方形1-3-2型压电复合材料薄片的谐振性能研究

通过理论和实验研究了水声换能器用方形1-3-2型压电复合材料薄片的结构参数(陶瓷体积分数和外形尺寸)对其谐振性能的影响。利用压电方程和均匀场理论得到了1-3-2型压电复合材料的各项等效性能参数,分析了复合材料结构参数对谐振性能的影响。制备了陶瓷体积分数和外形尺寸不同的两组1-3-2型压电复合材料样品,测量得到复合材料谐振频率随陶瓷体积分数和外形尺寸的变化数据。结果表明,当1-3-2型复合材料中陶瓷基底的体积百分比小于30%,1-3复合材料部分中陶瓷柱体积分数在30%~80%,且复合材料总体厚宽比小于阈值(这个阈值随陶瓷体积分数变化)时,其厚度谐振性能较好。另外,将实验结果与理论计算进行了比较,两者符合较好,验证了理论公式的正确性。     

激光熔覆梯度生物陶瓷涂层的研究

钛合金表面涂覆羟基磷灰石 (HA)用作硬组织植入体 ,既有优良的力学性能 ,又有优良的生物相容性 ,是材料学和生物医学中的研究热点。基于CaCO3 +CaHPO3 ·2H2 O在高温下能反应生成羟基磷灰石 ,以及激光熔覆技术能够制备与基体材料结合良好的陶瓷涂层的事实 ,尝试了利用激光处理在钛合金表面同步合成与熔覆羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷涂层的新技术。实验表明 ,以 80CaCO3 2 0CaHPO3 ·2H2 O ,另加 1%Y2 O3 为原料 ,在功率密度 13～ 15W/mm2 ,扫描速度 6 30mm/min的处理条件下 ,在TC4钛合金表面成功地制备出以羟基磷灰石为主的、具有梯度特征的生物陶瓷涂层。该涂层由表及里钙含量逐渐减少 ,钛、钇递增 ,磷则是先增加后减少 ;致密度由表及里呈现出逐步提高的特征 ;显微硬度则逐渐降低     

A precise numerical prediction of effective dielectric constant forpolymer-ceramic composite based on effective-medium theory

Nanostructure polymer-ceramic composite with high dielectric constant (ϵ_τ~90) has been developed for embedded capacitor application. This polymer-ceramic system consists of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) ceramic particle and modified high-dielectric constant low-viscosity epoxy resin. In order to obtain precise prediction of effective dielectric constant of this composite, an empirical prediction model based on self-consistent theory is proposed. The electrical polarization mechanism and interaction between epoxy resin and ceramic filler has been studied. This model can establish the relevant constitutional parameters of polymer-ceramic composite materials such as particle shape, composition, and connectivity that determine the dielectric properties of the composite. This model is simpler, uses fewer parameters and its prediction compares better with experiment (error <10%). The precision and simplicity of the model can be exploited for predictions of the properties and design of nanostructure ferroelectric polymer-ceramic composites. The effective-medium theory (EMT) has been proved a good tool to predict effective properties of nanocomposites     

Catalytic and Electron Conducting Carbon Nanotube–Reinforced Lysozyme Crystals

Novel reinforced cross‐linked lysozyme crystals containing homogeneous dispersions of single‐walled carbon nanotubes bundles (SWCNTs) are produced and characterized. The incorporation of SWCNTs inside lysozyme crystals gives rise to reinforced composite materials with tunable mechanical strength and electronic conductivity, while preserving the crystal quality and morphology. These reinforced crystals show increased catalytic activity at higher temperatures, being active even above the denaturation temperature. The electron transport through the crystals is linked to the content and distribution of SWCNT bundles inside the crystals. The electron conduction through the crystals is isotropic and very efficient, presenting high conductivity values up to 600 nS at very low (0.05 wt%) SWCNT concentration. To obtain these crystals, a new protocol based on the in situ crystallization of lysozyme in composite SWCNT–peptide hydrogels is developed. These peptide hydrogels are able to homogeneously disperse bundles of hydrophobic SWCNTs allowing first, the crystallization of the enzyme lysozyme and second, transferring the new properties of the inorganic component to the crystals. Taken together, these composite crystals represent an example of the versatility of proteins as biological substrates in the generation of novel functional materials, opening the door to use them in catalysis and bioelectronics at macroscale.     

