预臭氧/生物滤池去除消毒副产物的前体物研究

采用预臭氧氧化技术与陶粒生物滤池组合工艺去除原水中消毒副产物的前体物，考察了三卤甲烷前体物和卤乙酸前体物的转化规律。试验结果表明：预臭氧氧化和生物过滤组合工艺对受污染黄河水中三卤甲烷前体物的去除效果不佳，可能会引起出水中前体物浓度的升高；该组合工艺对二氯乙酸前体物有一定的去除作用，对三氯乙酸前体物的去除效果显著。     

臭氧活性炭工艺对三卤甲烷前体物的去除性能研究

通过两组试验对水厂臭氧活性炭深度处理工艺去除三卤甲烷前体物的性能进行了研究。结果表明:…臭氧活性炭工艺能有效去除TOC和UV254;对三卤甲烷前体物去除效果显著,去除率达40%以上;臭氧氧化对三卤甲烷前体物去除能力较小,活性炭滤池过滤去除效果显著。经臭氧活性炭工艺处理的水加氯消毒后三氯甲烷生成量较处理前可减少50%以上。臭氧活性炭工艺能有效降低消毒生成三卤甲烷的风险。     

常规工艺和深度处理工艺控制消毒副产物前体物的比较

以南方地区水源水为对象,对比研究常规工艺和深度处理工艺对三卤甲烷、卤乙酸和三氯乙醛消毒副产物前体物的去除效果.试验结果表明,与常规处理工艺相比,增加臭氧活性炭深度处理工艺,可以使三卤甲烷、卤乙酸和三氯乙醛消毒副产物前体物去除率分别提高32.34％、20.59％、24.32％.     

生物活性炭与臭氧/活性炭工艺控制DBPs前体物比较

通过比较生物活性炭工艺和臭氧/活性炭工艺去除消毒副产物前体物的性能,分析了经两种工艺处理后生成消毒副产物的风险。结果表明:生物活性炭工艺和臭氧/活性炭工艺对TOC和UV254均有去除效果,但臭氧/活性炭工艺远优于生物活性炭工艺。生物活性炭工艺对三卤甲烷前体物的去除率可达25%以上,而臭氧/活性炭工艺的去除效果更为显著,去除率在40%以上,且以活性炭滤池去除为主。经加氯消毒后,臭氧/活性炭工艺出水三氯甲烷和三氯乙醛的生成量比生物活性炭工艺都有所降低。因此,臭氧/活性炭工艺相比于生物活性炭工艺更能有效降低生成消毒副产物的风险。     

臭氧/高锰酸盐复合预氧化控制氯化消毒副产物前质

研究了高锰酸盐与臭氧单独或复合预氧化对消毒副产物前质--三卤甲烷生成势（THMFP）和卤乙酸生成势（HAAFP）的去除效果.试验结果表明,高锰酸盐单独预氧化对消毒副产物前质的去除率可达20%以上,而臭氧预氧化的去除率仅约为10%.复合氧化比单一氧化更能有效去除消毒副产物前质,但受投加方式的影响,在试验务件下,以两种氧化剂同时投加的效果为最佳.复合氧化去除消毒副产物前质的机理包括：高锰酸盐与臭氧的协同氧化作用、锰的中间态产物对臭氧的催化作用以及高锰酸盐的强化混凝作用.     

臭氧催化氧化与BAC联用控制氯化消毒副产物

研究了臭氧催化氧化与生物活性炭联用技术对氯化消毒副产物（DBPs）的控制效能。结果表明：常规工艺出水中分子质量为2000u左右的疏水性有机物是氯化消毒副产物的主要前质，其占DOC与UV254的比例分别为70％和80％，并与UV254有良好的线性相关性，故可用UV254作为DBPs前质的替代指标。臭氧催化氧化与生物活性炭联用对DBPs前质的去除效果显著，其中臭氧催化氧化可有效去除三卤甲烷（THMs）前质中的疏水性有机物及部分亲水性有机物，并提高了DBPs前质的可生化性，是给水深度处理中控制THMs前质的主要工艺环节。臭氧催化氧化／生物活性炭对UV254的控制是减少DBPs生成的一条有效途径。     

絮凝-吸附去除微污染水中THMFP

为降低饮用水中三卤甲烷等消毒副产物的浓度，采用絮凝沉淀与粉末活性炭（PAC）吸附联用技术进行试验。结果表明，只投加少量的PAC即可在保证混凝效果的情况下有效地去除三卤甲烷前体物（THMFP），从而在加氯消毒后大大降低三卤甲烷的浓度，提高了供水水质。     

