表面处理对p-GaN欧姆接触的影响

分别用稀盐酸、王水以及(NH4)2S溶液处理p-GaN表面,通过测试样品表面Ols的X射线光电子能谱(XPS),比较了这些溶液去除p-GaN表面氧化层的能力;在经不同溶液处理后的样品表面,以相同的条件制作Ni/Au电极,并测试其与p-GaN的比接触电阻,结果表明经稀盐酸处理后的样品表面,由于其氧含量较高,不能与Ni/Au形成良好的欧姆接触,而经王水和(NH4)2S溶液处理后的p-GaN表面,能与Ni/Au形成良好的欧姆接触;最后,通过比较样品表面的Ga/N原子浓度比,探讨了王水处理p-GaN表面能够形成良好欧姆接触的原因.     

p-GaN／Au欧姆接触的研究

本文对p-GaN/Au的接触电阻率进行了研究．用沸腾的王水处理p-GaN表面后,p-GaN/Au可直接形成电阻率为0．045Ω·cm~2的欧姆接触．接触电阻率测试和I-V特性曲线测试表明,在N_2气氛围中退火可影响p-GaN/Au接触电阻率的大小．在700℃温度下退火5min后,接触电阻率最小,其值为0．034Ω·cm~2,而在900℃温度下退火5min后,I-V特性曲线是非线性的。分析表明,在700℃温度下退火后,p-GaN/Au的界面间的反应使接触面增大,而在900℃温度下退火后,p-GaN表面的N会扩散到Au层里在p-GaN表面层产生N空位,这是p-GaN/Au接触电阻率变化的主要原因．     

表面处理对AlGaN欧姆接触的影响及机理

研究了溶液表面处理对AlGaN欧姆接触的影响及机理。用氟硝酸(HNO3+HF)、稀盐酸(HCl)和硫代乙酰胺(CS3CSNH2)溶液处理AlGaN表面后,Ti/Al/Ti/Au电极的比接触电阻率有显著的降低。样品表面Ga3d与O1s的X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测试结果显示:氧元素含量明显降低,表明这三种溶液可以有效地去除AlGaN表面氧化层,其中CS3CSNH2效果最佳;Ga3d峰位在表面处理后发生蓝移现象,相当于AlGaN表面处的费米能级向导带一侧移动,使电子在隧穿过程中的有效势垒高度降低。以上两个因素均对优化AlGaN/GaN欧姆接触有十分重要的意义。     

p-InGaN与Ni/Au的欧姆接触特性研究

通过对不同厚度的p-InGaN样品进行环形传输线欧姆接触实验,发现p-InGaN与Ni/Au的比接触电阻随InGaN层厚度的增大而增大,且当InGaN层的厚度小于某一特定值时,其比接触电阻低于p-GaN与Ni/Au的欧姆比接触电阻,通过分析认为这是由InGaN层的极化效应导致接触势垒降低和载流子隧穿几率增大造成的,但同时受样品表面形貌和InN本身固有的积累电子层的特性影响,当InGaN层的厚度超过这一特定值后其接触特性反而比p-GaN差。     

表面处理对p-GaN欧姆接触特性的影响

研究了王水溶液对p-GaN欧姆接触特性的作用.在蒸镀欧姆电极之前采用王水溶液对表面进行处理,使p-GaN的比接触电阻从8×10-3降低到2.9×10-4Ω·cm2.利用X射线光电子谱(XPS)对p-GaN表面氧含量进行分析,结果表明王水可以有效地去除p-GaN表面的氧化物,从而改善p-GaN的欧姆接触特性.     

难熔金属与n-GaAs的欧姆接触特性

用磁控溅射系统和快速合金化法制备了Mo/W/Ti/Au多层金属和n-GaAs材料的欧姆接触,在溅射金属层之前分别用HCl溶液和(NH4)2S溶液对n-GaAs材料的表面进行处理.用传输线法对比接触电阻进行了测试,并利用俄歇电子能谱(AES)、X射线衍射图谱(XRD)对接触的微观结构进行了分析.结果表明,用(NH4)2S溶液对n-GaAs材料表面进行处理后,比接触电阻最小;在700℃快速合金化后获得最低的比接触电阻,约为4.5×10-6Ω·cm2.这是由于(NH4)2S溶液钝化处理后降低了GaAs的表面态密度,消除了费米能级钉扎效应,从而改善了难熔金属与GaAs的接触特性.     

