理化指标对大米粉胶凝特性的影响

利用动态流变仪考察了8种不同理化指标的大米粉在加热和冷却过程中胶凝特性的变化,并用SPSS统计软件对大米粉理化指标和凝胶特征值进行了相关性分析。试验结果表明:对于米粉体系而言,直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和膨润力是影响其胶凝特性的主要因素, 3个因素的影响程度大小依次为直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、膨润力。米粉体系中蛋白质和脂类的含量等对米粉体系胶凝特性的影响不大,说明米粉体系的胶凝主要由米淀粉起着主导作用。     

不同植物来源淀粉之间的理化性质的比较

本研究比较了绿豆淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、红薯淀粉、大米淀粉及玉米淀粉的理化性质,结果如下：绿豆淀粉具有最高的直链淀粉渗滤和胶凝值,并且这两个指标均与表观和总直链淀粉含量呈高度的相关关系。尽管绿豆淀粉具有最高的直链淀粉含量,但它并不显示出热糊稳定性。红薯淀粉在加热过程中具有高的膨润力和峰值黏度、高的崩溃值以及低的离水率,这表明红薯淀粉颗粒在加热时能够自由膨胀,糊的热稳定性差,淀粉的老化速率较低,而大米淀粉则与红薯淀粉相反。五种淀粉具有不同的胶稠度,马铃薯淀粉最高,而大米淀粉最低。离水率与直链淀粉含量不呈现明显的相关关系,因此其值的大小可能受其他因素的影响。     

大米品种对其淀粉凝胶特性的影响

利用动态流变仪考察了8种不同米质的大米淀粉在不同热过程中凝胶粘弹性的变化。实验结果表明：淀粉凝胶的强度主要和淀粉中的直链淀粉含量有关，直链含量高的淀粉形成凝胶速度快，强度大；支链淀粉形成的凝胶其强度随温度的变化是可逆的，随着淀粉中直链含量的增加，这种变化的不可逆增强；淀粉中脂类的含量降低了淀粉凝胶的强度。     

大米淀粉凝胶在储藏过程中消化特性的变化

对大米淀粉凝胶在储藏过程中消化特性的变化进行了研究，研究结果表明：在储藏早期，直链含量高的大米淀粉凝胶，随着直链凝胶网络的形成和稳定，淀粉体系中慢消化性淀粉和抗性淀粉含量显著增加，表明直链三维凝胶网络对酶有较强抗性。在后期的储藏过程中，随着储藏时间的延长，大米淀粉体系中慢消化性淀粉含量逐步增加。慢消化性淀粉含量增加的主要原因是由于支链淀粉的重结晶所引起。     

大米淀粉胶凝和回生机理的研究

利用差示扫描量热仪和动态流变仪对 3种不同大米淀粉的胶凝和回生过程进行了研究。实验结果表明 :在淀粉糊化后的冷却胶凝过程中 ,在 95～ 80℃会有大量淀粉分子通过氢键交联聚合 ,直链淀粉含量越高 ,交联聚合越多 ,这些氢键的形成使得凝胶的硬度和弹性增大 ;在后期储藏过程中 ,主要是支链淀粉的重结晶随时间延长而逐步增大 ,而直链淀粉和脂类的复合物以及直链间的聚合变化则不明显 ,但直链淀粉的存在加速了支链淀粉的重结晶 ,支链淀粉的重结晶是后期凝胶硬度增大的主要因素。     

大米淀粉凝胶储藏过程中消化特性的变化

对大米淀粉凝胶储藏过程中消化特性的变化进行了研究，研究结果表明：在储藏早期，直链含量高的大米淀粉凝胶，随着直链凝皎网络的形成和稳定，淀粉体系中慢消化性淀粉和抗性淀粉含量显著增加，表明直链三维凝胶网络对酶有较强抗性。在后期的储藏过程中，随着储藏时间的延长，大米淀粉体系中慢消化性淀粉含量逐步增加，慢消化性淀粉含量增加的主要原因是由于支链淀粉的重结晶所引起。     