Templated Synthesis of Mesoporous Superparamagnetic Polymers

We present a novel synthetic strategy for fabricating superparamagnetic nanoparticles randomly dispersed in a mesoporous polymeric matrix. This method is based on the use of mesoporous silica materials as templates. The procedure used to obtain these mesoporous magnetic polymers consisted in: a) generating iron oxide ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (FMNP) of size ～ 7–8 nm within the pores of the silica, b) loading the porosity of the silica/FMNP composite with a polymer (Polydivinylbenzene), c) selectively removing the silica framework from the resulting silica/FMNP/polymer composite. Such magnetic porous polymeric materials exhibit large surface areas (up to 630 m² g^–1), high pore volumes (up to 0.73 cm³ g^–1) and a porosity made up of mesopores. In this way, it is possible to obtain superparamagnetic mesoporous hybrid nanocomposites that are easily manipulated by an external magnetic field and display different magnetic behaviours depending on the textural properties of the template employed.     

Additive Manufacturing Approaches for Hydroxyapatite‐Reinforced Composites

Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques have gained interest in the tissue engineering field, thanks to their versatility and unique possibilities of producing constructs with complex macroscopic geometries and defined patterns. Recently, composite materials—namely, heterogeneous biomaterials identified as continuous phase (matrix) and reinforcement (filler)—have been proposed as inks that can be processed by AM to obtain scaffolds with improved biomimetic and bioactive properties. Significant efforts have been dedicated to hydroxyapatite (HA)‐reinforced composites, especially targeting bone tissue engineering, thanks to the chemical similarities of HA with respect to mineral components of native mineralized tissues. Herein, applications of AM techniques to process HA‐reinforced composites and biocomposites for the production of scaffolds with biological matrices, including cellular tissues, are reviewed. The primary outcomes of recent investigations in terms of morphological, structural, and in vitro and in vivo biological properties of the materials are discussed. The approaches based on the nature of the matrices employed to embed the HA reinforcements and produce the tissue substitutes are classified, and a critical discussion is provided on the presented state of the art as well as the future perspectives, to offer a comprehensive picture of the strategies investigated as well as challenges in this emerging field of materiomics.     

Biopolymer Templated Glass with a Twist: Controlling the Chirality,Porosity, and Photonic Properties of Silica with Cellulose Nanocrystals

A detailed investigation of the formation and properties of mesoporous silica templated by the chiral nematic liquid crystal phase of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is presented. Under appropriate conditions, CNCs co‐assemble with silica up to loadings of ≈60 wt% to give composite films with periodic chiral nanostructures. The periodicity of these films can be readily controlled to obtain materials that selectively reflect light with wavelengths ranging from ≈400–1400 nm. The co‐assembly of CNCs and silica into ordered chiral nematic structures is demonstrated to occur within a narrow window of pH and is affected by aging: a slow rate of silica condensation appears to be vital for the formation of well‐ordered materials. CNCs can be removed from the composite films by calcination or acid hydrolysis to give high surface area chiral nematic mesoporous silica (CNMS) with tunable pore diameters. The combination of mesoporosity and chiral nematic ordering in CNMS enables it to be used in a unique way for refractometric sensing applications. It is shown that, when using circular dichroism (CD) signals to monitor the chiral photonic properties of CNMS, variations in refractive index can be detected based on changes of both CD signal intensity and peak position with good sensitivity.     

研究混合连通型压电复合材料的模型及方法

由压电陶瓷颗粒分布在聚合物基体中组成的复合材料，当颗粒尺寸与样品厚度相当或颗粒含量较高时，是0-3／1-3或0-3／3-3混合连通型，具有不同于纯0-3型复合材料的微结构及特性。该文介绍了几种研究该类复合材料的平均模型及平均方法，认为复合材料的有效特性是0-3与1-3或3-3两种连通型平均的结果，从而可预测材料的性能，指导材料的设计。     

机械活化燃烧合成AlN-Al_2O_3复合陶瓷粉

在催化剂氯化铵的作用下,将高能球磨机械活化后的工业铝粉置于空气中自燃,制备出了AlN质量分数约为80%的AlN-Al2O3复合粉体。通过对原始铝粉和球磨铝粉的形貌进行对比分析,探讨了球磨对铝粉的机械力化学效应。借助XRD和扫描电镜分析了燃烧产物的物相、形貌和结构,结果表明,生成的AlN颗粒主要集中于燃烧产物中心部,粒径为2μm;生成的Al2O3颗粒则主要分布于燃烧产物外表面,粒径为100nm。     

石墨/环氧树脂/BaTiO3基PTC复合材料的研究

利用环氧树脂将PTC陶瓷材料与石墨进行复合,探讨了石墨和环氧树脂的含量及两者比例对PTC复合材料性能的影响。在保证该材料具有一定升阻比的前提下,有效地降低了PTC材料的室温电阻率。在大量实验的基础上应用相关理论探讨了其低阻化的机理。     

