Gelation of β-Lactoglobulin: Effects of Sodium Chloride and Calcium Chloride on the Rheological and Structural Properties of Gels

Heating β-lactoglobulin solutions at pH 8 causes an increase in viscosity, but self-supporting gels were not formed unless salts, such as sodium chloride or calcium chloride, were added. The rheological and textural properties and gel strength were markedly affected by salt concentration. Thus, gels of maximum compressive strength were obtained with sodium chloride and calcium chloride at concentrations of 200 and 10mM, respectively. Increasing the concentration of sodium chloride resulted in the formation of soft gels which released water easily. Calcium chloride strengthened β-lactoglobulin gels by forming crossbridges. However, above 10 mM it tended to enhance coagulation rather than gelation. This was confirmed by election microscopy of the gel matrix.     

基于主成分分析构建混合多糖凝胶品质综合评价模型

为了构建混合多糖凝胶的综合评价预测模型,该研究采用全质构分析法（TPA）和感官评价法对5种亲水胶体复配得到的25种混合多糖凝胶进行测定。结果表明,混合凝胶质构硬度与感官硬度、脆性呈极显著正相关;质构内聚性、咀嚼性与感官硬度、脆性、咀嚼性、弹性、总体可接受度呈极显著正相关;质构弹性与感官弹性、咀嚼性呈极显著正相关,而感官气味与质构指标均不相关。利用主成分分析法从混合凝胶的11个评价指标中提取出3个主成分,累计方差贡献率达到82.45%,建立了混合多糖凝胶的综合评价模型。根据综合评分结果知,当混合凝胶配方为k-卡拉胶0.8%、魔芋胶1.2%、低酰结冷胶0.4%、刺槐豆胶0.6%、海藻酸钠0.4%时,混合多糖凝胶的得分最高为1 476.17;而当混合凝胶中不添加k-卡拉胶时,综合评分最低为424.56。基于主成分分析得到的综合评价模型对混合多糖凝胶品质进行评价,可以客观的反映出混合多糖凝胶的品质。     

Tara gum–bovine sodium caseinate acid gels: Stabilisation of W/W emulsions

Microstructural, rheological, and textural behaviour of tara gum–bovine sodium caseinate aqueous mixtures and their acid gels were evaluated. Acid gels with different microstructures and texture were obtained. These results can be related to a competition between the protein acid gelation process and the segregative phase separation. Depending on the concentration ratio of both biopolymers, a continuous protein gel network or a water‐in‐water emulsion stabilised by acid gelation was observed. These findings may be used to address the development of new food‐grade gels with different textures and also for the obtention of protein microgels to encapsulate hydrophilic compounds.     

钙离子添加量对苹果果胶-苹果多酚复配物体系流变、凝胶及质构特性的影响

以常见苹果果胶和苹果多酚为原料组成复配物体系,考察钙离子添加量分别为复配物样品溶液总质量的0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%时对复配物体系流变性、凝胶性和质构特性的影响,从而探究以苹果果胶和苹果多酚为主要原料的加钙食品在生产加工时钙离子的最佳添加量。结果表明钙离子添加量对苹果果胶-苹果多酚复配物体系的流变性、凝胶性和质构特性均有较大影响;钙离子添加量较低时,复配物体系的凝胶强度随着钙离子添加量的增加而增强,凝胶形成速率逐渐加快,凝胶结构逐渐变得稳定,表现出良好的凝胶特性,钙离子添加量为0.3%时达到最高,当进一步升高时,复配物体系的凝胶强度开始下降,稳定性逐渐降低,结构稳定性开始变差;复配物体系的凝胶速率随着钙离子添加量的增加逐渐加快,钙离子添加量为0.3%时达到最快速率,凝胶形成周期缩短,当进一步升高时,复配物体系的凝胶速率逐渐减缓,凝胶形成周期延长。复配物体系质构特性也受到钙离子添加量的影响,钙离子添加量为0.3%时,硬度、弹性、黏性、内聚性和咀嚼性等质构特性指标均达到最大值,钙离子添加量继续升高时,各质构特性指标开始下降,整体上呈现先上升后下降的趋势。因此,要保证以苹果果胶-苹果多酚复配物体系为原料的加钙食品的流变、凝胶和质构特性达到最佳,钙离子添加量应为0.3%。     

Evaluation of the effect of Gleditsia amorphoides gum on the properties of rennet-induced milk protein gels

