吐哈盆地油源研究新认识

在亚稳态条件下,用GC－MS－MS研究m/z 233-262范围内二萜类的分布,发现吐哈盆地存在两种类型原油及相应的源岩。二叠系－三叠系所产原油富含扁枝烷,其主要来源于上二叠统塔尔郎组泥岩;中、下侏罗统原油富含17－降四环烷,与中侏罗统西山窑组的煤有较密切的亲缘关系,显示了煤成油特点,在吐哈盆地煤成油具有重要意义。     

吐哈盆地油源研究新进展

根据吐哈盆地烃源岩和原油的生物标志物组成特征及系统油源对比结果,并佐以原油正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素资料,可将盆地原油分为三大类,即煤成油、成水湖相泥岩成油和淡水湖相泥岩成油。为了进一步确定煤成油的主要烃源岩是煤岩还是煤系泥岩,在亚稳定状态下用GC-MS-MS研究m／z233-m／z262的二萜类化合物,并用其进行油源精细对比,认为吐哈盆地台北凹陷煤成油主要来自中侏罗统煤岩。     

民和盆地原油地球化学特征与油源对比

民和盆地是一个油、煤、气共生的盆地,其原油属中等密度、低粘度、低硫高蜡较轻质油,具饱和烃含量高(占原油的60%~80%)和C27甾烷含量低、C29甾烷含量高等特点。指出中侏罗统窑街组的暗色泥岩、油页岩、碳质泥岩及煤为主要烃源岩,上侏罗统享堂组及下白垩统河口组砂岩为主要储集岩。通过饱和烃气相色谱、甾烷、霍烷、生物标记化合物等的对比表明,民和盆地原油与中侏罗统窑街组的暗色泥岩和油页岩有较明显的亲缘关系,因此认为民和盆地的原油主要来自中侏罗统窑街组的暗色泥岩和油页岩。     

吐-哈盆地侏罗系油藏煤成油问题的讨论

吐鲁番哈密盆地的侏罗系油藏因处于富含煤系的地层中而被认为是煤成油藏。中二叠统和下侏罗统湖相泥岩和腐泥煤以及中上三叠统烛藻煤富含壳质组和腐泥组,生油潜能极高;下中侏罗统腐殖煤富含镜质组和惰质组,生液态烃能力较差。生烃组合分为烛藻煤深湖相泥岩和腐殖煤烛煤浅湖相泥岩两种类型。生物标记化合物显示出侏罗系原油富藿烷、贫萜烷,甾烷图谱呈“V”字形,表明以细菌和低等水生生物生烃为主,与二叠系湖相泥岩和腐泥煤生物标志化合物图谱相似;而侏罗系腐殖煤则显示富萜烷、轻烃化合物极少,甾烷图谱呈反“L”型特征,表明以高等植物生烃为主,生油潜能极低。侏罗系油藏是以二叠系、三叠系及下侏罗统湖相泥岩、烛藻煤为主要油源的混源型油藏。     

吐哈盆地煤成烃研究

根据原油生物标记化合物有关参数的聚类分析,将吐哈盆地原油分成源于侏罗纪煤系沼泽相(包括煤为源岩)的第一类原油,源于中、下侏罗统过渡相富藻碳质泥岩和富藻煤的第二类原油和源于上二叠统塔尔郎组湖相泥岩的第三类原油。根据原油中生物标记物的年代学特征,提出利用二萜烷指数将侏罗系的原油(二萜烷指数>08)与上二叠统的原油(二萜烷指数<0.5)加以区别的方法。根据不同沉积相带原油和相应源岩饱和烃组分中17降扁枝烷和5a雄甾烷以及芳烃中的三芳甾系列化合物进行了精细的油源对比,确定了本区三类原油的17降扁枝烷、5a雄甾烷和三芳甾系列化合物的分布特征及沉积相序关系,进一步从油源对比的角度证明了本区存在源于中、下侏罗统的具有商业价值的煤成油。     

吐哈盆地台北凹陷西部油源浅析

吐哈盆地是我国唯一发现的一个油气以煤成油为主的盆地,其中台北凹陷是吐哈盆地的主体凹陷,也是发现油气最多的凹陷。以丘陵构造带为界,可将台北凹陷分为东西两部分。东部原油的特征具有典型的煤成油特征,西部原油的特征则界于湖相油和煤成油之间。从表面上看,西部原油特征具有混源特征,但从原油碳同位素、饱芳比、姥植比等指标的分布区间进行分析,西部原油这些指标值的分布区间明显小于东部原油。因此,西部原油不可能由湖相油和煤成油混合而成,而是由性质界于典型湖相泥岩和煤系源岩之间的中、下侏罗统湖相泥岩所生成。根据石油地质综合分析,胜北次凹的前侏罗系烃源岩并非台北凹陷西部原油的油源。      