大米淀粉胶凝和回收机理的研究

利用差示扫描量热仪和动态流变仪对3种不同大米淀粉的胶凝和回生过程进行了研究，实验结果表明：在淀粉糊化后的冷却胶凝过程中，在95～80℃会有大量淀粉分子通过氢键交联整合，直链淀粉含量越高，交联聚合越多，这些氢健的形成使得凝胶的硬度和弹性增大；在后期储藏过程中，主要是支链淀粉的重结晶随时间延长而逐渐增大，而直链淀粉和脂类的复合物以及直链间的聚合变化则不明显，但直链淀粉的存在加速了支链淀粉的重结晶，支链淀粉的重结晶是后期凝胶硬度增大的主要因素。     

梅河大米食用品质分析

直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、碱消值是评价稻米食用、蒸煮品质的主要理化指标。通过对梅河口地区33户大米加工厂生产的梅河大米进行检测分析,梅河口区域生产的大米的直链淀粉含量在13.0%—17.8%之间,平均值为15.4%;胶稠度在64—114mm之间,平均值为92mm;碱消值在6.0—7.0级之间,平均值为6.3级。结果表明,梅河大米属于直链淀粉含量较低、胶稠度较高、碱消值较大的具有优质食味特性的粳米,为科学、合理评价梅河大米的食味特性提供科学依据,同时也为广大消费者选用具有良好食味特性大米提供指导和参考。     

发芽糙米淀粉理化特性研究

采用富集γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的优选糙米发芽工艺条件,通过碱酶两步法提取糙米淀粉,研究发芽对糙米淀粉结构和理化特性的影响。结果表明:糙米发芽后,淀粉膨胀度增大,且随温度升高而提高;透明度升高了57.14%;峰值黏度基本不变;冻融稳定性提高,凝沉特性得到改善;淀粉凝胶的凝胶粘性有所提高,硬度和胶凝性有所降低;碘兰值减小,说明糙米发芽后其直链淀粉含量降低或聚合度减小;电镜分析结果显示,发芽后糙米淀粉颗粒变得圆滑,棱角较发芽前不明显。综上得出,发芽对糙米淀粉的理化特性具有一定的改善作用。     

食品添加剂对大米淀粉流变特性的影响

采用动态流变仪对米线生产中三种常用添加剂焦磷酸钠、单甘酯和淀粉醋酸酯对大米淀粉流变特性的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明：适当添加焦磷酸钠可以通过糊化时抑制淀粉颗粒的崩溃解体来提高大米淀粉凝胶体系的强度；添加单甘酯由于单甘酯与直链淀粉形成了络合物，因而大米淀粉凝胶强度显著降低；淀粉醋酸酯的添加可以适度降低大米淀粉凝胶的强度，提高淀粉凝胶的柔韧性。     

Retrogradation of Rice Starches Studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Influence of Sugars, NaCl and Lipids

In waxy and nonwaxy rice starch gels the retrogradation process was a function of time. The enthalpy for rice starch gel with high amylose content was higher than those for low amylose content or for waxy starch samples. In all rice starch gels, samples stored under 25°C had lower enthalpy and higher endothermic onset temperature. In presence of sucrose, extent of retrogradation increased, while in presence of NaCl, it decreased. Effects of maltose, glucose and lipids were dependent on rice starch gel and storage temperature.     