成都市饮用水中消毒副产物的变化研究

以成都市第六水厂的工艺出水和管网水为测试对象，研究了常规处理工艺对消毒副产物及其前体物的去除特性，分析了消毒副产物在管网中的变化规律，并且提出了控制饮用水中消毒副产物的对策。研究结果表明：①成都市自来水中消毒副产物的主要成分为卤乙酸；②常规处理工艺对三卤甲烷前体物和卤乙酸前体物均有很好的去除效果(去除率为50％左右)，但对卤乙酸(HAAs)和三卤甲烷(THMs)却无去除作用；③预氯化产生的THMs、HAAs分别占管网中此类物质最高浓度的22％和50％；④应该以管网入口处三氯甲烷、卤乙酸的浓度作为整个管网的控制指标。     

不同净水工艺对含溴水体消毒副产物生成势的影响

以溴离子和有机物浓度不同的5个水厂原水和各工艺段出水为研究对象,考察了不同净水工艺对三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)这两类典型消毒副产物生成势和种类分布的影响。结果表明,仅采用常规处理工艺对THMs和HAAs生成势的控制效果不明显,而增设生物预处理和臭氧氧化预处理工艺能显著提高常规工艺对THMs和HAAs前体物的去除效果,臭氧/生物活性炭(O3/BAC)深度处理工艺能进一步去除THMs和HAAs的前体物。增设预处理和O3/BAC深度处理工艺,并采取砂滤池后置的净水工艺流程对THMs和HAAs生成势的控制效果最好。对于含溴水体,溴离子浓度越高,有机物中亲水性组分所占比例越高,经氯消毒后生成的溴代THMs和HAAs所占比例就越高。随着处理工艺流程的进行,THMs和HAAs的生成势逐渐降低,但是它们的溴结合因子逐渐增大,即毒性更大的溴代组分所占比例逐渐增大。     

不同滤料滤池处理微污染水源水生产性试验研究

对比研究不同滤料滤池对浊度、有机物、三卤甲烷前体物的去除效果,并结合三维荧光光谱技术分析其对荧光溶解性有机物的去除效果.试验结果表明,炭砂滤池、炭滤池以及砂滤池对浊度的去除效果良好,炭砂滤池对浊度控制效果最佳;炭砂滤池和炭滤池对TOC、CODMn和UV254的去除效果相当,明显优于砂滤池;炭砂滤池和炭滤池对三卤甲烷前体...     

Fate of N-nitrosodimethylamine, trihalomethane and haloacetic acid precursors in tertiary treatment including biofiltration

The presence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs) and N-nitrosamines in water is of great concern due to their adverse effects on human health. In this work, the removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), total THM and five HAA precursors from secondary effluent by biological activated carbon (BAC) is investigated at full and pilot scale. In the pilot plant two filter media, sand and granular activated carbon, are tested. In addition, we evaluate the influence of ozonation prior to BAC filtration on its performance. Among the bulk of NDMA precursors, the fate of four pharmaceuticals containing a dimethylamino moiety in the chemical structure are individually investigated. Both NDMA formation potential and each of the studied pharmaceuticals are dramatically reduced by the BAC even in the absence of main ozonation prior to the filtration. The low removal of NDMA precursors at the sand filtration in comparison to the removal of NDMA precursors at the BAC suggests that adsorption may play an important role on the removal of NDMA precursors by BAC. Contrary, the precursors for THM and HAA formation are reduced in both sand filtration and BAC indicating that the precursors for the formation of these DBPs are to some extent biodegradable.     

固定化生物活性炭强化饮用水深度处理

为比较固定化生物炭工艺与普通活性炭工艺的净水效果,以南方某水厂的滤后水为原水进行了试验。结果表明,固定化生物炭工艺对TOC的去除率稳定在40% ~50%,可以提高氨氮去除率30%;对三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)的去除率比普通活性炭工艺提高了11% ~39%;对臭氧氧化副产物(甲醛)具有长期的去除效果。     

不同水源下臭氧/生物活性炭运行参数的优化

近年来,臭氧/生物活性炭工艺在国内得到广泛应用,在控制饮用水中消毒副产物的生成方面起到了重要作用。研究与生产实践表明,臭氧/生物活性炭运行参数的优化对其净水效能的发挥至关重要。针对江苏J水厂采用的H和X两个水质差异较大的水源,建立了中试装置,开展了以控制消毒副产物为目标的臭氧/生物活性炭运行参数优化研究。结果表明:随着臭氧投加量的增加,系统对H与X水源中三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)的去除率先上升后逐渐平稳,对卤乙酸生成势(HAAFP)的去除率呈现先增加后降低的趋势;随着炭床停留时间的延长,生物活性炭工艺对THMFP、HAAFP的去除率均呈先上升后平稳的趋势。综合考虑THMFP和HAAFP的去除效能,优化后的臭氧/生物活性炭工艺运行参数如下:针对H水源,臭氧投加量为0. 5 mg/L,炭床停留时间为12 min;针对X水源,臭氧投加量为2. 0 mg/L,炭床停留时间为12 min。     