典型海相油和典型煤成油轻烃组成特征及地球化学意义

通过对塔里木盆地塔中隆起典型海相原油和吐哈盆地典型煤成油的轻烃组分、Mango参数和成熟度等分析后发现:2类原油轻烃组分含量差异明显，塔中隆起海相油富含正庚烷,吐哈盆地煤成油则富含甲基环己烷;塔中隆起海相油Mango参数K₁值分布在0.97~1.19之间，与Mango所报道的结果相一致，而吐哈盆地煤成油的K₁值却异常高（1.35~1.66）；塔中隆起海相油成熟度参数庚烷值(32.3%~45.4%)和异庚烷值(1.9~3.7)高于煤成油，已处于高成熟阶段，塔中隆起典型海相油的形成温度要明显高于吐哈盆地煤成油。     

典型海相油和煤成油饱和烃生物标志化合物特征研究

通过对塔里木盆地塔中隆起典型海相原油和吐哈盆地典型煤成油的饱和烃生物标志化合物系统剖析,对比分析了海相油与煤成油在饱和烃生标组合上的差异。海相油中Pr/Ph小于1,补身烷含量远高于升补身烷含量,三环萜烷含量丰富、富含C23、C24三萜化合物且C24四环萜烷含量较低,Ts/Tm较高、且伽马蜡烷含量明显高于煤成油,C27规则甾烷含量较高,而重排化合物含量较低。煤成油中Pr/Ph大于2.5,升补身烷含量高于补身烷含量,三环萜烷含量很低、富含C19、C20三萜化合物且C24四环萜烷含量较高,Ts/Tm很低、基本不含伽马蜡烷,C29规则甾烷含量相对较高;富含重排化合物。2类原油饱和烃生物标志化合物分布模式与组成特征揭示了其有机质的来源、类型、成熟度与沉积环境的差异。     

吐哈盆地"煤成油"问题再认识

吐哈盆地被认为是典型的煤成油盆地。通过煤岩的富氢显微组成、模拟生烃特征、特殊的油气成藏规律及不同地区预测资源量与探明油气资源量之间的对比分析发现,吐哈盆地侏罗系煤岩并不具有大规模生、排液态烃并形成商业性油田的能力。结合其他地质、地球化学证据,认为台北凹陷中侏罗统油气并不是严格意义上的“煤成油”。而是深层湖相与煤系的“混源油”。     

新疆三塘湖盆地二叠系油源分析

三塘湖盆地主要分布有中、下侏罗统水须沟群,中、上三叠统小泉沟群和二叠系上藉藉槽群3套生油岩.目前已在中侏罗统西山密组砂砾岩及下二叠统卡拉岗组火山岩中发现了油气流或油气显示.本文介绍了三塘湖盆地主要生油岩和二叠系原油的地球化学特征,根据原油和生油岩总体组成和分子地球化学组成特征进行油源对比,分析了二叠系原油的主要来源油源.      

焉耆盆地原油物理化学特征及油源对比研究

在焉耆盆地侏罗系三工河组和八道湾组均发现原油,目前关于侏罗系产层原油的油源问题存在不同的认识。对研究区原油的物理、化学性质进行系统的研究,认为侏罗系三工河组和八道湾组原油不仅在物理性质上有一定的差别,而且在地球化学组成及生物标记化合物上也有一定的差异,应具有不同的来源。侏罗系三工河组原油属于典型腐殖型干酪根成因,而侏罗系八道湾组原油除了具有腐殖型干酪根成因的某些特征外,还具有湖相泥岩生烃的特点。通过原油与各类源岩生物标志物进一步对比分析发现,侏罗系三工河组原油与西山窑、三工河组烃源岩及石炭系、三叠系烃源岩地球化学特征均存在明显差异,与侏罗系八道湾组烃源岩对比性较好。侏罗系八道湾组原油与八道湾组、三叠系源岩有一定相似性,因此认为八道湾组源岩为其主要源岩,三叠系源岩也有一定的贡献。目前勘探生产主要以八道湾组烃源岩为目标,下一步应加强对三叠系烃源岩贡献区带的勘探部署。      

酒东盆地营尔凹陷油气生成和运移聚集

酒东盆地营尔凹陷存在下白垩统和中、下侏罗统２套生油层。其中，下白垩统中沟组下段有机质丰度类型最好，但尚处于低熟阶段；成熟的、中、下株罗统是极重要的生油层。营尔凹陷内，２套生油层生物标志物分布截然不同；下白垩统和中、下侏罗统的原油是２类自生自储原油；３个异常高压流体带严格控制油气的纵向运移聚集。     

