超音速微粒轰击对热障涂层高温氧化行为的影响(英文)

在传统的热障涂层(TBCs)制备工艺的基础上,在制备热障涂层陶瓷层前,采用超音速微粒轰击技术(SFPB)改变粘结层的表面状态。采用 X 射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和微区 Cr3+荧光光谱研究粘结层的表面结构及其 1000 °C时的高温氧化相变。粘结层表面位错密度大幅度增加,形成了大量的原子扩散通道;在高温氧化初期,粘结层中 Al 原子扩散速度的增快保证了优先形成一层稳定的α-Al2O3相;在高温氧化瞬态阶段,大量 Cr3+通过 SFPB 产生的扩散通道,形成过渡相(Al0.9Cr0.1)2O3,该过渡相间接促进了γ→θ→α相变。在高温氧化初期,热障涂层 TGO 中的残余应力先急剧增大然后减小;与高温氧化26 h 的 0.93 GPa 相比,高温氧化 310 h 的残余应力降低至 0.63 GPa。在热障涂层的 TGO 层中获得了单一、连续、致密的具有抗高温氧化能力的主相α-Al2O3,这利于进一步延长其使用寿命。     

高速微粒轰击对微弧氧化铝合金疲劳性能的影响

以获取高性能微弧氧化陶瓷膜,且不降低基体铝合金的抗疲劳性能为目标,采用高速微粒轰击处理工艺和微弧氧化处理工艺制备了未处理、高速微粒轰击处理、微弧氧化处理、高速微粒轰击+微弧氧化处理复合处理4种状态的试样,通过疲劳试验机对其疲劳寿命进行了测试;同时,采用TEM和XRD残余应力测试仪等分析方法对试样的表层微观组织结构和残余应力进行了观察与测试。结果表明:加载载荷较高时,4种试样疲劳寿命基本相同,寿命较短;加载载荷较低时,微弧氧化处理铝合金的疲劳寿命明显低于未处理试样,高速微粒轰击处理导致的微观组织结构细化和形成的残余压应力可以有效抑制疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展,使未处理和微弧氧化铝合金的疲劳寿命均得到有效提高,这2种高速颗粒轰击处理过的试样的疲劳寿命均高于未处理试样,这表明高速颗粒轰击强化处理可有效提高低应力水平时微弧氧化铝合金的疲劳寿命。     

超音速微粒轰击处理对NiCoCrAlY粘结层高温氧化行为的影响

采用超音速微粒轰击(SFPB)技术细化处理高速氧燃料喷涂法(HVOF)喷涂的粘结层,结果表明粘结层主要由γ'-Ni3Al相和γ-Ni相组成.高温氧化2 h,粘结层表面首先生成亚稳态的γ-Al2O3和稳态的α-Al2O3,且在Al2O3之间有少量NiO、Co3O4和尖晶石.亚稳γ-Al2O3和尖晶石倾向于借助β-(Ni,...     

热障涂层高温抗氧化性能研究的现状及发展

热障涂层是目前最为先进的高温防护涂层之一,它具有良好的隔热效果与抗高温氧化性能。文中从热障涂层的制备工艺及其长期在高温腐蚀的恶劣环境下的失效机制等方面,综述了热障涂层在高温环境下服役时,在粘结层和陶瓷面层之间生成一层热生长氧化物,热生长氧化物生成与生长如何导致涂层失效及如何改善高温抗氧化性能研究的热点问题,在此基础上提出了作者关于如何提高涂层抗氧化性能的一些新观点。     

热障涂层研究进展

综述了热障涂层的设计思想和工作原理、部分稳定氧化锆陶瓷面层成分的选择、热障涂层制备方法及ＡＰＳ和ＥＢ－ＰＶＤ制备热障涂层的典型结构,分析热障涂层高温氧化等引起涂层破坏的因素。     

超音速颗粒轰击处理对MCrAlY涂层TGO生长的影响

采用超音速火焰喷涂方法在镍基高温合金(GH99)上制备了MCrAlY涂层,并进行超音速颗粒轰击处理,研究了超音速颗粒轰击工艺对MCrAlY涂层显微结构和热生长氧化物(TGO)的影响.结果表明,通过表面轰击处理,增加了涂层中Al元素的扩散通道;高温氧化过程中MCrAlY涂层表面很快形成连续致密的Al2O3膜,保护了Ni,Cr等元素避免被氧化,从而避免了Ni(Cr,Al)2O4,NiO等大颗粒氧化物的生成;这样减少了涂层中的裂纹产生和扩展的可能性,从而提高涂层抗高温氧化性能.     