冰湖野米粉及其淀粉的精细结构、理化和消化特性研究

目的 探究冰湖野米粉及其淀粉的理化性质、结构特性和消化性的差异, 同时揭示不同级的冰湖野米淀粉的精细结构。方法 以3种不同级的冰湖野米和1种早籼米(对照组)为原料, 将其研磨过筛制备米粉样品, 再用焦亚硫酸钠法和甲苯法进行纯化得到对应的淀粉样品。采用体积排阻色谱分析法(Size exclusion chromatography, SEC)与荧光辅助毛细管电泳法(Fluorescence assisted capillary electrophoresis, FACE)测定冰湖野米淀粉的精细结构(直链淀粉和支链淀粉的链长分布); 利用扫描电镜、光学显微镜、X-射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和布拉班徳粘度仪等现代分析仪器对冰湖野米粉及其淀粉的理化性质和结构特性进行测定; 采用Englyst体外消化法测定冰湖野米粉及其淀粉的体外消化性。结果 研究表明, 不同级的冰湖野米粉及其淀粉的颗粒形貌特征、粘度特性、结晶结构以及直链淀粉含量无显著差异。与早籼米相比, 冰湖野米粉及其淀粉的起糊温度高, 峰值粘度低, 相对结晶度低, 热稳定性好, 慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量高, 主要归因于冰湖野米的支链淀粉结构及其较高的直链淀粉含量。与冰湖野米淀粉相比, 冰湖野米粉颗粒更大, 结晶度降低, 膨胀度降低, 慢消化性增加, 主要归因于冰湖野米粉中较高的内源蛋白和纤维含量。结论 冰湖野米中的内源纤维、蛋白质、直链及支链淀粉含量对冰湖野米的粘度特性、膨胀度、结构特性以及消化性有显著的影响。     

Effect of amylose content and rice type on dynamic viscoelasticity of a composite rice starch gel

Amylose content is an important indicator to determine the utility of raw milled rice. Indica type rice with high amylose content is usually used for manufacturing rice noodles, while Japonica rice may be mixed partially to adjust the noodle texture. The effect of amylose and rice type on dynamic viscoelasticity of rice starch gel was investigated using a model starch composite in this study. The information will be helpful to control and obtain the required noodle texture by combination of different rice types. The results show that nonwaxy Indica and waxy Japonica rice starches in a composite mixture were incompatible and demonstrated their individual gelatinization behavior during heating. High amylose starch showed higher moduli and lower loss tangent values, as well as higher retrogradation rate. The starch gel made from Japonica rice starch showed a slow retrogradation rate even containing a similar amount of amylose to Indica starch. The storage modulus of the gel made from higher amylose rice was shown to be more independent of frequency. Not only amylose content but also chain length distribution in amylopectin affected the dynamic viscoelasticity of rice gel. Japonica rice starch, with fewer super-long chains in amylopectin, retrograded slower after gelatinization than Indica rice, thus the paste is too sticky for production of rice noodles.     

Freezing and Thawing Conditions Affect the Gel Stability of Different Varieties of Rice Flour

The freeze‐thaw stabilities of three different rice flour gels (amylose rice flour with 28% amylose, Jasmine rice flour with 18% amylose and waxy rice flour with 5% amylose) were studied by first freezing at –18 °C for 22 h and subsequent thawing in a water bath at 30 °C, 60 °C and 90 °C, or by boiling in a microwave oven. The freeze‐thaw stability was determined for five cycles. Starch gels thawed at higher temperature exhibited a lower syneresis value (percent of water separation) than those thawed at lower temperature. Amylose rice flour gels gave the highest syneresis values (especially at the first cycle). The Jasmine rice flour gels gave a higher syneresis value than the waxy rice flour gel. Except for freezing by storage at –18 °C and thawing at 30 °C, there was no separation of water at any cycle when waxy rice flour gel was thawed at any temperature, irrespectively of the freezing methods used. Cryogenic Quick Freezing (CQF) followed by storage at –18 °C and then thawing (by boiling or by incubation at any other temperatures) gave lower syneresis values than all comparable samples frozen by storage at –18 °C. The order of syneresis values for the three types of rice flour was waxy rice flour < Jasmine rice flour < amylose rice flour. The syneresis values and the appearance of starch gels, which had gone through the freeze‐ thaw process, suggested that the order of freeze‐thaw stability of gels for the three types of rice flour was waxy > Jasmine > amylose rice flour.     

Physicochemical Properties of Starch and Flour from Different Rice Cultivars

The starches and flours from four different rice cultivars were evaluated for composition, crystallinity characteristics, blue value, turbidity, swelling power, solubility, pasting properties, and textural and retrogradation properties. The amylose content of starches and flours from different rice cultivars differed significantly. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of rice starch and rice flour were correlated to amylose content. The crystallinity degree of rice starch and flour depended on amylose content. The blue value, turbidity value, and gel hardness were positively correlated to amylose content; however, the swelling power, solubility, and gel adhesiveness were negatively correlated to amylose content. Furthermore, the pasting properties and gel textural and retrogradation properties of rice flours were related to the structure properties of rice starch. And the characteristics of starch, protein, and lipid significantly influenced the turbidity, pasting properties, and gel textural and retrogradation properties of rice flours.     