难熔金属与n-GaAs的欧姆接触特性

用磁控溅射系统和快速合金化法制备了Mo/W/Ti/Au多层金属和n-GaAs材料的欧姆接触,在溅射金属层之前分别用HCl溶液和(NH4)2S溶液对n-GaAs材料的表面进行处理．用传输线法对比接触电阻进行了测试,并利用俄歇电子能谱（AES）、X射线衍射图谱（XRD）对接触的微观结构进行了分析．结果表明,用(NH4)2S溶液对n-GaAs材料表面进行处理后,比接触电阻最小;在700℃快速合金化后获得最低的比接触电阻,约为4.5×10－6Ω·cm2．这是由于(NH4)2S溶液钝化处理后降低了GaAs的表面态密度,消除了费米能级钉扎效应,从而改善了难熔金属与GaAs的接触特性．     

金属/p-GaAs界面态对接触电阻作用机理的研究

本文针对大功率垂直腔面发射激光器(vertical cavity surface emitting laser, VCSEL)阵列热阻大、出光不均匀的问题,研究p-GaAs层欧姆接触电阻值的作用机理,降低欧姆接触串联电阻的方法,以提高VCSEL阵列出射光功率的均匀性。基于3种常用欧姆接触金属Ti/Au、Ni/Au、Ti/Al/Ti/Au,研究各层金属厚度和金属组合对与p型欧姆接触电阻的作用规律;结合等离子体表面处理工艺,改变金属/p-GaAs界面态,研究界面态对欧姆接触电阻的影响规律。实验对比分析得到金属Ti/Au结构电极欧姆接触的比接触电阻率最低,为3.25×10^-4 Ω·cm²;基于金半接触势垒模型,通过表面等离子体处理,界面势垒可降低12.6%(0.269 2 eV降至0.235 3 eV),等离子体轰击功率可调控金半界面的势垒和态密度。     

p型GaN材料的表面物理特性

运用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和俄歇电子能谱(AES)等表面分析手段对表面状态不同的p-GaN样品进行了分析.在样品表面制作了Ni/Au电极并进行了I-V特性测试.实验结果表明样品表面镓氮元素化学比(Ga/N)的减小以及C,O杂质含量的减少可以改善电极的欧姆接触性能.     

p-GaN与Ni/Pt欧姆接触的研究

本文对p-GaN与Ni/Pt形成欧姆接触及其电流传输机制进行了研究。I-V变温测试曲线是线形的,表明Ni/Pt与p-GaN之所以能形成欧姆接触,是因为Ni/Pt与p-GaN接触在空气中退火时界面处的p-GaN空穴浓度增加了,从而降低了有效势垒高度。在148K～323K范围内,单位接触电阻R_c随测试温度T的升高趋于呈指数下降,表明Ni/Pt与p-GaN欧姆接触的电流传输机制遵循热电子发射。     

The improvement of electrical properties of Pd-based contact to p-GaN by surface treatment

The surface treatment effect on the interfacial reaction and electrical property of Au/Pd contacts to p-GaN has been investigated. The contact resistance of Au/Pd contacts on boiling aqua regia treated p-GaN was lower than aqua regia treated p-GaN by one order of magnitude. The specific contact resistivity of Au/Pd contacts on boiling aqua regia treated p-GaN increased with annealing temperature, but that on aqua regia treated p-GaN decreased with annealing temperature and it showed minimum value after annealing at 700°C. According to the results of the interfacial reaction, the Au/Pd contact metals reacted more easily with aqua regia treated p-GaN than boiling aqua regia treated p-GaN. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that the relative surface Ga-to-N ratio of boiling aqua regia treated p-GaN was lower than that of aqua regia treated p-GaN and the surface of p-GaN was modified from Ga-termination to N-termination by surface treatment using boiling aqua regia. According to the results of surface analysis and interfacial reaction of Au/Pd/p-GaN, it could be concluded that the different temperature dependence of contact resistance according to the surface treatment conditions was related strongly to the surface modification of p-GaN from Ga-termination to N-termination.     

Effects of surface treatment using aqua regia solution on the change of surface band bending of p-type GaN

Effects of surface treatment on the change of band bending at the surface of p-type GaN were studied using synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy, and the results were used to interpret the reduction of contact resistivity by the surface treatment. The contact resistivity on p-type GaN decreased from (5.1±1.2)×10⁻¹ to (9.3±3.5)×10⁻⁵Ω cm² by the surface treatment using aqua regia prior to Pt deposition. Surface band bending was reduced by 0.58 eV and 0.87 eV after the surface treatments by HCl and aqua regia solutions, respectively. The atomic ratio of Ga/N decreased as the photoelectron detection angle was decreased, indicating that the surface oxide was mainly composed of Ga and O, GaO_x, formed during high-temperature annealing for the generation of holes, and Ga vacancies, V_Ga, were produced below the GaO_x layer. Consequently, the aqua regia treatment plays a role in removing GaO_x formed on p-type GaN, leading to the shift of the Fermi level toward the energy levels of V_Ga located near the valence band edge. This causes the decrease of barrier height for the transport of holes, resulting in the good ohmic contacts to p-type GaN.     

