开放式办公室的绿色声环境设计

开放式办公室在国内外已广泛使用，其声环境质量关系着其中工作人员的健康和工作效率。本文从整体布局、噪声控制和语音私密度的保障三个方面论述了开放式办公室声环境设计的主要内容和方法，并提出了开放式办公室声环境设计要点，供建筑师和室内设计师参考。     

开放式办公室声环境测评研究

开放式办公室的声环境质量直接关系到室内人员的工作效率,我国在该领域的研究仍很缺乏,相关测评标准也有待完善。开放式研究室是开放式办公室的1种类型,人们在研究室内大部分时间里都需要专心致志地从事科研相关工作,因此其室内声环境的重要性更为突出。本文以5个典型的开放式研究室为例,参照现行的ISO标准对室内声环境进行综合测评,并深入探讨了其声环境质量与多个重要声学评价参数之间的关系,最后总结出开放式办公室的一般测评流程和注意事项。相关结论可以为建筑设计人员提供参考,同时为该领域的深入研究和标准制定提供借鉴。     

语言清晰度与掩蔽效应对开放式办公室工作效率影响的实验研究进展

语言清晰度对人员工作效率的影响一直是办公室声学领域的研究热点,尤其关于办公人员的短时记忆任务效率(如序列回忆任务效率等)受语言清晰度影响的实验研究在近年来更是层出不穷,是研究开放式办公室声环境(及其相关测评标准)的重要基础。本文尝试对近年来国内外关于序列回忆任务效率受开放式办公室声环境影响的实验研究进行综述和讨论,其中着重探讨了该任务效率受语言清晰度和掩蔽声信号的影响,并归纳了当前的主要研究结论以及对未来工作的若干建议,以期有助于该领域研究的继续深化。     

掩蔽声环境对高校开放式研究室专业文献阅读的影响研究

无关语言噪声是开放式研究室的主要干扰源,通过引入掩蔽声可降低语言清晰度,从而降低无关语言噪声对人员工作的干扰.本文通过实验测试研究了3种掩蔽声源(伪语声、泉水声、类语言噪声)对高校开放式研究室科研人员专业文献阅读的影响,并将实验结果与2种无掩蔽声环境(即安静环境和纯语言噪声环境)进行对比.结果表明:在无关语言噪声环境下...     

室内物理环境质量对病态建筑综合症的影响研究——以高校开放式办公室为例

本文以华侨大学厦门校区为例,针对该校区开放式办公室病态建筑综合症的发生情况进行调查,并结合室内环境参数的客观测量结果与主观评价,深入探讨了病态建筑综合症相关症状发生率、室内各环境因素及工作效率三者之间的关系。结果表明,声、光、热等多种室内环境因素及空气质量对病态建筑综合症相关症状的出现频率具有重要影响,这些因素的质量提升对降低开放式办公室病态建筑综合症问题具有积极作用。另外,个人特征和办公室类型等因素对开放式办公室病态建筑综合症相关症状的出现频率也会产生影响,在相关研究中值得关注。所用方法和研究结果,可为病态建筑综合症研究以及建筑(尤其是高校办公建筑)环境质量改善,提供参考。     

开启声音之门:建筑声环境

从背景和进展情况等方面介绍了声景及声景学,对声景的描述、评价、设计和声景学应用作了概述。指出研究声景使人们拥有了更有利的手段能动地保护、创造美好声音环境;指出以声景建设为着眼点进行开放式小区的生活环境和城市生态规划具有的完整性意义。     

大型办公室的声环境与改善措施研究

结合大型办公室的声环境改造工程实际,应用计算机声环境模拟分析软件对多项声学改造措施进行深入的分析研究,结果对大型办公室声环境质量的研究与改善有一定的参考意义.     

室内吊顶墙面设计新选择 吸音、独特、个性创作

办公室环境对于人们的工作有着多方面的影响。现今,开放式办公室成为潮流,公共空间的区域越来越多,隔断代替墙体,甚至隔断也不再使用。开放式办公室的大量使用是有原因的,比如提高效率、增进沟通、方便团队合作。不过,最关键的因素还是在于节省费用——共用办公空间使得同样的空间内可以容纳更多的工作人员,其建造、维护保养费用也相对便宜。     

沈阳冬季办公室室内热湿环境调研与分析

本文介绍了2008年冬季期间在辽宁省沈阳市进行的冬季办公室室内热湿环境问卷调查与测试,通过对办公室人员的着装情况、办公人员对室内环境满意程度和其他主观感受等几个方面的调查分析,得到了沈阳地区冬季办公室室内热湿环境的主观感受和客观评价参数,分析了该地区人们由于生活习惯的差异以及自身的适应性,其热舒适等感觉的不同.同时问卷还涉及到了办公室室内声环境、光环境和室内空气质量等的主观感受.     