Reduced Temperature Coefficient of Capacitance (TCC) of Embedded Capacitor Films (ECFs) for Organic Substrates using SrTiO3 and Multifunctional Epoxy

Epoxy/ceramic composites have attracted great interest as embedded capacitor materials, mainly due to the process compatibility of epoxy with printed circuit boards (PCBs). However, one of the potential problems of epoxy/ceramic composites is the temperature dependence of their dielectric properties. This study focuses mainly on reducing the temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC) of epoxy/ceramic composites using multifunctional epoxy and SrTiO₃ powder. The TCC of an epoxy/ceramic composite mainly depends on the properties of its epoxy and ceramic powder. Using multifunctional epoxy, the epoxy resin showed two glass-transition temperatures, resulting in a lower dimensional change after the first glass-transition temperature. Additionally, the TCC of epoxy/SrTiO₃ ECFs can be decreased by increasing the SrTiO₃ powder content. As a result, reduced TCC of epoxy/ceramic composite capacitors using a multifunctional epoxy and SrTiO₃ powder was successfully demonstrated for embedded capacitors in organic substrates.     

P_2O_5-Bi_2O_3掺杂对NiCuZn/PZT电磁性能的影响

首先用sol-gel法制得Pb0.95Sr0.05(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3(PZT)纳米粉料,然后用固相法制备NiCuZn/PZT铁氧体/陶瓷复合材料,研究了P2O5-Bi2O3复合掺杂对复合材料微观结构及电磁性能的影响。结果表明:当w(Bi2O3)=2.5%时,引入适量的P2O5,不仅可使品质因数Q值提高到55,同时起始磁导率和烧结体密度分别提高到19和6.01g/cm3,介质损耗下降到0.025。其电磁性能满足电容器和电感器件的制作要求,有望成为用于叠片式滤波器的电感、电容复合双性材料。     

Material issues in electronic interconnects and packaging

Electronic packages consist of metallic, polymeric, and sometimes ceramic materials as integral entities. Individual physical and mechanical properties of these constituents, and their influence on each other's behavior, affect the overall reliability of the electronic packages. The most common failures in electronic interconnects arise from thermomechanical fatigue of the solder joints. Mismatches in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) that exist between these constituent materials are the main cause of such failures. Several approaches such as alloying and composite methodology are being explored to improve the reliability of the solder, which is metallic in nature, by improving its mechanical attributes. Other avenues such as matching the CTE of the constitutent materials are also being considered. In addition, the metallization of the electrical components and electrically non-conducting polymeric/ceramic layer to make it solderable has also been a source of concern regarding the joint reliability. Another concern relates to the high CTE of polymeric boards. This can cause significant CTE mismatch problems if silicon chips are directly mounted on them. Some of our significant findings in these respects are presented.     

Fe2O3掺杂的BST/MgO铁电移相器材料

采用传统陶瓷工艺制备了Fe2O3掺杂BST/MgO铁电陶瓷材料。研究了Fe2O3掺杂量对该复合体系εr、tanδ等参数的影响。结果表明,适量的掺杂能有效改善体系的电性能。控制掺杂量x(Fe2O3)为0.1%,陶瓷介质在微波频段(S波段)的εr为100.5;tanδ约为5.3×10–3;4000V/mm偏压下的调谐性可达14.2%。采用极化理论对掺杂机理进行了探讨。     

CuAl_(1.6)Fe_(0.4)O_4/凹凸棒石复合材料的制备及可见光催化性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了CuAl1.6Fe0.4O4尖晶石,以凹凸棒石(PG)为载体,合成了CuAl1.6Fe0.4O4/凹凸棒石复合材料。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱测试技术对样品的结构、形貌、吸光性能进行了表征和分析,同时以500W氙灯为光源,亚甲基蓝为降解对象,测试了其可见光催化活性,并详细考察了尖晶石负载量对其光催化性能的影响。实验结果表明,当尖晶石负载量为40%时,其可见光降解性能最佳,最佳降解率达到了98.55%。     

Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite–Drug Nanocrystals as Potential Bone Substitutes with Antitumor Drug Delivery Properties