柴达木盆地北缘东段大煤沟组一段优质烃源岩

柴达木盆地北缘地区的中 下侏罗统是主要的油气源岩,而其中的大煤沟组七段是优质油气源岩。为了进一步评价柴达木盆地北缘东段侏罗系生烃能力,系统采集了大煤沟剖面中 下侏罗统大煤沟组的泥岩、油页岩、碳质泥岩、煤岩等样品,并进行了系统的常规的有机地球化学分析（有机碳,S₁+S₂,I _H,沥青A,总烃,H/C与O/C值,干酪根,碳同位素组成δ¹³C,生物标志化合物规则甾烷的组成等）。结果表明,大煤沟组一段与七段一样,是优质油气源岩,这是柴达木盆地北缘地区的新发现。大煤沟组孢粉的显微沉积有机质组成及有机质类型的研究也证实了上述结论。在对盆地中-下侏罗统进行油气资源评价及勘探部署时,对大煤沟组一段的优质油气源岩应给予足够的重视。     

HYDROCARBON HABITAT OF THE SEDANO TROUGH,BASQUE‐CANTABRIAN BASIN,SPAIN

This paper analyzes the hydrocarbon habitat and potential of the Sedano trough in the SW sector of the Basque‐Cantabrian Basin (northern Spain). The study is based on regional geological data, geochemical analyses, basin modelling simulations and play analysis techniques, and attempts to quantify by volumetric resource appraisal the volume of hydrocarbons generated, expelled and migrated from the main Sedano trough depocentre. A Lower Jurassic shale source rock has been identified and is responsible for the oil at Ayoluengo field, for the oil shows at the Polientes and Tozo wells, and for the Zamanzas and Basconcillos de Tozo tar sands which outcrop at the NE and SW margins of the Sedano trough respectively. Thermal history modelling indicates that petroleum generation and expulsion from the Lower Jurassic source rock started in the Sedano trough in the Early Cretaceous, with the main oil generation phase occurring in latest Cretaceous to Paleogene times. GC, GC‐MS and isotopic analyses of oils, tar sands and source rock extracts from the Sedano trough indicate good correlations between the Lower Jurassic source rock and the Ayoluengo oil, and tar sands from the basin margins. Petroleum plays and traps are abundant and are a result of a complex polyphase geological history. They can be grouped into:(i) early salt‐induced structural plays; (ii) later structural plays associated with a mid‐Tertiary compressional phase; and (iii) stratigraphic plays within the Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous siliciclastic succession. A volumetric resource appraisal of the Lower Jurassic source rock indicates that a total of 11 billion bbl of oil could have been generated and expelled in the Sedano trough, and around 880 million bbl of oil have migrated into potential traps in 15 identified drainage areas. This results in a generation‐accumulation efficiency of 7%. Undiscovered resources have been estimated at 154 million bbl of oil, indicating that there is still moderate undiscovered hydrocarbon potential in the area.     

HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF MIDDLE JURASSIC COALY AND LACUSTRINE AND UPPER JURASSIC – LOWERMOST CRETACEOUS MARINE SOURCE ROCKS IN THE SØGNE BASIN,NORTH SEA

