Evaluation of visual display techniques for assembly sequence planning

This study examined the effects of visual display formats for assembly planning tasks. A single assembly sequence was presented in: (a) a nonintegrated display format containing an arc and node diagram with an exploding graphic view of each step, and (b) an integrated display that incorporated pictures in the arc and node diagram and allowed enlargement of nodes. Both displays were tested with and without verbal and contextual information using five assembly rules. Overall, participants performed better and preferred the integrated display. Performance depended on the type of rule being examined. An integrated display format with verbal and contextual information is recommended for assembly sequence visualization. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

PowerBuilder动态报表技术

在开发MIS系统时需要创建大量报表，这些报表具有不确定性，其格式、内容和数量经常根据需求发生变化。文章提出了一种新的动态报表生成技术。即采用空模板与报表描述文件组合和动态合成方法。根据用户的需求。快速方便地修改报表。     

Enhancing online forms: Use format specifications for fields with format restrictions to help respondents

Field format restrictions are often used in online forms to impose certain formatting and content rules on users, such as minimum password length or date entry format. In this study, the question whether and how format restrictions for fields in online forms should be communicated to Internet users was explored. In an online study with n = 166 participants, four ways to communicate format restrictions were investigated: (1) no visual format restriction, (2) format examples, (3) format specifications, and (4) both format restrictions (examples and specifications). Results show that providing details of any format restriction to users in advance leads to significantly fewer errors and trials. The most efficient way to communicate field format restrictions to users is by stating the imposed rule (format specification). Providing an additional example neither helps nor constrains users.     

Data bases of accommodative aids for computer users with disabilities

Computers offer an almost limitless range of opportunities for persons with nearly any type and degree of disability. Standard computer configurations, however, can be difficult to access for users with disabilities. Six of the major data bases that describe adaptive computer hardware and software for users with disabilities are reviewed. The most appropriate data base to use depends not only on the type of aid desired but also on the means of access available to the individual, the frequency of use of the data base, and the price of the data base information. None of the data bases reviewed contains the detailed information needed when choosing devices compatible with the user's physical skills and task needs. Consequently, a less-than-systematic approach is currently taken when choosing accommodative aids. An integrated approach combining a capability assessment, a comprehensive needs analysis based on the tasks to be performed, a more detailed data base describing hardware and software, and usability testing is recommended for selecting the appropriate accommodative aid for computer users with disabilities.     

Dynamically generated follow-up questions

Automatic text generators are at the heart of systems that provide users with information. The trick is getting the system to answer follow-up questions as naturally as possible. We have devised a direct manipulation interface that treats system-generated texts as structured objects that users can manipulate. With our interface, users select the portions of system-generated text that they don't understand or want more information about, and the system provides a menu of questions to ask. Question menus, generated on the fly, take into account the user model, underlying knowledge base(s), and the prior discourse context     

An end-to-end tabular information-oriented causality event evolutionary knowledge graph for manufacturing documents

Industrial tabular information extraction and its semantic fusion with text (ITIESF) is of great significance in converting and fusing industrial unstructured data into structured knowledge to guide cognitive intelligence analysis in the manufacturing industry. A novel end-to-end ITIESF approach is proposed to integrate tabular information and construct a tabular information-oriented causality event evolutionary knowledge graph (TCEEKG). Specifically, an end-to-end joint learning strategy is presented to mine the semantic information in tables. The definition and modeling method of the intrinsic relationships between tables with their rows and columns in engineering documents are provided to model the tabular information. Due to this, an end-to-end joint entity relationship extraction method for textual and tabular information from engineering documents is proposed to construct text-based knowledge graphs (KG) and tabular information-based causality event evolutionary graphs (CEEG). Then, a novel NSGCN (neighborhoods sample graph convolution network)-based entity alignment is proposed to fuse the cross-knowledge graphs into a unified knowledge base. Furthermore, a translation-based graph structure-driven Q&A (question and answer) approach is designed to respond to cause analysis and problem tracing. Our models can be easily integrated into a prototype system to provide a joint information processing and cognitive analysis. Finally, the approach is evaluated by employing the aerospace machining documents to illustrate that the TCEEKG can considerably help workers strengthen their skills in the cause-and-effect analysis of machining quality issues from a global perspective.     

