE MULTIAXIAL LOADING

The aim of this paper is to present a high cycle multiaxial fatigue life prediction method for metallic materials based on Papadopoulos' previous works and limited to constant amplitude loading. The initiation process of a crack is treated as a mesoscopic phenomenon taking place on a scale of the order of a grain or a few grains. The damage variable chosen is the accumulated plastic strain at this mesoscopic scale. Its estimation requires a macro-meso passage and the location of the plane subjected to maximum damage. Initiation is achieved as soon as a critical value of the accumulated plastic mesostrain is reached in these grains, so-orientated that their easy glide directions coincide with a particular direction of the critical plane. The detrimental effect of out-of-phase loading on damage accumulation is taken into account through a newly defined coefficient estimated from mechanical loading parameters; no adjustable parameter is required. A good agreement has been found between the predicted and experimental results for in-phase and out-of-phase sinusoidal constant amplitude loadings by examining a large amount of experimental data.     

一种考虑应力梯度效应的剪切疲劳损伤参量

该文研究了剪应力梯度对疲劳寿命的影响。首先,基于缺口件疲劳寿命研究中常用的应力场强法,针对纯扭载荷作用的圆管试件,推导出一种新的剪切疲劳损伤参量。该参量依据疲劳破坏区内各点的相对剪应力梯度,得到区域内的加权平均应力,从而全面描述材料在剪应力作用下的疲劳损伤水平。然后,使用30CrMnSiA合金钢进行了拉压、扭转疲劳试验。通过对比分析试验结果可以证明：当危险点应力水平相同时,剪应力梯度的存在可以使材料疲劳寿命增加;而该文提出的剪切损伤参量可以很好地描述这种影响。     

钢纤维混凝土等幅弯曲疲劳加载下的疲劳应变和疲劳模量以及损伤研究

利用已有试验数据,对最大疲劳应变和疲劳残余应变进行拟合,得到疲劳应变演化方程,其相关系数均在0.97以上。考虑到等幅弯曲疲劳加载条件下,疲劳模量与疲劳应变成反比关系,利用对称性,由疲劳应变演化方程得到疲劳模量演化方程,通过拟合试验结果,发现由疲劳模量演化方程表达的拟合曲线与试验曲线吻合很好,其相关系数均在0.99以上。最后,利用疲劳应变与疲劳模量定义损伤变量,得到损伤变量演化曲线,经对比发现,由最大疲劳应变和疲劳残余应变定义的损伤变量演化曲线基本一致,且相差很小;而由疲劳模量定义的损伤变量演化曲线明显大于由疲劳应变定义的损伤变量演化曲线。     

THE EFFECT OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR SHEAR LIPS ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN Al 2024

Abstract— Multiple underloads and overloads with constant Δ K were carried out on centre-cracked tension specimens. It was found that when shear lips develop, underloads or overloads affect the crack growth rate d a /d N and the subsequent retardation. The appearance of the shear lip fracture surfaces depends on the frequency. At higher frequencies a greater number of rough shear lip fracture surfaces will develop, while at lower frequencies there is a tendency towards smooth shear lips. The amount of crack closure differs in each case. It was found that the type of shear lip, rough or smooth, can be related to the effect on d a /d N during and after underloads. The effect of rough and smooth shear lip growth was investigated in constant Δ K tests, performing these tests with and without crack closure.     

车轮应变疲劳性能及损伤演变规律研究

试验分析了Φ９１５喂线车轮的低周疲劳性能，测定了循环稳定和单调拉伸应力－应变曲线，给出了应变－寿命及应力－寿命关系，讨论了循环软化循环硬化特性，导出应变疲劳损伤演变方程和寿命估算方程，还列表给出车轮钢的全部应变疲劳参数和与之对应的静态参数，可供设计选材、寿命估算时使用。     

近海大气环境下锈蚀平面钢框架抗震性能试验研究及有限元分析

为研究近海大气环境下锈蚀钢框架结构的抗震性能,采用人工气候加速腐蚀技术对42件钢材材性试件和4榀平面钢框架进行加速腐蚀试验,然后对不同锈蚀程度的钢材材性试件进行拉伸破坏试验,获得锈蚀Q235B钢材力学性能指标（屈服强度、极限强度、伸长率和弹性模量）与其失重率的函数关系。并对4榀平面钢框架进行低周往复加载试验,研究了锈蚀对平面钢框架的破坏机制、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、刚度退化、延性及耗能能力等的影响。结果表明：4榀平面钢框架试件均发生了延性较好的破坏,呈现出混合屈服机制;但随着锈蚀程度的增加,试件承载力、耗能能力显著降低,强度和刚度退化明显,延性变差。在试验研究的基础上,利用通用软件ABAQUS对试验平面钢框架进行了非线性有限元分析,研究了轴压比对其力学性能的影响,结果表明：随着轴压比的增大,试件承载力、延性不断降低。     

ANALYSIS OF CRACK INITIATION AND PROPAGATION IN FRETTING FATIGUE: THE EFFECTIVE INITIAL FLAW SIZE METHODOLOGY

Abstract— A number of fretting fatigue tests were carried out on CMV steel and INCO 718 alloys under closely controlled experimental conditions. A fracture mechanics-based lifing model was developed and the Paris Law employed to predict fatigue lives under a range of experimental conditions. An effective initial flaw size was used to describe initiation and early propagation of cracks. This approach was found to give good predictions of fatigue life of specimens for different values of bulk stress under the same fretting load.