日盲探测器高Al组分n-Al0.6Ga0.4N欧姆接触

研究了应用于目盲探测器的高Al组分Si掺杂n型Al0.6Ga0.4N与两层金属层Ti(20nm)/Al(100nm)之间的欧姆接触.在制作金属电极前用煮沸王水对样片进行表面预处理,会属制作后再在N2氛了围中做快速热退火处理.使用高精度XRD测试样品表面特性,并对不同温度下的情况进行比较.样品的比接触电阻率是用环形传输线模型通过Ⅰ-Ⅴ测试得到.670℃下90s退火得到最优ρc为3.42×10-4n·cm2.将该处理方法应用到实际的背照式AlGaN p-i-n日盲探测器中,探测器的光谱响应度和反向特性等参数得到很大的优化.     

p型GaN上Pd/NiO/Al/Ni反射电极欧姆接触的热稳定性研究

研究了p型GaN上Pd/NiO/Al/Ni反射电极欧姆接触的比接触电阻率、热稳定性,以及光学反射率。与传统Pd/Al/Ni电极相比,Pd/NiO/Al/Ni电极的欧姆接触在氮气环境中经300℃下热处理10min后,仍保持低比接触电阻率(小于5×10-4Ω·cm2)和高反射率(大于80%@365nm)。研究获得的优化Pd/NiO层厚度为1nm/2nm,此时的Pd/NiO/Al/Ni反射电极既能形成良好的欧姆接触,拥有低比接触电阻率,又能减少对紫外光的吸收,保持高反射率。研究表明适当的NiO层厚度能够有效地防止热处理过程中上层Al金属向p-GaN表面层的渗入,对于制备高质量的Al基反射电极至关重要。     

大功率倒装结构GaN LED p电极研究

从接触电阻、反射率、电流扩展等方面对Ni/Au/Ag,ITO/Ag,Ag等多种倒装结构p电极金属体系进行分析比较，给出了实现倒装结构大功率GaN LED p电极的多种设计方案. 指出Ni/Au金属化体系在大功率LED应用中存在的热稳定性问题及Ru,Ir等新型金属体系实现GaN p电极接触的潜在优势.     

Interface observation in Au/Ni/p-GaN studied by HREM and energy-filtering TEM

The contact resistance of Au/Ni/p-GaN ohmic contacts for different annealing conditions was measured. This was then correlated with microstructure, including phase distribution, observed by high-resolution electron microscopy combined with energy-filtering imaging. A contact resistance of 2.22 x 10(-4) ohms cm2 for Au/Ni contacts to p-GaN after annealing at 500 degrees C for 5 min in air ambient was obtained. NiO layers were identified at the interface and upper area of annealed Ni/Au/p-GaN for air ambient. In addition, an Au layer was found at the interface of p-GaN due to a reversal reaction during annealing. Identification of the observed phases is discussed, along with possible formation mechanisms for the ohmic contacts in the Au/Ni/p-GaN system.     

p-GaN ICP刻蚀损伤研究

运用Cl2/N2等离子体系统,系统研究了ICP刻蚀中ICP功率、RF功率、反应室压力和Cl2百分比对p型GaN材料的物理表面形貌和欧姆接触特性的影响.原子力显微镜显示,在文中所用的刻蚀条件范围内,刻蚀并没有引起表面形貌较大的变化,刻蚀表面的均方根粗糙度在1.2nm以下.结果还显示,已刻蚀p-GaN材料的电特性与物理表面形貌没有直观联系,刻蚀后欧姆接触特性变差更多地是因为刻蚀中浅施主能级的引入,使表面附近空穴浓度降低所致.     

p型GaN基器件的欧姆接触

宽带隙的GaN具有优良的物理和化学性质,己成为半导体领域研究的热点之一。p型GaN的欧姆接触问题制约了GaN基器件的进-步发展。本文首先介绍了欧姆接触的原理及评价方法,详细讨论了实现良好的p型GaN欧姆接触的主要方法是采取表面处理技术、选择合适的金属电极材料和进行热退火处理,以及研究进展情况。最后指出目前存在的问题并提出今后的研究方向。     

Improvement of InGaN-GaN light-emitting diodes with surface-textured indium-tin-oxide transparent ohmic contacts

Presents a surface-textured indium-tin-oxide (ITO) transparent ohmic contact layer on p-GaN to increase the optical output of nitride-based light-emitting diodes (LED) without destroying the p-GaN. The surface-textured ITO layer was prepared by lithography and dry etching, and dimensions of the regular pattern were approximately 3 /spl times/ 3 /spl mu/m. The operating voltage of the surface-textured LED was almost the same as that of the typical planar LED since the ITO layer was in ohmic contact with the p-GaN. The experimental results indicate that the surface-textured ITO layer is suitable for fabricating high-brightness GaN-based light emitting devices.     

Ni层厚度对p-GaN/Ni/Au欧姆接触特性的影响

对p-GaN/Ni/Au欧姆接触特性与Ni金属层厚度之间的相关性进行了对比实验研究,利用XRD衍射结果与表面金相显微分析手段对Ni/Au双层金属电极在合金退火过程中的行为特性进行了细致探讨。分析结果表明:在Ni/Au电极结构中,由双层互扩散机制与NiO氧化反应机理决定,Ni层与Au层之间的厚度比率对p型GaN欧姆接触特性的优劣有重要影响,在Ni、Au层厚度相当时可获得最佳的p型欧姆接触。