The study and characterisation of food gels obtained from phase-separated systems has gained interest since a wide variety of gel structures and textures can be developed. In this study, the phase and rheological behaviour of milk protein/espina corona gum (MP/ECG) mixtures were evaluated. These mixtures presented a segregative phase separation and a rheological behaviour proportional to the ECG concentration. Microstructural analysis, textural parameters and water-holding capacity of gels obtained from MP/ECG mixed systems using rennet as gelling agent were determined. At high ECG concentrations (≥0.05%, w/v), the gel microstructure changed from a coarse strand to a bicontinous microstructure. Such microstructural changes affected the textural parameters, firmness and break point, and the water-holding capacity of the gels. The results obtained in this work could be explained by the interplay between the segregative interaction of the biopolymers and the rennet-induced gelation rate.     

Gel—sol transition in gellan gum solutions. II. DSC studies on the effects of salts

The thermal properties of sodium form gellan gum solutions with and without sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC cooling or heating curves for 1% gellan gum solutions without salt showed a single exothermic or endothermic peak at ~30°C. DSC cooling curves showed a single exothermic peak, with the setting temperature (Ts) shifting to progressively higher temperatures with increasing concentration of the added NaCl or KCl. At low concentrations of NaCl or KCl, DSC heating curves showed a single endothermic peak; however with more addition of salt the endothermic peak gradually developed a bimodal character and eventually split into more than two distinct peaks. The onset of detectable splitting occurred at a high salt concentration which coincided with that at which elastic gels are formed at even a higher temperature as was observed by viscoelastic measurements. With a sufficient addition of monovalent cations the endothermic curve became again a single peak shifting to higher temperatures. In the presence of divalent cations, although Ts shifted to higher temperatures with increasing concentration of added CaCl₂ or MgCl₂, the melting temperature (Tm) in heating DSC curves shifted to higher temperatures (up to a certain temperature) and then shifted to lower temperatures with increasing concentration of salt. With increasing concentration of CaCl₂ or MgCl₂, the exothermic and endothermic enthalpies estimated for a main peak increased up to a certain salt concentration and then decreased; however many other peaks were observed at higher temperatures. The endothermic peaks for gels with excessive divalent cations were too broad to be resolved from the baseline; in contrast the exothermic peaks were much sharper and readily recognized. In comparing thermal properties with rheological properties, gellan gum solutions with excessive divalent cations form firm gels on cooling to below the setting temperature, and then it was difficult to remelt them. This was quite different from the behaviour of thermoreversible gels formed in the presence of monovalent cations. It seems that the mechanism of gel formation in gellan gum with divalent cations is markedly different from that with monovalent cations.     

低酰基结冷胶-果胶复配体系的性能

利用质构仪和流变仪对低酰基结冷胶(low acyl gellan,LA)和果胶复配体系的胶体质构和流变性能进行研究。考察不同种类离子(Ca~(2+)、K~+)、离子浓度(0、2、4、6、8、10、20、40 mmol/L)以及LA和果胶不同质量比(100:0、75:25、50:50、25:75)对复配体系质构特性的影响。结果表明,随着离子浓度的增加破坏应力先增大,当达到临界值后开始减小,二价离子(Ca~(2+))的作用效果要强于一价离子(K~+)。复配胶破坏应力随LA比例降低先增加后减少,质量比在75:25时具有显著协同效应。复配体系的黏度随剪切速率增大而减小;当剪切速率相同时,黏度随LA比例的增加而增加,离子种类和浓度对复配体系黏度的影响与质构特性一致。随着温度的升高,复配体系黏度减小,在相同温度条件下,结冷胶与果胶质量比75:25时,体系的黏度最大。储能模量G’大于相应质量比损耗模量G",且G’和G"随LA比例的增加而增大,说明体系的黏性和弹性随LA比例增加而变大。     

Rheological/textural properties of starch and crude hsian‐tsao leaf gum mixed systems

The Effects of hsian‐tsao leaf gum (HG) on the rheological/textural properties of non‐waxy starches were studied. Pronounced interactions between starch and HG were observed. The rheological properties, including pseudo‐gel viscosity in the rapid visco‐analyser test, storage and loss moduli in the dynamic rheological test, as well as firmness in the texture analyser test, of the mixed gels generally improved with increasing gum concentration to a certain level, then deteriorated with further increase in gum concentration. The critical gum concentration for the development of optimal rheological properties depended on the starch type and concentration. Within the concentration range studied, mixed systems with wheat starch could generally reach the highest pseudo‐gel viscosity, firmness, and storage modulus if the starch/HG ratio was appropriate, followed by those with corn and tapioca starch. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