纳米YSZ热障涂层中TGOs层的生长行为

通过对热障涂层在高温静态氧化过程中TGOs层形貌的观察,研究了Al_2O_3层对TGOs层生长过程的作用机制。结果表明:致密的Al_2O_3层能有效降低TGOs层的生长速率;当Al_2O_3层消失后,TGOs层的生长速率由0.61μm·h~(-0.5)迅速增大至1.29μm·h~(-0.5)。氧化过程中,在Al_2O_3层与粘结层界面上生长的混合氧化物会逐渐向上"吞噬"原有的Al_2O_3层,并导致Al_2O_3层的减薄直至最终消失。Al_2O_3层的稳定性对TGOs的生长具有显著的影响。     

高温合金热障涂层的氧化和失效研究

评述了热障涂层发展的现状，研究了电子束物理气相沉积（EB－PVD）热障涂层的恒温氧化和循环氧化行为。结果表明：热障涂层 1000℃氧化稳定后，基本遵循抛物线氧化规律。循环氧化过程中，微裂纹优先沿陶瓷层柱状晶界形成，并逐渐沿横向及纵向扩展。热障涂层热循环过程中产生的热应力、氧化物长大应力等引起金属氧化物（TGO）／粘结层分界面多处开裂，最终导致热障涂层失效于TGO中或TGO／粘结层的分界面。     

钛合金表面等离子喷涂热障涂层性能的研究

用等离子喷涂法在钛合金（Ti6Al4V）表面制备NiCrAlY＋（ZrO2＋Y2O3）陶瓷热障涂层。用XRD、SEM检测了涂层的金相组织、结构及形貌。对喷涂前后的试样在600℃进行了高温氧化实验,给出了氧化动力学曲线。结果表明．钛合金经等离子喷涂处理后表面形成陶瓷热障涂层且与基体结合紧密,涂层的厚度约为210um。所形成的热障涂层显著地提高了钛合金的高温抗氧化性能．降低了氧化速率,致密的氧化膜对继续氧化有阻碍作用。     

热循环下梯度热障涂层热氧化物生长的应力分析

建立了一种预测多层复合梯度热障涂层热应力的理论模型,并通过有限元方法分析了梯度涂层分布指数n、热循环过程中热氧化物的生长对涂层热应力大小及分布的影响。结果表明,通过控制梯度涂层的成分分布指数可以显著降低热应力和改善应力分布。当n=1时,涂层热应力较小且变化平缓,结合性能优异。与双层非梯度涂层的热应力对比可知,功能梯度涂层能显著地缓和涂层系统的热应力和消除应力集中。另外,热循环过程中梯度热障涂层与基体界面附近生长的热氧化物急剧地提升了界面附近的热应力,复杂而又集中的热应力对梯度涂层有很大的破坏。同时采用了一种方法来抑制热氧化物的生长,结果显示该方法能较好地优化涂层的热应力和改善涂层质量。     

Influence of high-temperature creep stress on growth of thermally grown oxide in thermal barrier coatings

Recently, a large local stress has been found, caused by the change of both the diffusion rate of oxygen through an existing oxide and the rate of chemical reaction at the oxide/oxidized material interface. Since high thermal stress occurs in the thermal barrier coating (TBC) system, the volume expansion of the newly grown oxide, and centrifugal force, the growth rate of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) may change depending on the temperature, the exposure time, and the stress. The aim of this study is to make clear the influence of stress on the growth rate of the TGO thickness under static oxidation. The results show that TGO thickening was affected by the increase of not only the exposure temperature but also the applied stress. The tensile stress in a longitudinal direction in a TBC system due to the applied load makes the oxidant transport and oxide flow more easy, i.e., the tensile stress promotes a volume expansion of newly formed oxide. The increase rate of the TGO thickness was approximately 34% when the applied stress increased from 0 to 205 MPa at 900 °C for 325 h, and approximately 25% when the stress increased from 0 to 150 MPa at 950 °C for 125 h.     