The Søgne Basin in the Danish‐Norwegian Central Graben is unique in the North Sea because it has been proven to contain commercial volumes of hydrocarbons derived only from Middle Jurassic coaly source rocks. Exploration here relies on the identification of good quality, mature Middle Jurassic coaly and lacustrine source rocks and Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous marine source rocks. The present study examines source rock data from almost 900 Middle Jurassic and Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous samples from 21 wells together with 286 vitrinite reflectance data from 14 wells. The kerogen composition and kinetics for bulk petroleum formation of three Middle Jurassic lacustrine samples were also determined. Differences in kerogen composition between the coaly and marine source rocks result in two principal oil windows: (i) the effective oil window for Middle Jurassic coaly strata, located at ～3800 m and spanning at least ～650 m; and (ii) the oil window for Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous marine mudstones, located at ～3250 m and spanning ～650 m. A possible third oil window may relate to Middle Jurassic lacustrine deposits. Middle Jurassic coaly strata are thermally mature in the southern part of the Søgne Basin and probably also in the north, whereas they are largely immature in the central part of the basin. HI_max values of the Middle Jurassic coals range from ～150–280 mg HC/g TOC indicating that they are gas‐prone to gas/oil‐prone. The overall source rock quality of the Middle Jurassic coaly rocks is fair to good, although a relatively large number of the samples are of poor source rock quality. At the present day, Middle Jurassic oil‐prone or gas/oil‐prone rocks occur in the southern part of the basin and possibly in a narrow zone in the northern part. In the remainder of the basin, these deposits are considered to be gas‐prone or are absent. Wells in the northernmost part of the Søgne Basin / southernmost Steinbit Terrace encountered Middle Jurassic organic–rich lacustrine mudstones with sapropelic kerogen, high HI values reaching 770 mg HC/g TOC and E_a‐distributions characterised by a single dominant E_a‐peak. The presence of lacustrine mudstones is also suggested by a limited number of samples with HI values above 300 mg HC/g TOC in the southern part of the basin; in addition, palynofacies demonstrate a progressive increase in the abundance and areal extent of lacustrine and brackish open water conditions during Callovian times. A regional presence of oil‐prone Middle Jurassic lacustrine source rocks in the Søgne Basin, however, remains speculative. Middle Jurassic kitchen areas may be present in an elongated palaeo‐depression in the northern part of the Søgne Basin and in restricted areas in the south. Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous mudstones are thermally mature in the central, western and northern parts of the basin; they are immature in the eastern part towards the Coffee Soil Fault, and overmature in the southernmost part. Only a minor proportion of the mudstones have HI values >300 mg HC/g TOC, and the present‐day source rock quality is for the best samples fair to good. In the south and probably also in most of the northern part of the Søgne Basin, the mudstones are most likely gas‐prone, whereas they may be gas/oil‐prone in the central part of the basin. A narrow elongated zone in the northern part of the basin may be oil‐prone. The marine mudstones are, however, volumetrically more significant than the Middle Jurassic strata. Possible Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous kitchen areas are today restricted to the central Søgne Basin and the elongated palaeo‐depression in the north.     

鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系煤生、排油能力实验及其形成煤成油可能性探讨

由于现代煤成油理论的建立和世界范围内一批大中型煤成油田的相继发现,鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系煤生油问题引起地质学者的关注.该文通过实验获得鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系煤饱和吸附烃量为50～88kg/t煤,为研究煤吸附烃提供了一些定量信息.同时认为,只有煤生油能力达到或超过煤饱和吸附烃量时,煤才可能成为有效油源岩.通过热模拟实验获得鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系煤生油能力,结合鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系煤饱和吸附烃量,对鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系煤生烃能力进行评价,认为,鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系煤生烃能力有限,大多数煤生成烃类尚不能完全饱和煤中的孔隙.同时对鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系煤有机质丰度、类型、成熟度进行综合评价,并与世界其它大中型煤成油田进行对比认为:鄂尔多斯盆地煤有机质丰度较低、类型较差、成熟度不高、生油能力有限;油源对比的结果也认为,鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系原油与侏罗系煤系地层烃源岩无关,从另一侧面也说明,鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系煤生烃能力有限,形成工业性油藏的可能性不大.      

大巴山、米仓山南缘烃源岩特征研究

通过大量的实验资料,首次系统地对勘探新区大巴山、米仓山南缘不同时代的烃源岩特征进行了综合研究。指出:下寒武统、下志留统、下二叠统是主要的烃源岩发育层系;与四川盆地类似,新区内Ⅰ级烃源岩有机碳含量较高,有机质类型好,主要为Ⅰ型—Ⅱ_1型干酪根,且横向分布稳定,现今均处于过成熟阶段,以生气为主。烃源岩的热演化史研究表明:古生代时期源岩热演化程度较低,源岩的油气生成相态明显受株罗系地层沉积厚度的控制;下寒武统烃源岩成油高峰期在三叠纪末—株罗纪初,气态烃的大量形成时间为早侏罗世末—晚侏罗世;下志留统烃源岩成油高峰期在早侏罗世—中侏罗世,气态烃大量形成的时间为中侏罗世末—白垩世;下二叠统烃源岩成油高峰期在中侏罗世—晚侏罗世,气态烃大量形成的时间为晚侏罗世—白垩纪。     

济阳坳陷车西洼陷油-源对比及运移规律探讨

通过对车西洼陷下第三系烃源岩特征、原油地化特征及油源对比、油气运移规律的综合研究认为,现今埋深2800~3000m以下的Es3(下—中)烃源岩是车西洼陷主力烃源岩,埋深2200m以下的Es3(上)及Es1烃源岩具有一定的低熟资源潜力;目前已发现的原油绝大多数源于Es3(下)优质烃源岩,而源于Es3(中),Es3(上)及Es1烃源岩的原油仅有零星发现;Es3(下)烃源岩早期生成油气以顺油源断层垂向运移至Es2储层成藏为主,后期由于垂向运移通道封闭,则以侧向进入Es4(上)储层或古潜山储层中成藏为主,Es3(下)烃源岩下伏Es4(上)储层或古潜山储层圈闭应该是今后勘探的重点。