营造舒适的办公空间声环境

通过对南京市六幢办公楼办公空间现场测量与满意度调查，分析了当前我国办公空间声环境的现状与存在的问题，从噪声控制和语言私密度的保障等方面论述了办公室声环境设计的主要内容和方法，以期对城市办公环境的研究提供参考依据。     

Vergleichende Untersuchung raumakustischer Konzepte von Mehrpersonenbüros hinsichtlich Sprachverständlichkeit,Arbeitsgedächtnisleistung und Arbeitsbehaglichkeit durch Hörversuche

Comparative studies of room‐acoustic concepts for open‐plan offices with regard to speech intelligibility, short‐term memory perfomance and acoustic comfort. Increasing use of tempering the core of reeinforced concrete ceilings of open‐plan offices for cooling and if necessary for heating strongly limits the implementation of sound‐absorbing ceilings. In these cases the classic concept for offices with fully sound‐absorbing ceilings and screen barriers is not applicable anymore. As an alternative to this concept of screen barriers a so‐called partition wall concept is going to be implemented in these open‐plan offices. In this case a sound‐absorbing ceiling is not used anymore; instead room‐high partition walls are mounted, which are highly sound‐absorbing on both sides. The objective of the study was to compare these two concepts for open‐plan offices regarding speech intelligibility on the phone, ability to concentrate and acoustic comfort. In addition to that the effect of low‐frequency absorbers was investigated. To evaluate the acoustic concepts of theses offices audibility tests were conducted. For this purpose the room‐acoustic conditions of the office situations were auralized with the help of measured binaural room impulse responses of original open‐plan offices. For comparison an open‐plan office without room‐acoustic measures was included. With this procedure different office situations are directly comparable.     

Raumakustische Zielgrößen und Maßnahmen zur Optimierung der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit sowie des akustischen Komforts in Mehrpersonenbüros

Lärm zählt zu den häufigsten Quellen von Beschwerden an Büroarbeitsplätzen. Insbesondere Gespräche von Mitarbeitern werden als störend erlebt. Darüber hinaus beeinträchtigt Bürolärm die Leistungsfähigkeit und das Befinden der Angestellten. Richtlinien und Normen berücksichtigen kaum die besondere Bedeutung sprachlicher Hintergrundgeräusche. Der Speech Transmission Index (STI), ein Maß für die Verständlichkeit von Sprache, wird aktuell als geeignete physikalische Führungsgröße zur Gestaltung offener Büroumgebungen diskutiert. Im Rahmen einer laborexperimentellen Untersuchung wird der Zusammenhang zwischen der Darbietung von Hintergrundschallen mit unterschied licher Sprachverständlichkeit (STI) und der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit sowie dem empfundenen akustischen Komfort von Probanden untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich ein starker Zusammenhang zwischen der Sprachverständlichkeit und Maßen kognitiver Leistungsfähigkeit sowie akustischem Komfort. Der STI kann daher als eine geeignete physikalische Führungsgröße zur Gestaltung offener Büroumgebungen betrachtet werden. Room acoustical set values and measures for optimization of cognitive performance and acoustic comfort in open‐plan offices. Noise is among the most frequently mentioned sources of complaint in open‐plan offices. Particularly conversations of colleagues are perceived as being annoying. In addition office noise is known to impair employees’ cognitive performance and wellbeing. Standards and norms hardly account for the special role of background speech. The Speech Transmission Index (STI), a measure of speech intelligibility, is assumed to be a suitable physical set value for the acoustical design of open‐plan offices. The results of a laboratory experiment are presented investigating the relationship between presentation of background speech varying in STI and cognitive performance as well as perceived acoustic comfort. A strong relationship between speech intelligibility and cognitive performance as well as acoustic comfort is found. Therefore the STI can be assumed to be a suitable physical set value for the acoustic design of open‐plan office.     

Raumakustische Gestaltung offener Bürolandschaften

Raumakustische Gestaltung offener Bürolandschaften. The concentration of work places in open‐plan offices exceeds ergonomic limits, as the noise unavoidably reaches intolerable levels. Following traditional concepts, one tries to damp the sound generated through multiple communication processes within the room by means of absorbent ceilings and conventional office dividers. This, however, is now in conflict with up‐to‐date trends towards thermal activation and visual transparency of all bounding surfaces. Above all, these out‐of‐date acoustic measures do not tackle the problem at its roots, i.e. at the vivid sound sources themselves. Acoustic comfort and noise control as indispensable presuppositions for concentrated intellectual work can only be achieved, if equally low reverberation of the room down to very low frequencies supports best speech intelligibility. Novel high‐performance broadband compact absorber modules and fully transparent sound screens completely incorporating such modules now enable an optimal visual and acoustical layout for truly open‐plan offices. After this long‐standing acoustic dilemma could be solved very convincingly in prominent cases, many fallow lying office immobilia may be revived for open‐plan (group‐ or team‐) office landscapes with only 6 to 12 m² floor area occupancy per user. With their high flexibility and relatively low price the proposed innovative measures can help to raise the value of numerous objects – attractive aspects for clear‐sighted project developers and investors in a fast growing market.     