TEXTURE STABILITY OF HYDROGEL COMPLEX CONTAINING CURDLAN GUM OVER MULTIPLE FREEZE–THAW CYCLES

The texture stability of hydrogel complexes containing curdlan gum over multiple freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) was investigated. The hydrogels formed by curdlan and xanthan gum, locust bean gum, carrageenan or guar gum at various combinations were stored at 4C for 24 h before subjected to five FTCs alternating between − 16 (18 h) and 25C (6 h). Xanthan/curdlan hydrogels showed the highest freeze–thaw stability in terms of syneresis, heat stability and adhesiveness. The viscosity of xanthan/curdlan combination was the lowest among all samples studied yet the most stable over the five FTCs, whereas significant changes were observed with locust bean/curdlan hydrogels. The guar/curdlan combination before freeze–thaw treatments exhibited predominant elasticity; however, as the cycles progressed the elasticity decreased. The most stable gel strength was achieved when curdlan was combined with guar or xanthan at 2% (w/v) total concentration, while carrageenan/curdlan gels were the least stable.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Texture instability remains the most significant challenge for frozen food products, especially with inevitable post-production temperature fluctuations. Loss of moisture and changes in textural attributes often results in significant reduction of product quality. Precise control of hydrogel complexes that provide texture stabilization over multiple freeze–thaw cycles will enhance the quality of existing products while enabling the development of new ones.     

Long-term storage stability of selected potato starch – Non-starchy hydrocolloid binary gels

All 3, 4 and 5% potato starch gels containing either κ-carrageenan, guar gum or xanthan gum were prepared and their stability in terms of rheological and textural properties was checked on 30 day storage. It was shown that rheology of these binary potato starch – non-starchy hydrocolloid mixtures could be controlled by anionic character of the admixed hydrocolloid. Depending on the hydrocolloid added, gels made of the tuber starch can either retain their pattern typical for tuber starches or turn into that typical for gels of cereal starches. Hydrocolloids added plasticity to the binary gels but it was lost to a significant extent within the first day of storage. Resulting gels with dominating elastic character are rheologically and texturally fairly stable for subsequent 30 days of storage. Generally, hydrocolloids stabilized potato starch gel on long-time storage to the extent dependent on the gel concentration.     

Gelling properties of protein fractions and protein isolate extracted from Australian canola meal

Gelling properties of canola albumin and globulin fractions, and canola protein isolate (CPI) were examined in this study. The effects of pH and salt concentration on canola protein gelling properties were studied primarily by means of dynamic oscillatory rheology and gel texture analysis. The findings were supported by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of the gels, isoelectric point, and solubility measurement data. All canola proteins showed typical heat-set gel protein profiles. Gels formed at higher pH had better gelling properties including higher overall resistance to deformation (G*), higher gel elasticity (low tan δ ), higher fracture stress and firmness, and denser gel microstructure. Isoelectric points of canola proteins used in this study were in the range of pH 3.0–4.7 where low protein solubility was observed. The albumin fraction was able to form a very weak gel at pH 4, whereas the globulin fraction and CPI precipitated due to loss of protein surface charge. The effects of NaCl on gelling were protein sample dependent. The presence of NaCl negatively affected gelling properties of albumin and globulin fractions, with decreases in overall resistance to deformation (G*), and fracture stress and firmness, but positively affected CPI gels in the same aspects. The elasticity (tan δ) of all canola protein gels remained constant in the presence of NaCl. Frequency sweep analysis revealed that the albumin fraction and CPI formed weak gels, whereas the globulin fraction formed a strong gel. Strain sweep analysis further confirmed that the globulin fraction formed a stronger gel with a critical strain of at least 10%. This study demonstrates the high potential of canola proteins, particularly the globulin fraction, as a prospective gelling agent.     

钠盐替代物对全蛋液功能特性的影响

为探究氯化钾和氯化镁替代氯化钠改善全蛋液功能特性的可行性,评估不同浓度的氯化钠（0.2、0.4、0.8 mol/L和1.6 mol/L）、氯化钾（0.2、0.4、0.8 mol/L和1.6 mol/L）和氯化镁（5、10、20 mmol/L和40 mmol/L）对全蛋液理化和功能特性的影响。结果表明：盐的加入显著影响了全蛋液的功能特性。添加0.8 mol/L和1.6 mol/L的氯化钾后,泡沫稳定性分别提高了21.4%和21.6%。添加20 mmol/L和40 mmol/L的氯化镁后,乳化稳定性分别提高了14.7%和24.1%,同时蛋白质的溶解性也提高了12.7%和13.8%。此外,添加40 mmol/L的氯化镁后,全蛋液的凝胶持水性和弹性均未被破坏,硬度显著增高,同时全蛋液的颜色变化程度较低且不会引起全蛋液的pH值出现显著变化。综合来看,氯化镁更具有替代氯化钠改善全蛋液功能特性的潜力。研究结果将为钠盐替代物加入全蛋液中提供理论依据。     

