民乐河水库溢洪道挑流鼻坎体型优化试验研究

部分河岸式溢洪道出口河道狭窄、曲折,岸坡陡峻,河床基础抗冲能力较差,采用挑流消能时挑射水流会砸落淘刷护坦、挑流鼻坎基础,危及下游岸坡稳定安全。为验证泄洪挑射水流形态及其对河床、岸坡的冲刷影响,以民乐河水库工程为例,通过水工模型试验进行分析并对挑流鼻坎体型进行优化。试验结果表明,溢洪道挑流鼻坎采用斜切坎配合折流器体型能有效改善挑射水流流态,对下游河床、岸坡的冲刷影响较小,可确保工程安全运行。     

分流墩在武思江水库溢洪道上的试验研究

介绍武思江水库溢洪道采用分流墩挑流联合消能的试验研究成果 ,试验表明 :在开敞式溢洪道中采用分流墩辅助消能设施 ,能大大提高挑流消能的消能率 ,减轻下游河床及岸坡的冲淘刷 ,确保溢洪道的运行安全及下游岸坡的稳定。     

铅厂水电站泄洪冲沙底孔出口挑坎设计

铅厂电站泄洪冲沙底孔消能设计中采用挑流消能方式,底孔布置在左岸岸边位置处,由于河道地形狭窄,轴线方向与河岸斜交,给河道岸坡安全带来威胁.经过比较,采用扭曲式挑坎挑流消能的方案,使挑射水流在顺水流方向向右岸分散,改善了均匀挑坎水舌集中靠近左岸的缺点,增加了水流的消能效果.     

窄缝式挑坎下游河床冲刷特性研究

溢洪道下游出口设置了窄缝式挑坎之后,增大了其挑射水流的消能率,可明显减轻对下游河床的冲刷.在简要地分析溢洪道窄缝式挑坎体型布置的基础上,根据溢洪道窄缝式挑坎下游河床冲刷的水力模型试验资料,提出了其下游河床冲刷深度的计算式,并给出了相应的算例.本文成果可供类似工程设计和运行参考.     

重庆市隘口水库弯道溢洪道水流特性试验研究

针对隘口水库溢洪道弯道段内同时存在横向与纵向坡降、挑流消能出口轴线与下游天然河道走向存在一定角度交叉导致的水力条件复杂问题,通过水力学模型试验,开展了溢洪道消能防冲效果方案和改善水流流态的优化研究。研究结果表明:在弯道段增设斜槛和改常规挑流鼻坎为扭鼻坎,能有效地改善弯道内水流流态和消能防洪效果。     

两江口水电站水力整体模型消能工选择

挑流消能经常是借助水流横向或者纵向的扩散，通过吸会和昆空气消杀部分能量，以减少对河床单位面积上的冲击力，提高消能效率，达到减轻下游冲刷的目的。工程挑流消能因受河床宽度、左岸电厂厂房及下游弯道岸坡对最大、最小挑距的限制，所以在试验中经过多次修改，最后选定（修改方案１０）高、低坎对冲式消能工，使水流在空中相互碰撞消能，效果较好，并为工程节省了工程量，取得了明显的社会效益和经济效益。     

云龙水库溢洪道泄洪消能设计方案

云龙水库是昆明市掌鸠河引水供水工程的水源工程.泄水建筑物采取泄洪隧洞与溢洪道联合泄洪.溢洪道挑流鼻坎采用不对称窄缝式挑流鼻坎,既可以使水流纵向扩散而达到消能的目的,又改善水舌方向,是理想的挑坎型式.     

大石涧水库溢流坝挑流鼻坎体型优化试验研究

为解决大石涧水库溢流坝设计挑坎水舌空中扩散程度低、水流落点过于集中、两岸淘刷严重、影响岸坡稳定的问题,对其进行了水工模型试验研究,提出了4种修改方案,包括3种差动挑坎以及在差动坎基础上进一步优化的新型舌瓣挑坎。通过分析比较各方案30 a一遇(消能防冲设计洪水)工况下水舌扩散形态、下游河道冲淤情况等,得出新型舌瓣挑坎的各参数较优,能够较好地解决两岸淘刷严重的问题,满足下游消能防冲要求,将其确定为推荐方案。推荐方案下校核工况及设计工况的试验结果表明:采用新型舌瓣挑坎消能对泄水建筑物安全性无影响;校核工况下对下游消能区两岸产生冲刷,可能造成局部岸坡坍塌,护坦末端左半部有淘刷,但仍比坝基础高8.5 m,不会影响坝体稳定。     

适用于高水头窄河谷的燕尾斜切组合挑坎试验研究

窄缝挑坎和燕尾挑坎是高水头、窄河谷泄水洞挑流消能常采用的挑坎型式,通过纵向拉伸水流形成片状水舌,达到水流顺利入槽、下游河道水流充分消能的目的。由于挑坎自身具有的特点,窄缝挑坎和燕尾挑坎的出射水流沿泄槽轴线纵向拉伸,下游河道落水区域呈平面一字型。为了避免挑坎内缘水流落砸本岸,需控制水舌的纵向拉伸长度;而对于下游河道地质条件较差的工程,水流消能难以达到满意的效果。结合两河口水电站溢洪道1∶40水工物理模型,通过窄缝挑坎、燕尾挑坎和新型燕尾斜切组合挑坎的对比试验研究,所提出的新型燕尾斜切组合挑坎在适应河型和充分利用水舌纵向拉伸长度方面具有一定的优势,能更好地满足工程下游河道的消能防冲要求。试验研究成果可供类似工程参考。     

西北口枢纽溢洪道的扭曲面扩宽底槽挑流鼻坎

西北口水利枢纽的大坝为钢筋混凝土面板堆石坝,最大坝高95m。溢洪道为岸边陡槽式,有两孔,其末端设挑流鼻坎消能工。泄洪洞与溢洪道总的校核泄洪量为6060m~3/s,设计泄洪量2900m~3/s。由于水头高,泄流量大,需慎重考虑消能工的合理形式。设计时结合水工模型试验,比较了4种形式,最后选定了扭曲面扩宽底槽式挑流鼻坎。这种形式能有效地减轻高速水流对下游岸坡以及电站和大坝基脚的冲刷,消能效果好。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。