Resistant starch and thermal,morphological and textural properties of heat‐moisture treated rice starches with high‐, medium‐ and low‐amylose content

This study investigated the effects of heat‐moisture treatment (HMT) on the resistant starch content and thermal, morphological, and textural properties of rice starches with high‐, medium‐ and low‐amylose content. The starches were adjusted to 15, 20 and 25% moisture levels and heated at 110°C for 1 h. The HMT increased the resistant starch content in all of the rice starches. HMT increased the onset temperature and the gelatinisation temperature range (T_finish–T_onset) and decreased the enthalpy of gelatinisation of rice starches with different amylose contents. This reduction increased with the increase in the moisture content of HMT. The morphology of rice starch granules was altered with the HMT; the granules presented more agglomerated surface. The HMT affected the textural parameters of rice starches; the high‐ and low‐amylose rice starches subjected to 15 and 20% HMT possessed higher gel hardness.     

Phenomenological viscoelasticity of some rice starch gels

The applicability of a powerful but still easy to use technique, based on a phenomenological theory of viscoelasticity, for processing and analyzing dynamic mechanical data of some rice gels was investigated. Based on this theory a continuous relaxation spectra was generated by application of Tikhonov regularization procedure on continuous Maxwell model. Interpretation of relaxation spectra in terms of number of peaks, its peak intensity H(λ) and appearance of its main distribution peak and magnitude of equilibrium elasticity modulus (G_e) of continuous Maxwell model was found to appropriately reflect main peculiarities of the viscoelastic behavior of rice starch gels. An increase in number of peaks in the relaxation spectra was observed for starch gels having higher amylose content indicating the creation of more heterogeneous structure. H(λ) and G_e values also increased with increase in amylose content demonstrating a transition of the system to more stable state like a gel.     

Structures and Physicochemical Properties of Acid‐Thinned Corn,Potato and Rice Starches

The structures and physicochemical properties of acid‐thinned corn, potato, and rice starches were investigated. Corn, potato, and rice starches were hydrolyzed with 0.14 N hydrochloric acid at 50 °C until reaching a target pasting peak of 200—300 Brabender Units (BU) at 10% solids in the Brabender Visco Amylograph. After acid modification the amylose content decreased slightly and all starches retained their native crystallinity pattern. Acid primarily attacked the amorphous regions within the starch granule and both amylose and amylopectin were hydrolyzed simultaneously by acid. Acid modification decreased the longer chain fraction and increased the shorter chain fraction of corn and rice starches but increased the longer chain fraction and decreased the shorter chain fraction of potato starch, as measured by high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography. Acid‐thinned potato starches produced much firmer gels than did acid‐thinned corn and rice starches, possibly due to potato starch's relatively higher percentage of long branch chains (degree of polymerization 13—24) in amylopectin. The short‐term development of gel structure by acid‐thinned starches was dependent on amylose content, whereas the long‐term gel strength appeared dependend on the long branch chains in amylopectin.     

Viscoelastic Changes of Rice Starch Suspensions During Gelatinization

Dynamic rheometry was utilized to characterize viscoelastic changes during heat-induced gelatinization of 2 domestic rice starch suspensions, 1 from waxy and the other from indica rice. Gelatinization included 4 stages: suspension into sol, sol transition to gel, network destruction, and network strengthening. Increase in storage modulus (G') was observed as early as about 47°C. For indica rice, the maximum value (G'_max) was higher, and the decrease afterwards was slower, owing to its higher amylose content. The effects of heating time and temperature were found additive. Sealing samples with oil affected the accuracy of measurement. Finally, the network of starch gels had a larger fractal dimension than that of soy protein isolates previously investigated, suggesting firmer food texture.