影响硫酸钾产品质量的因素

为了解决硫酸钾生产中出现的质量问题，提高产品的优级品率，简要叙述了生产硫酸钾的基本原理及质量标准，考察了对硫酸钾产品中氯离子的影响因素，如反应温度、投料量、加酸量。同时考察了影响硫酸钾产品中游离硫酸的因素和原料氯化钾中氧化钾含量及反应炉的维修、加灰量、耙齿安装等因素对产品中氧化钾含量的影响，确定了曼海姆炉的生产工艺，操作指标，为生产出合格的优级品提供保证。     

曼海姆法硫酸钾生产装置介绍

１　概述１９９６年３月至１９９８年３月,苏州精细化工集团有限公司共投产了５套２０ｋｔ／ａ曼海姆法硫酸钾生产装置,单台曼海姆炉的生产能力均为１０ｋｔ／ａ。１００ｋｔ／ａ硫酸钾项目累计投资２５亿元,每年可给公司带来２亿多元的产值和６０００多万元的利润。２　生产原理及工艺流程２１　生产原理曼海姆法是将氯化钾和ｗ（Ｈ２ＳＯ４）＝９８％硫酸按一定的配料比连续投入到曼海姆炉内进行反应生成硫酸钾,主要反应如下：２ＫＣｌ＋Ｈ２ＳＯ４△Ｋ２ＳＯ４＋２ＨＣｌ↑－Ｑ实际上反应分两步进行：ＫＣｌ＋Ｈ２ＳＯ４ＫＨＳＯ…     

硫酸钾曼海姆炉外排高温烟道气热量回收利用

国内曼海姆炉生产硫酸钾工艺中存在烟道气热量回收难、热量浪费的问题。探讨烟道气用于直接或间接加热氯化钾、换热生成蒸汽、加热浓硫酸等多种回收方式的可行性，通过比较分析确定“通过换热器加热氯化钾”的方式，并对烟道气换热器的选型进行简单计算。     

浅析硫酸钾曼海姆反应炉的国产化

硫酸分解氯化钾是生产Ｋ２ＳＯ４的主要方法,国际上具有代表性的为比利时的ＴＥＳＳＥＲＤＥＬＯＣＨＩＭＥ公司法、日本窒息法、日产法及台湾青上法,均采用曼海姆护法。目前国内硫酸钾生产约６０％采用台湾青上曼海姆反应炉。其原理： ２ＫＣＩ＋Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｋ２ＳＯ４＋２ＨＣｌ 随着国内硫酸钾生产的日趋饱和,面对日趋严峻的市场,只有降低生产成本才能取得竞争优势。然而曼海姆反应炉每１８个月要进行一次中修,每３年需进行一次大修,且曼海姆炉为引进设备,其进口配件价格昂贵。苏州精细化工集团公司是最早引进曼海姆炉的厂家之一…     

适用技术

适用技术双复法硫酸钾制备工艺目前，硫酸钾的生产方法有多种。曼海姆炉法是用氯化钾和硫酸在高温下反应生产硫酸氢钾，再与氯化钾进一步反应生产硫酸钾。此法需建高温炉，投资大，能耗高；硫铵法则是用硫酸铵与氯化钾反应转化生产硫酸钾。该法需用液氨和硫酸，成本高，运...     

硫酸钾生产工艺改造

介绍了曼海姆炉的结构特点、生产硫酸钾的反应原理，以及新砌筑曼海姆炉的烘炉程序、生产运行所需条件和生产中曼海姆炉常出现的问题及解决问题的办法，推荐了几种曼海姆炉的工艺改造方案。经过改进后反应炉运行良好，可以延长反应炉的修炉周期，从而延长了反应炉的使用寿命，提高了硫酸钾的产量，节约了大量的修炉费用。     

含氯钾肥的低温脱氯试验研究

比较了曼海姆法和硫酸氢钾法的优缺点,选择了反应条件进行研究,即浓硫酸与氯化钾的投料摩尔比0.5～1.0,反应温度取160～300℃。试验结果表明:当浓硫酸与氯化钾摩尔配比为0.6,0.7和0.8,反应温度为160～300℃,反应时间2～6 h,总氯根脱除率都能达到96.5%以上,大部分试验样的第2步反应氧根脱除率可达92.0%以上,反应条件均比较温和,在工业生产上更易于实现。     

硫酸钾生产中曼海姆炉的运行实践

介绍了曼海姆炉的结构特点、砌筑方式及工作原理。综述了烘炉的方式方法、烘炉的目的和注意要点,确定了合理的烘炉升温曲线以及曼海姆炉的运行工艺操作条件,分析讨论了曼海姆炉在生产操作中的注意事项及解决方法。     

硫酸钾生产工艺与我国硫酸钾工业展望

叙述了硫酸钾生产的四种方法（曼海姆炉法、复分解法、缔置法和钾矿综合利用）,介绍了我国硫酸钾工业现状,指出了我国硫酸钾工业的发展方向。     

江陵凹陷地下卤水50 ℃等温蒸发研究

对江陵凹陷地下卤水进行了50 ℃等温蒸发实验。结果表明,江陵地下卤水在50 ℃等温蒸发过程中的析盐顺序为：氯化钠→氯化钠+氯化钾→氯化钠+氯化钾+氯化铵→氯化钠+氯化钾+氯化铵+硼酸,蒸发前期（蒸失率小于83.83%）只析出氯化钠,蒸发中期（蒸失率为83.83%~94.61%）开始析出氯化钾和氯化铵,蒸发末期（蒸失率大于94.61%）开始析出硼酸;微量元素锂、铷、铯、碘和溴高度富集于老卤中,有利于其综合利用。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.