This Full Paper investigates the adsorption and desorption of the anticancer drugs cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP, cisplatin) and the new platinum(II) complex di(ethylenediamineplatinum)medronate (DPM), as well as the clinically relevant bisphosphonate alendronate, towards two biomimetic synthetic HA nanocrystalline materials with either plate‐shaped (HAps) or needle‐shaped (HAns) morphologies and different chemico‐physical properties. The adsorption and desorption kinetics are dependent on the specific properties of the drugs and the morphology of the HA nanoparticles. Adsorption of the platinum complexes occurs with retention of the nitrogen ligands but the chloride ligands of cisplatin are displaced. Despite their opposite charges, the negatively charged alendronate bisphosphonate and the positively charged aquated cisplatin are strongly adsorbed, while the neutral DPM complex shows lower affinity towards the negatively charged apatitic surface. The data suggest that adsorption of the two platinum complexes is driven by electrostatic attractions, while interaction between the alendronate and the HA surface takes place by ligand exchange in which the two phosphonate groups of the drug molecule replace two surface phosphate groups. Significantly, adsorption of positively charged hydrolysis species of cisplatin is more favored on the phosphate‐rich HAns surface while adsorption of negatively charged alendronate is more favored on the calcium‐rich HAps surface. The latter type of short‐range electrostatic interactions also appear to dominate the desorption kinetics; consequently, drug release is greater for neutral DPM than for charged alendronate and aquated cisplatin. Moreover, while the release per unit area of charged species is the same for the two types of HAs, the release of DPM is faster from HAns, which is lower in surface calcium, than for HAps. Overall, this work demonstrates that the properties of HA nanocrystals can be modulated in such a way to produce HA/biomolecule conjugates tailored for specific therapeutic applications.     

BaSnO_3/BaBiO_3复相陶瓷的显微结构及电性能

以BaCO3、SnO2和Bi2O3为原料,采用传统固相反应法制备了具有NTC特性的BaSnO3/BaBiO3复相陶瓷。借助XRD、SEM和R-t特性测试仪,研究了该陶瓷的相结构、断面形貌及n(BaBiO3)对其电性能的影响。结果表明:随着r(BaBiO3∶BaSnO3)从0.1∶1.0增大到0.9∶1.0,样品的B25/85值从4400K降低到3000K,同时室温电阻率ρ25从106Ω·cm降低到103Ω·cm。     

陶瓷管泥坯微波干燥定形机的研制

陶瓷管泥坯定形通常采用在自然状态下脱水的方法，本文介绍了一种新型的干燥定形设备─—微波干燥定形机，它采用了特殊的传输方式──气垫传输。     

Viscoplastic properties of pressure-less sintered silver materials using indentation

This paper focuses on using a combination of indentation and FEA methods for characterizing the viscoplastic behavior of heterogeneous materials which pose additional challenges because of the non-uniform morphology. In particular, the paper focuses on two forms of pressure-less sintered silver interconnect materials: an adhesive-based particulate composite for low temperature applications and a porous sintered version for high-temperature applications. By using two different post-processing methods (an analytic approach and a computational FEA approach) for the indentation results, we obtain lower and upper estimates to the viscoplastic properties for both of these heterogeneous morphologies. Two types of indenters, spherical and Berkovich, and two types of indentation tests, constant load and constant strain rate, are compared, with regard to their ability to measure the viscoplastic properties of heterogeneous materials.     

强冲击压电陶瓷结构的应力波传播及电压输出特性

为了研究强冲击作用下应力波在压电陶瓷复合结构（前基板-压电陶瓷-后基板）中的传播规律和压电陶瓷的电压输出特性,利用自行构建的聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）冲击压力测试系统和压电陶瓷的电压输出测试系统并结合一级轻气炮加载系统,开展了2A12柱状铝弹丸分别以313m/s、326m/s、379m/s和397m/s的速度正碰撞压电陶瓷复合结构（不同材料的后基板）实验,采集压电陶瓷与后基板间压力传感器产生的电压信号和压电陶瓷的电压输出信号.同时,基于一维弹性波的传播理论,推导了应力波在弹体与压电陶瓷复合结构接触界面所形成的变截面问题中传播时的碰撞速度与压力峰值的计算关系式,得到了不同碰撞速度条件下压电陶瓷后表面处的应力峰值;利用压电陶瓷输出电压与冲击压力峰值间的理论计算关系式并结合Matlab编程对冲击压力的实验数据处理所得到的冲击压力峰值,计算得到了压电陶瓷的电压输出峰值.研究结果表明：通过理论计算得到的冲击压力峰值、电压输出峰值与实验测量所得结果均基本吻合;在碰撞速度接近时,后基板的材料性质（有机玻璃和铝合金）对应力脉冲峰值特征的影响显著,有机玻璃作为后基板的应力脉冲峰值高于后基板为铝合金时的应力脉冲峰值,且有机玻璃作为后基板的脉冲持续时间长于后基板为铝合金时的脉冲持续时间;压电陶瓷的电压输出峰值随冲击压力峰值的增加而增大且二者呈非线性关系.