Performance evaluation and design guidelines for stratum ventilation

This paper evaluates the performance of stratum ventilation systems for small to medium individual offices, open offices, classrooms, and retail shops operated under elevated room temperatures according to governmental guidelines. With proper design, stratum ventilation can maintain a thermally comfortable environment that has a horizontal airflow at head level, a small and reverse temperature gradient between the head and foot levels, and a high air distribution performance index.     

The influence of personality on user satisfaction: multi-tenant offices

Many different multi-tenant offices have arisen over the last decades, as building owners address the changing nature of the workplace – a need for users to share facilities. However, the existing literature on multi-tenant buildings from the point of view of user satisfaction is scarce, limiting input for user-centred design. This study analyses the influence of personality on user satisfaction with multi-tenant office characteristics. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed among users of 17 different multi-tenant offices (business centres, incubators serviced offices and co-working places), which yielded 190 respondents. To determine the effects of personal characteristics, a multiple regression model was performed per office variable category. Results showed that users who are more extraverted, open to new experiences and more agreeable were overall more satisfied with the multi-tenant office characteristics. However, the effects of demographics and work-related characteristics were much larger. Men, older users and users working in an open and flexible work environment were overall more satisfied with the office characteristics. Owners, developers and managers can use these results for developing user-centred designs, optimizing the level of satisfaction in their offices.     

住区声环境优化与建筑设计一体化研究

声环境是居住环境的重要组成部分,它直接影响人们的居住舒适度.住宅设计及建造中都应充分考虑声环境,但目前对声环境设计方法与案例的研究尚不多见.该文针对交通噪声问题,就建筑布局、建筑平面及建筑造型等三方面进行声环境优化的初步探讨,以期指导住区建筑设计,提升人居环境.     

Acoustical environment evaluation of Joint Classrooms for elementary schools in Taiwan

As open education is the future education mainstream, Joint Classrooms are found in new schools or rebuilt old schoolhouses in Taiwan. However, there have been serious problems in acoustic environment in the Joint Classrooms in the 6 years since the first appearance in 1999. There are no substantial evaluations or improvement suggestions available now. As a result, the acoustic environments of Joint Classrooms in Taiwan were analyzed, via on-site measurements and questionnaires, to understand the current situation of acoustic environment and compare the differences between traditional and Joint Classrooms.     

Fire sizes and sprinkler effectiveness in offices — implications for smoke control design

There is a trend for many new office buildings to include a smoke ventilation system. This is especially true of ‘Atrium’ buildings. At present there are no clear grounds for choosing a fire size on which to base the design of such ventilation systems.

This paper draws on the U.K. Fire Statistics Data Base for 1978 and 1979 establish the proportion of reported fires exceeding any given size (the relative frequency), for both sprinklered and unsprinklered offices. Given a decision about a reasonable proportion of fires growing larger than a particular area, the paper shows how this area can be used to determine whether the fire will be ventilation or fuel-bed controlled. It further shows how the heat carried by the gases leaving the office (e.g., into an atrium) can be estimated by the ventilation system's designer, for either ventilation or fuel-bed controlled fires, whether sprinklered or not.

For example, if a relative frequency of 10% is deemed reasonable the design fire area is 16 m² sprinklered or 47 m² unsprinklered. The design heat output will vary between 0.3 MW and 4.5 MW depending on the building's circumstances.

The study suggests that fitting sprinklers in open plan offices may give a major advantage in reducing the capacity required of a smoke ventilation system, but much less of an advantage for cellular offices.

It is also suggested that the British Standard for means of escape from offices is generally successful in preventing casualties.     

Time-dependent occupant behaviour models of window control in summer

This study aims to extend the understanding of the window-opening control by occupants in private and two-person offices in summer. A field study was carried out from 13 June to 15 September 2006 in offices with and without night ventilation, located in Cambridge, UK. The monitoring data give evidence that there is a statistically significant relationship between window-opening behaviour patterns and indoor stimulus (i.e., indoor air temperature) in summer. The activity of window control in offices both with and without night ventilation was mostly constrained to the start of period of occupation. Once a window state had been set up on the arrival it mainly stayed the same until departure. The percentages of total window change events in offices without night ventilation during the intermittent period from open to closed and closed to open were 3% and 2%, respectively. A window in an office that featured a night cooling strategy was always open upon the departure whenever the room temperature was over 23.6 °C. Finally, the stochastic models to predict window-opening behaviour patterns as a function of indoor temperature, time of day and the previous window state were developed.     

广州地区办公室使用者日常利用自然通风的行为模式研究

自然通风作为传统的建筑防热技术在广州地区有广泛的应用.相关调查发现.在空调相当普及的今天,超过50%的办公室每月开窗通风天数多于20天,自然通风仍是办公室不可缺少的环境要素.该文主要介绍关于办公人员日常开窗通风的行为模式的研究所得.