Detection of thermally grown oxides in thermal barrier coatings by nondestructive evaluation

The thermal-barrier coatings (TBC) sprayed on hot-section components of aircraft turbine engines commonly consist of a partially stabilized zirconia top-coat and an intermediate bond-coat applied on the metallic substrate. The bond-coat is made of an aluminide alloy that at high engine temperatures forms thermally grown oxides (TGO). Although formation of a thin layer of aluminum oxide at the interface between the ceramic top-coat and the bond-coat has the beneficial effect of protecting the metallic substrate from hot gases, oxide formation at splat boundaries or pores within the bond-coat is a source of weakness. In this study, plasma-sprayed TBC specimens are manufactured from two types of bond-coat powders and exposed to elevated temperatures to form oxides at the ceramic-bond-coat boundary and within the bond-coat. The specimens are then tested using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and destructive metallography and compared with the as-manufactured samples. The objective is to determine if NDE can identify the oxidation within the bond-coat and give indication of its severity. While ultrasonic testing can provide some indication of the degree of bond-coat oxidation, the eddy current (EC) technique clearly identifies severe oxide formation within the bond-coat. Imaging of the EC signals as the function of probe location provides information on the spatial variations in the degree of oxidation, and thereby identifies which components or areas are prone to premature damage.     

Improvement of thermally grown oxide layer in thermal barrier coating systems with nano alumina as third layer

A thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer is formed at the interface of bond coat/top coat. The TGO growth during thermal exposure in air plays an important role in the spallation of the ceramic layer from the bond coat. High temperature oxidation resistance of four types of atmospheric plasma sprayed TBCs was investigated. These coatings were oxidized at 1000 °C for 24, 48 and 120 h in a normal electric furnace under air atmosphere. Microstructural characterization showed that the growth of the TGO layer in nano NiCrAlY/YSZ/nano Al₂O₃ coating is much lower than in other coatings. Moreover, EDS and XRD analyses revealed the formation of Ni(Cr,Al)₂O₄ mixed oxides (as spinel) and NiO onto the Al₂O₃ (TGO) layer. The formation of detrimental mixed oxides (spinels) on the Al₂O₃(TGO) layer of nano NiCrAlY/YSZ/nano Al₂O₃ coating is much lower compared to that of other coatings after 120 h of high temperature oxidation at 1000 °C.     

Optimizing thermally grown oxide for thermal barrier coatings on TiAl components via fluorine treatment

Titanium aluminides suffer from non-protective mixed-oxide scale formation during high-temperature exposure in oxidizing environments, so that they cannot be used at temperatures above approximately 800° C for longer times without additional treatment. A fluorine treatment on γ-TiAl alloys leads to the formation of a pure protective alumina scale and allows their use at service temperatures above 800°C. This thermally grown aluminum oxide layer can be used for bonding ceramic thermal barrier coatings to the TiAl substrate. Zirconia topcoats deposited by electron-beam physical vapor deposition were very adherent to F-treated TiA samples during cyclic oxidation tests at 900 to 1,000°C. A separate bond coat is not needed in this case.     

Failure mechanisms associated with the thermally grown oxide in plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings

The microstructure and durability of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) produced by the thermal spray method have been characterized. Upon exposure, the bond coat chemistry and microstructure change by inter-diffusion with the substrate and upon thickening of the thermally grown oxide (TGO). A wedge impression test, in conjunction with observations by scanning electron microscopy, has been used to probe the failure mechanisms. At short exposure times, when the TGO thickness is less than about 5 μm, the growth of the TGO does not affect the crack patterns in the TBC and delaminations induced by wedge impression propagate within the TBC about 30 μm from the interface. An amorphous phase at the splat interfaces promotes this failure mode. As the thickness of TGO increases during exposure, cracks form in the TBC around imperfections at the interface. Moreover, induced delaminations develop a trajectory close to the interface, propagating not only through the TBC but also within the TGO and along the interfaces. A scaling result based on the misfit around imperfections caused by TGO growth has been used to rationalize the critical TGO thickness when the TBC fails.     