Deriving and paraphrasing information grammars using object-oriented analysis models

In this paper the focus is on object-oriented analysis of information systems. We assume that the communication within an application domain can be described by a logbook of events. In our view, the purpose of the analysis phase is to model the structure of this logbook. The resulting conceptual model is referred to as the information architecture, and is an integration of three formal object-oriented analysis models with each a specific view on the application domain. Furthermore, the information architecture forms an abstraction of an underlying grammar, called the information grammar, for the communication within the application domain. This grammar can be used to validate the information architecture in a textual format by informed users. In addition, the information grammar can be used to obtain the relevant data and processes of the application domain, and serves as a basis for the query language of users with the information system. Received: 19 February 1997 / 21 August 2001     

Semantic interoperability with heterogeneous information systems on the internet through automatic tabular document exchange

Internet is a common information space populated with many entities (e.g., Internet of Things) with different information system types. Each of them has its own context of how to build and process documents (e.g., form documents). This leads to heterogeneous documents in terms of syntax and semantics, which are difficult to make information fusion from one context to another. To resolve this problem, this paper uses semantic interoperability technique which consists of two automatic stages including consistent data understanding and reasonable data usage. To implement semantic interoperability, this paper proposes a novel automatic tabular document exchange (DocEx) framework comprised of a new tabular document model (TabDoc) and a semantic inference scheme to fit the two stages above respectively. In this TabDoc model, a new Tabular Document Language (DocLang) as a communication medium between users and devices is provided, which is not only an information representation language but also a rule language for semantic inference as well. Abstract sub-tree-based semantic relations constructing the logical structure of a tabular document are separated from their presentational structures, clarifying the relationship between semantic groups (e.g., a cell or a block) with the help of a common dictionary CONEX. Besides, this paper proposes a semantic inference algorithm (SIA) executing the inference procedure on received tabular documents created by a Table Designer system which integrates with SIA. Finally, the proposed framework is applied to the processing of flight ticket booking in a realistic e-business scenario. The results show that the proposed method in this paper improves the performance of information fusion among different information systems on the Internet.     

On the communication of scientific data: The Full-Metadata Format

In this paper, we introduce a scientific format for text-based data files, which facilitates storing and communicating tabular data sets. The so-called Full-Metadata Format builds on the widely used INI-standard and is based on four principles: readable self-documentation, flexible structure, fail-safe compatibility, and searchability. As a consequence, all metadata required to interpret the tabular data are stored in the same file, allowing for the automated generation of publication-ready tables and graphs and the semantic searchability of data file collections. The Full-Metadata Format is introduced on the basis of three comprehensive examples. The complete format and syntax are given in the appendix.     

Defining the meaning of tabular mathematical expressions

Mathematical expressions in tabular form (also called “tabular expressions” or “tables”) have been shown to be useful for documenting and analysing software systems. They are usually easier to read than conventional mathematical expressions but are no less precise. They can be used wherever mathematical expressions are used. To avoid misunderstandings, and to support users with trustworthy tools, the meaning of these expressions must be fully defined.This paper presents a new method for defining the meaning of tabular expressions. Each definition of an expression type names the expression’s constituents, and provides a restriction schema and one or more evaluation schemas. The restriction schema defines the class of well-formed expressions of the type. An evaluation schema maps a well-formed tabular expression of the type to a mathematical expression of a previously defined type. Since the meaning of conventional mathematical expressions is well known, describing an equivalent expression fully defines the meaning of a tabular expression.In this approach, indexation is used to decouple the appearance of a tabular expression from its semantics. A tabular expression is an indexed set of grids; a grid is an indexed set of expressions. The expressions in a grid can be either conventional expressions or tabular expressions of a previously defined type.Defining the meaning of a tabular expression in this way facilitates the building of tools that faithfully implement the semantics. The decoupling of syntax and semantics by means of indices overcomes some limitations of older approaches.The method presented in the paper is illustrated by defining several previously known types of tabular expressions and some new ones. The use of the new model to build a suite of tools for the input, presentation, validation, evaluation, simplification, conversion and composition of tabular expressions is discussed.     

C程序中如何正确地输入数据

C语言中,scanf 0函数可以用来输入任意类型的多个数据。在输入数据时,如果数据格式使用不当,就会使变量得呆到正确的值,从而使程序运行后得不到正确的结果。本丈对怎样使用输入格式才能够得到正确的输入数据进行了详细分析,以便掌握正确的数据输入方法。     

GIS中最短路径的求取及三维可视化

最短路径是GIS网络分析的主要问题之一,而经典的Dijkstra算法是目前解决这一问题的理论基础。论文在Dijkstra算法的基础上,根据Shape矢量地图的自身特点,对算法的存储结构和算法过程进行了相应的设计,完成了最短路径的显示。并且最终分别利用一种求交和插值算法,结合OpenGL实现了最短路径在三维地形(基于规则格网)中的可视化,从而为用户提供了一个更加真实沉浸的可视化环境。     

From tabular data to knowledge graphs: A survey of semantic table interpretation tasks and methods

Tabular data often refers to data that is organized in a table with rows and columns. We observe that this data format is widely used on the Web and within enterprise data repositories. Tables potentially contain rich semantic information that still needs to be interpreted. The process of extracting meaningful information out of tabular data with respect to a semantic artefact, such as an ontology or a knowledge graph, is often referred to as Semantic Table Interpretation (STI) or Semantic Table Annotation. In this survey paper, we aim to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date state-of-the-art review of the different tasks and methods that have been proposed so far to perform STI. First, we propose a new categorization that reflects the heterogeneity of table types that one can encounter, revealing different challenges that need to be addressed. Next, we define five major sub-tasks that STI deals with even if the literature has mostly focused on three sub-tasks so far. We review and group the many approaches that have been proposed into three macro families and we discuss their performance and limitations with respect to the various datasets and benchmarks proposed by the community. Finally, we detail what are the remaining scientific barriers to be able to truly automatically interpret any type of tables that can be found in the wild Web.     