Removal of VUV pre-treated natural organic matter by biologically activated carbon columns

A potential alternative water treatment process using VUV (185 nm+254 nm) irradiation followed by a biological treatment is described. The system uses sufficient VUV radiation (16J cm(-2)) to significantly enhance the production of biologically degradable moieties prior to treatment with biologically activated carbon (BAC). Two similar activated carbons were used, one virgin and one taken from a water treatment plant with an established biofilm. The VUV-BAC process decreased the overall dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of a natural water sample by 54% and 44% for the virgin carbon and previously used BAC, respectively. Furthermore, VUV-BAC treatment decreased the trihalomethane (THM) formation potential (THMFP) by 60-70% and the haloacetic acid (HAA) formation potential (HAAFP) by 74%. The BAC systems effectively removed the hydrogen peroxide residual produced by VUV irradiation. Although nitrite formation can result from VUV treatment of natural organic matter (NOM), none was detected before or after BAC treatment.     

南方某水厂臭氧/活性炭深度处理工艺运行效果

以南方地区微污染水源水为对象,研究臭氧/活性炭深度处理工艺对有机物综合指标UV(254)、COD(Mn)、TOC的去除效果以及对消毒副产物的控制效果,并结合三维荧光光谱技术分析溶解性有机物的荧光特性。结果表明,与常规处理工艺相比,增加臭氧/活性炭深度处理工艺后,对UV(254)、COD(Mn)、TOC、三卤甲烷前体物的去除率分别提高了47.05%、20.24%、31.11%、37.70%。三维荧光光谱分析结果表明,该地区微污染水源水主要由芳香性蛋白质类物质、溶解性微生物代谢产物类物质和富里酸类物质组成,臭氧/活性炭深度处理工艺对荧光溶解性有机物的去除效果明显。     

Removal of disinfection by-product precursors with ozone-UV advanced oxidation process

The efficacy of using ozone (O3), ultraviolet irradiation (UV) and the combined O3-UV advanced oxidation process (AOP) to remove 2 classes of disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors from raw surface water samples have been evaluated and compared. In particular, trihalomethane and haloacetic acids formation potentials were measured. Laboratory batch scale experiments were carried out as a function of ozone and UV dosage in order to study the removal kinetics. It is concluded that the combined O3-UV AOP is more effective than either the ozone or UV treatment alone. Ozone-UV AOP is capable of mineralizing up to 50% of the total organic carbon from the raw source water at an ozone dose of 0.62+/-0.019 mg O3/mL and a UV dose of 1.61 W s/cm2. In addition, O3-UV AOP can reduce trihalomethane formation potential by roughly 80% and haloacetic acids formation potential by roughly 70% at the same ozone and UV dosage.     

预处理强化生物活性炭工艺研究

研究了不同水处理组合工艺的除污染效能,包括化学预处理、常规处理、生物活性炭或臭氧生物活性炭技术的联用。试验结果表明,臭氧预氧化、高锰酸盐复合药剂（PPC）预氧化均能强化生物活性炭或臭氧生物活性炭工艺对各项指标的去除,可提高对浊度、UV254、CODMn的去除率;PPC预氧化与生物活性炭联用技术可强化AOC、BDOC的去除效果,达到生物稳定性的控制要求,是适合我国水厂改造的水处理技术。     

Optimization of Coagulation and Ozonation Processes for Disinfection by–Products Formation Potential Reduction

Optimization of coagulation and ozonation processes for removal of disinfection by–products (DBP) formation potential in raw water was conducted by a pilot scale system. Proper poly–aluminum–chloride–sulfates (PACS), pre–ozone and post–ozone dosages are required for improving the removal performance of DBP formation potential to guarantee the safety of drinking water. Considering the treatment performances and economic costs, the optimum PACS, pre–ozone and post–ozone dosages for treating raw water with high organic concentration should be around 8.9 mg/L Al₂O₃, 0.5 and 2.5 mg/L, respectively. The combined drinking water treatment system of pre–ozonation, coagulation/sedimentation, sand filtration, post–ozonation, granular activated carbon filtration and disinfection is a promising process to reduce DBP formation potential from raw water in southern China. Under the optimum conditions, this combined system removed total trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids formation potential 50.16 and 69.10%, respectively.