Combined microscopic and dynamic rheological methods for studying the structural breakdown properties of whey protein gels and emulsion filled gels

The microstructural and large deformation rheological properties of model food gels were studied by performing notch propagation tensile testing on the gels using a tensile stage and observing changes in the microstructure of the gels during tensile testing using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Heat-set whey protein (WP) gels containing either added sodium caseinate (NaCN) or sunflower oil droplets emulsified with WP or NaCN as the emulsifier protein were prepared in 0 or 50 mM NaCl. The WP gel structure strengthened in the presence of added NaCl and NaCN. The rheological properties of WP gels containing sunflower oil droplets emulsified with WP or NaCN were influenced by the NaCl concentration, oil concentration and extent of oil droplet aggregation in the gel or by the type of emulsifier protein used. During tensile testing, the notch length in all gels increased above a certain critical stress, leading to fracture of the gels through the notch. Also, the microstructural changes in the oil phase of emulsion filled gels subjected to tensile testing were influenced by the structural properties of the WP gel matrix and the proximity of the oil droplet to the fracture path.     

黄原胶对莲藕淀粉糊化性质及流变与质构特性的影响

为探究亲水性胶体对淀粉性质的影响,将不同比例的黄原胶添加到莲藕淀粉中,研究两者复配后莲藕淀粉的糊化、流变、质构特性及微观结构的变化。结果表明：黄原胶提高了淀粉糊终值黏度、糊化峰值时间并降低淀粉的崩解值和回生值,复配体系有更好的热稳定性和抗老化性。添加不同比例的黄原胶使莲藕淀粉糊的剪切应力不同程度降低,稠度系数K增大,流体指数n降低,加入黄原胶后的淀粉糊仍为假塑性流体,但是具有更好的增稠作用;加入黄原胶提高了淀粉的贮能模量、损耗模量,降低了损耗角正切值tanδ,体系的黏弹性和稳定性增强,其中莲藕淀粉与黄原胶配比为8.0∶2.0（g/g）的复配体系增稠效果、黏弹性、稳定性最好。复配体系的硬度、内聚性、黏着性、咀嚼性降低,弹性略有增大,添加黄原胶形成的凝胶质地更柔软。扫描电子显微镜观察到添加黄原胶后淀粉内部形成更加均匀稳定的结构。     

RHEOLOGY OF PURE AND MIXED KAPPA-CARRAGEENAN GELS IN LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION CONDITIONS

Texture profile analysis and rupture tests, respectively, at a deformation of 5 and 80%, were carried out on commercial kappa-carrageenan gel cylinders (3% w/v concentration) and on mixed gel cylinders (kappa-carrageenan/iotacarrageenan or locust bean gum [LBG], in different proportions), to select the best gel composition as an immobilization matrix for continuous lactic acid fermentations of dairy media. Mixed gel cylinders were soaked in a model system for lactic fermentations consisting of 36 dairy media: milk, whey and whey permeate, with 4 lactate concentrations (5, 20, 35 and 50 g/L of medium), combined with 3 pH values (6.5, 6.0, 5.5). GENUGEL X-0909 n°5180850 was the most resistant of all commercial kappa-carrageenans available; mixing this kappacarrageenan with LBG in the respective proportions of 2.75%/0.25% gave the best rheological properties to the resulting mixed gel. Our study of the impact of fermentation parameters showed that pH has a significant effect on hardness, cohesion and percentage of deformation at rupture in milk (but not in the other 2 media). A pH drop of milk from 6.5 to 5.5 resulted in more brittle gels which may be explained by an increase in the amount of soluble calcium cations. Generally, soaking in milk produced the most brittle gels due to its calcium content, whey produced the hardest gels and whey permeate, the softest. An increase in the amomonium lactate concentmtion significantly improved hardness, rupture force and percentage of deformation at rupture, while reducing cohesion and resilience: NH₄+ cations would account for this effect. The differences in rheological behuviour of immobilization gel beads during continuous Eactic fermentations of milk and whey permeate would be due to the cation content and more specijically to the higher calcium concentmtion in milk.     