面向配置设计的产品功构建模方法

针对产品配置设计过程中存在的客户和设计者之间交互语义一致性以及功能域与结构域之间映射等问题,鉴于事物特性表技术,通过规定产品信息的数据格式使产品数据能在不同系统之间进行交流,提出了基于事物特性表的产品需求信息元方法,构造了面向配置设计的功构模型;着重探讨了模型的优化算法及基于功构模型的产品配置设计流程;最后给出了面向配置设计的产品功构建模应用实例．     

The differential use of written,computer-based and verbal information in an organizational context An empirical exploration

The ways in which individual characteristics and task attributes affect the use of different types of information is a pertinent issue in Organisational Analysis and in the development of Information Systems. This article reports on a study which examined and compared patterns of use of written, computer-based, and verbal information by 1300 full-time employees from the Australian Telecommunications industry. The participants in this study made much more frequent use of verbal information than either written or computer derived information. Computer-derived information was the least prominent mode of communication. Patterns of information usage were found to be relatively independent of demographic characteristics such as age, tenure, job category and job rank. Nevertheless multiple regressions analysis revealed that the use of each type of information was affected by a variety of individual and organisational factors. The overall findings lend support to the suggestion that verbal information is used not as an alternative to, but in conjunction with, other forms of communication.     

Interoperability and neutral data formats in multibody system simulation

Data standardization is still an open research field in multibody system (MBS) dynamics, and the lack of a standard neutral data format to encode information about MBS models (topology, geometry, rigid and flexible body data, applied forces, type of analysis, …) hinders the exchange and share of models between users of MBS software. Therefore, the MBS research community should start to address the interoperability needs in this field as soon as possible. This article presents some foundations for that task: the requirements for a neutral data format are presented, the current interoperability state in MBS dynamics is evaluated, and two data modeling technologies (STEP and XML) are compared in order to develop a robust yet easy-to-use neutral data format for multibody systems. An XML-based prototype implementation of such a format is proposed, demonstrating the excellent aptitudes of XML for this task. Finally, guidelines for future standardization of multibody system data are given. In conclusion, both STEP and XML should be combined in the future to solve the interoperability problems in multibody system dynamics in an effective way. Commemorative Contribution.     

基于WEB的通用统计报表系统的实现

本文在分析通用报表相对于专用报表优点的基础上，提出了一种基于WEB的与业务无关的通用报表的实现方法。该方法通过数据定义就可以处理不同的报表，实现不同的统计和格式输出，使报表变得可定制：同时，由于是基于WEB界面，使数据更易于共享。     

Using eye-tracking technology to investigate the redundant effect of multimedia web pages on viewers’ cognitive processes

This study utilized eye-tracking technology to determine the impact of redundant onscreen text information on viewers’ cognitive processes with respect to multimedia information. Sixteen college students participated in the study and their eye-movement data and self-reported cognitive load ratings were collected as they viewed three web pages into which different forms of verbal explanations of thunderstorm systems were integrated. A repeated measure design was utilized to support the research purposes. The eye-tracking data showed that viewers relied on text information as the main information resource for determining meaning. Students’ cognitive load reports reflected a redundant effect from the on screen text on their cognitive load level when both onscreen and narrative verbal messages were presented. However, eye-movement data revealed that viewers spent less time on the onscreen text when there was a narrative message presenting the same information. When the pictorial information was accompanied by both onscreen and narrative formats of verbal information, viewers seemed to be able to filter out redundant information. Additionally, replacing onscreen text with a voice-over seemed to globally orient viewers’ eye fixations toward the illustration. Discussions on results and suggestions for future studies are provided in this paper.     

XML的生物信息数据的存储与实现

生物信息数据文件数量非常庞大,并且数据格式不统一。XML作为信息交换的格式可以方便地转换为其他格式,且XML文件中的数据可以方便地存储在数据库中。使用XML作为生物信息数据的存储格式,不仅充分利用了XML在格式转换方面的优势,更方便了对生物信息数据的存储管理和查询,为有效数据信息的提取和进行数据挖掘提供了前提。     

基于TTCN-3表格形式的OSP测试例

为了满足日益增长的测试需求,欧洲电信标准协会推出了新一代测试描述语言TTCN-3。TTCN-3的表格形式不仅是其核心语言的一种表现形式,而且强调了如何满足协议一致性测试的需求。文中研究了TTCN-3的表格形式,并提出了一个用表格形式描述的OSP协议的测试例。该测试例可以被应用于OSP协议的一致性测试。