真实TGO界面形貌对热障涂层界面应力的影响

采用MSC.MARC有限元分析软件,以真实服役的某重型燃气轮机透平第一级动叶片表面热障涂层为研究对象,研究真实TGO界面形貌对热障涂层界面应力的影响。结果表明:在TC/TGO界面的TC层中,法向应力σ₂₂分布中的拉应力位于波谷区域,压应力位于波峰区域,而在BC/TGO界面的BC层中,σ₂₂应力分布与TC层相反;TC层与BC层的剪切应力σ₁₂分布规律相同,均是波谷左侧的应力方向为负,波谷右侧的应力方向为正。TGO界面的波峰和波谷处的法向应力σ₂₂值随TGO厚度的增大而增加;当TGO厚度不变时,BC/TGO界面振幅增大,TGO内和BC内的法向应力σ₂₂值也随之增大。     

Thermally grown oxide growth behavior and spallation lives of solution precursor plasma spray thermal barrier coatings

The effects of thermally grown oxide (TGO) growth rate and bond coat oxidation behavior on the spallation lives of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been investigated. Yttria partially stabilized zirconia (7YSZ) coatings have been applied to various bond coat/superalloy substrate combinations using the Solution Precursor Plasma Spray (SPPS) process. The coatings have been furnace thermal cycled at 1121 °C, using one hour cycles. A large variation in the spallation lives, from 125 to 1230 cycles, has been observed and are attributed to (a) the spatially averaged TGO growth rate, (b) the maximum localized TGO thickness, (c) the formation of non-alumina oxides with weak interfaces, and (d) the formation of yttrium aluminate stringers in low pressure plasma spray (LPPS) processed bond coat. Of these four factors, the average TGO thickness is the most important. Surprisingly vacuum plasma sprayed bond coated samples consistently had shorter cyclic live compared to air plasma sprayed bond coated samples.     

超音速颗粒轰击处理对MCrAlY涂层氧化行为的影响

采用等离子喷涂(atmospheric plasma spraying,APS)技术在镍基高温合金(GH99)上沉积MCrAlY粘结涂层,并进行超音速颗粒轰击处理.研究超音速颗粒轰击工艺对MCrAlY涂层高温氧化性能的影响.利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、辉光光谱仪对涂层的氧化物演化过程进行观察和分析.结果表明,表面超音速颗粒轰击处理后,涂层表面所生成的氧化物较细小,能快速形成致密连续的氧化膜,保护了粘结层中其它元素的进一步氧化,避免了Ni(Cr,Al)2O4等大颗粒氧化物的形成,延缓了涂层中裂纹的产生和扩展,有效地改善了涂层抗高温氧化性能.     

Characterization of a cyclic displacement instability for a thermally grown oxide in a thermal barrier system

The mechanism responsible for the performance of a commercial thermal barrier system upon thermal cycling has been investigated. It comprises an electron beam physical vapor deposited (EB–PVD) yttria-stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coating (TBC) on a (Ni,Pt)Al bond coat. At periodic interfacial sites, the thermally grown oxide (TGO) that forms between the TBC and the bond coat at high temperature displaces into the bond coat with each thermal cycle. These displacements induce strains in the superposed TBC that cause it to crack. The cracks extend laterally as the TGO displaces, until those from neighboring sites coalesce. Once this happens, the system fails by large scale buckling. The displacements are accommodated by visco-plastic flow of the bond coat and “vectored” by a lateral component of the growth strain in the TGO. They depend upon the initial morphology of the metal/oxide interface. The observed responses are compared with the predictions of a ratcheting model.