EFFECT OF OTHER HYDROCOLLOIDS ON THE TEXTURE OF KAPPA CARRAGEENAN GELS1

The effect of different hydrocolloids on the breaking strength, cohesiveness and rigidity of kappa carrageenan gels was studied using comression tests with the Instron. Instrumental measurements were supplemented with benchtop sensory evaluation of texture by mouth, gel clarity and syneresis. The evaluated hydrocolloids included locust bean gum, iota carrageenan, amidated low methoxyl pectin, xanthan gum, and their selected combinations. Best gels were obtained by using 0.15% kappa carrageenan and 0.85% iota carrageenan, or 0.2% kappa carrageenan, 0.2% locust bean gum and 0.6% amidated LM pectin. Although none duplicated the textural quality of gelatine gels, they represented a wide range of interesting and potentially useful textures.     

κ-卡拉胶对大豆分离蛋白乳浊凝胶特性的影响

研究了κ 卡拉胶在不同pH的条件下对大豆分离蛋白乳浊凝胶质构特性和流变特性的影响。研究结果表明 ,pH 7 3条件下的乳浊体系比 pH 6 8的体系更易形成凝胶。卡拉胶质量分数为 0 0 5 %时 ,因与大豆分离蛋白发生静电吸引相互作用形成连接型凝胶而显著提高了凝胶的质构特性和流变特性。 0 2 %时则形成相分离型凝胶 ,降低了凝胶的弹性和内聚性。     

Effect of Guar Gum on the Physicochemical, Thermal, Rheological and Textural Properties of Green Edam Cheese

In attempts to produce a low-fat cheese with a rheology and texture similar to that of a full-fat cheese, guar gum (within 0.0025–0.01%; w/v, final concentration) was added to low-fat milk. The obtained cheeses were characterised regarding their physicochemical, thermal, rheological and textural properties. Control cheeses were also produced with low and full-fat milk. The physicochemical properties of the guar gum modified cheeses were similar to those of the low-fat control. No significant differences were detected in the thermal properties (concerning the enthalpy and profile of water desorption) among all types of cheeses. The rheological behaviour of the 0.0025% modified cheese was very similar to the full-fat control. Overall, no trend was observed in the texture profile (hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and elasticity) of the modified cheeses versus guar gum concentration, as well as in comparison with the control groups, suggesting that none of the studied polysaccharide concentrations simulated the textural functions of fat in Edam cheese.     

右旋糖酐/蚕豆蛋白复合凝胶的流变特性

为研究乳酸菌右旋糖酐对蚕豆蛋白食品相关性质的影响，采用哈克流变仪和质构仪等测定了添加不同浓度右旋糖酐时GDL诱导的酸致蚕豆蛋白复合凝胶质构和流变特性等指标。结果表明：添加右旋糖酐能显著增加蚕豆蛋白凝胶保水性，空白组蚕豆蛋白凝胶保水性为60.38%，1%右旋糖酐与蚕豆蛋白形成的复合凝胶保水性为70.08%（p<0.05）；右旋糖酐浓度在0.25%~1%之间，对复合蛋白凝胶色泽有一定影响；0.5%右旋糖酐与蚕豆蛋白形成的复合凝胶强度为0.27 N，与空白组蚕豆蛋白凝胶（0.37 N）差异显著，可软化含高蚕豆蛋白食品质构特性；右旋糖酐/蚕豆蛋白复合凝胶流动曲线符合carreau模型（R2>0.99），具有假塑性流体的特性；应变扫描的弹性模量G''均高于黏性模量G''，说明右旋糖酐/蚕豆蛋白复合凝胶的弹性占主导；频率扫描结果显示添加右旋糖酐可软化蚕豆蛋白凝胶，使凝胶G''、G''降低，更易于加工。在蚕豆食品中添加右旋糖酐可改善蚕豆蛋白的质构和流变特性，为拓展其应用范围提供参考。     

Textural properties of legume protein isolate and polysaccharide gels

The influence of legume proteins from lupin, pea and fababean on the formation of gels prepared by heat treatment in the absence or presence of xanthan gum, locust bean gum and NaCl was investigated. The resulting fracture and texture properties of gels not only are associated with the heating process used to form the gel but also depend on the conformational aspects of xanthan–locust bean gum in admixture with legume proteins, which after 10 days of aging reinforce the system. The fracture and textural properties are explained in terms of the effect of the protein–polysaccharide molecular structure and physicochemical conditions applied in the gel system during the gel preparation and measurements. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry