Infrared loss increase phenomenon of coated optical fibers at high temperatures

The loss increase phenomenon of coated optical fibers at high temperature has been studied. The wavelength dependent loss increase, observed for plastic-coated fibers at 200°C, is found to be irreversible. During heating, the absorption peak of second overtone of Ge-OH preferentially appeared. The dependence of the loss increase on temperature, heating time, and dopant is also examined. The loss increase level is strongly dependent on phosphorous concentration. The experimental results indicate that the loss increase is caused by chemical reactions between fiber constituent materials and hydrogen generated from coating materials. It is also confirmed that the heating test of secondary coated fiber is a practical, useful method to evaluate the hydroxyl loss increase of optical fibers.     

Estimation of long-term transmission loss increase in silica-basedoptical fibers under hydrogen atmosphere

The irreversible loss increase in silica-based optical fibers due to hydrogen is discussed on the basis of results of various high-temperature tests. The results show that germanium-doped-core fibers have different behavior with respect to irreversible loss increase, and that a pure-silica-core fiber fabricated under optimum conditions is very stable against irreversible loss increase. The estimation of long-term transmission loss stability is also discussed, and high-temperature testing is certified to be effective for estimating the long-term loss stability under low temperature     

Loss increase for optical fibers exposed to hydrogen atmosphere

Loss spectrum changes for optical fibers exposed to a hydrogen atmosphere in the15-200degC temperature range are measured. Loss increase due to molecular hydrogen dissolved into fibers is investigated from the loss peak at 1.24 μm, and that due to hydroxyl group formation from the loss peak at 1.41 μm. The loss increase due to molecular hydrogen is fully explained by physical solubility theory and diffusion equation. The empirical formula for time, temperature, and hydrogen-pressure dependences of the loss increase due to hydroxyl group formation is evaluated from the experimental results. The loss increase at 1.3- and 1.5-μm wavelength band at room temperature are estimated.     

Absorption loss at high temperatures in aluminum- and copper-coated optical fibers

Thermally induced variations in the optical loss of optical fibers with metal (copper and aluminum) coatings are studied. It is demonstrated that an increase in the loss related to the OH groups depends on the medium in which the annealing takes place (an increase in the loss related to the OH groups in argon is greater than the increase in air) and on the dopant (an increase in the loss in the core doped with GeO₂ + P₂O₅ is greater than the increase in GeO₂).     

Influence of Hydrogen on Optical Fiber Loss in Submarine Cables

Characteristics of the loss increase in optical fibers due to hydrogen permeation are described, and it is shown that the loss increase due to OH formation in GeO2-doped single-mode fibers is thought to be small compared to the loss increase due to the vibration of hydrogen molecules even in 20 years. Furthermore, the hydrogen generation due to electrochemical reaction in the optical cables is described. Finally, the countermeasure against the problem is discussed.     

Loss increases due to chemical reactions of hydrogen in silica glass optical fibers

Loss increases due to the chemical reactions of hydrogen are investigated for GeO2-doped, GeO2. F-doped, and pure silica core fibers. Dissolved hydrogen gas causes the hydroxyl loss increase as well as the short-wavelength loss increase in the first two fiber types at high temperatures. The short-wavelength loss increase is attributed to two kinds of ultraviolet absorption increases. Doping fluorine reduces both of these loss increases as well as enhances the activation energy of the hydroxyl formation.     

Thermal characteristics of jacketed optical fibers with initial imperfection

Thermal characteristics of optical loss and fiber strain in jacketed single-mode optical fibers with initial fiber axis deformation have been examined theoretically and experimentally. Fiber axis deformation due to temperature change is theoretically analyzed by applying buckling theory for a bar on an elastic foundation. Optical loss increase and fiber strain are measured for two kinds of fibers which have different initial fiber axis deformation. Experimental results approximately coincide with values calculated from the theory. It is clarified from these results that the fiber strain due to temperature change is smaller and loss increase at low temperatures is larger for the fiber with larger initial axis deformation. A design method for jacketed single-mode optical fibers to prevent loss increase at low temperatures is given.     

Fibre loss increase due to hydrogen generated at high temperatures

The loss changes at 1.39 and 1.88 ?m are measured for various nylon-jacketed fibres at a high temperature of 200°C. The loss increase at 1.39 ?m is due to the Si-OH-bond formation, and that at 1.88 ?m is caused by the absorption of hydrogen molecules in the silica glass. It is found that the loss increase due to the OH-bond formation is in proportion to the time-integrated concentration of the generated hydrogen molecules.     

Studies on Loss Aging in Submarine Coaxial Cable During Storage

Attenuation loss change in submarine coaxial cables during 4 years of storage has been measured. Attenuation loss is shown to increase for one year after manufacturing. Then, loss is also shown to increase during summer (May to October) and to stay constant or to decrease during winter (November to April of the next year). This work concentrates on the causes and an estimation method of loss aging. The first part of the paper covers experimental results on the cable aging phenomenon. The second part discusses various factors affecting loss aging, and shows that fretting corrosion on the outer conductor tape will be a main factor. The third part describes an estimation method for and countermeasures to avoid loss aging during cable storage.     

Stress and temperature effects on optical loss increase for phosphor-doped silica fibre in the long wavelength region

Irreversible loss increase in the long-wavelength region is first observed for phosphor-doped silica fibres with silicone resin layer by applying the stress at high temperature. The loss increment becomes larger for longer wavelengths. Experimental results show that the loss increase is strongly dependent on stress and temperature.     

Wavelength-dependent optical loss increase in graded-index optical fibre transmission lines

Wavelength-dependent optical loss increase in GeO2-P2O5-doped graded-index optical fibre transmission lines has been observed. The loss increase is found to depend strongly on the P2O5 concentration. By reducing the P2O5 concentration, loss increases at 1.3 ?m can be suppressed to a sufficient extent without any hindrance for practical usage.     

Germanium-dopant effect on hydroxyl loss increase in optical fibers

The germanium-dopant effect on hydroxyl loss increase in optical fibers is studied experimentally. The distribution profile of hydroxyl absorption which is caused by hydrogen diffusion is measured for GeO2-doped silica glasses. From the experiment, it is found that the distribution profile of induced hydroxyl absorption is similar to the GeO2concentration profile. Moreover, the absorption loss increases due to hydrogen diffusion are measured for GeO2-doped silica fibers. From the experiment, it is concluded that the induced molecular hydrogen loss as well as the induced hydroxyl loss increases with an increase in the GeO2concentration.     

Influence of impurities on loss increase in optical fibre

The influence of impurities on hydrogen-induced OH loss increase and radiation-induced loss increase is examined in GeO2-doped SiO2 fibres with a synthetic SiO2 clad. Fibres contaminated by both aluminium and sodium ions show loss increases as great as fibres with a natural SiO2 clad.     

Dopant effect on transmission loss increase due to hydrogen permeation

The transmission loss increase due to hydrogen permeation in a GeO2-doped silica fibre and a P2O5-doped silica fibre are investigated. As a result, the difference of the loss increase between them is observed, and is considered to be due to the difference of the electronegativity between silica, germanium and phosphorus.     

Effect of temperature rise and hydrostatic pressure on microbending loss and refractive index change in double-coated optical fiber

This paper presents an analysis of the effect of temperature rise and hydrostatic pressure on microbending loss, refractive index change, and stress components of a double-coated optical fiber by considering coating material parameters such as Young's modulus and the Poisson ratio.

It is shown that, when temperature rises, the microbending loss and refractive index changes would decrease with increase of thickness of primary coating layer and will increase after passing through a minima. Increase of thickness of secondary coating layer causes the microbending loss and refractive index changes to decrease.

We have shown that the temperature rise affecting the fiber makes the microbending loss and refractive index decrease, linearly. At a particular temperature, the microbending loss takes negative values, due to tensile pressure applied on the fiber.

The increase of Young's modulus and the Poisson ratio of primary coating would lower the microbending loss and refractive index change whereas in the secondary coating layer, the condition reverses.     

机械可调谐的长周期光纤光栅的写制实验研究

深入研究了采用机械微弯法写制长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)的方案,进一步分析此方案中各种因素对LPFG特性的影响。写制的周期性凹槽板谐振波长变化率为17.7 nm/0.01 mm。当仅增加压力时,损耗峰值先增加,最大可调谐到16.248 dB。当压力过大时,损耗峰值减小。同时附加损耗随着压力增大而增加。而当压力一定时,损耗峰值随着周期性凹槽板的周期数目的增加而减小。研究结果有利于LPFG灵活运用于EDFA增益平坦和滤波应用等方面。     

Transmission loss increase in optical fibres due to hydrogen permeation

The experiment of soaking the optical fibre cable in water is carried out. As a result, a tremendously large transmission loss increase is observed at 1.24 ?m. Through a fundamental experiment, it is shown that hydrogen permeation causes the transmission loss increase in optical fibres.     

A comparison of microstrip models to low temperature co-fired ceramic–silver microstrip measurements

A number of analytical and numerical models for microstrip lines are used for analyzing the propagation loss of CaO–B₂O₃–SiO₂-based low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) subjected to different processing conditions. An optimal microstrip model is identified for the frequency range between 0.5 and 15 GHz and used for the extraction of dielectric loss for this material system. The measurements show that the dominant loss contribution changes from the conductor to dielectric loss as the processing temperature for the LTCC dielectrics is lowered. Comparison with microstructural analysis shows that the increase in dielectric loss is strongly correlated to an increase in the amorphous SiO₂ content in the ceramic matrix.     

Microbending losses of P2O5-doped graded-index multimode fibre

Measurement results showing that the cabling loss of P2O5-doped MCVD graded-index multimode fibre increases for wavelengths longer than 1.3 ?m have been obtained. This letter investigates the cause for this loss increase. It also has been found that the loss increase is caused by P-OH bond absorption near the core-cladding boundary, where OH ions are diffused from the fused-quartz tube.     

Two-layer interdigital transducer for acoustic-surface-wave devices

Using photomasks with the same resolution as for conventional transducers, it is shown that a 2-layer interdigital transducer doubles the operating frequency of acoustic-surface-wave devices, at the sacrifice of some increase in conversion loss. The origin of the increased loss is attributed to a geometrical factor and a dielectric loss in the insulating layer.