锌凝固点的比较

哈特公司为建立锌的凝固点专门设计了一种密封容器，这种客器有诸多优点，例如使用方便，寿命较长等。纯度为９９．９９９９％的锌样品放入石墨坩锅后被封入一个充满纯氩气的熔融石英容器中，经测定，其复现性为０．２４ｍＫ。本文概述了实现固定点的方法，并将测试结果与经ＮＩＳＴ标定过的标准铂电阻温度计的结果进行了比较，二者之间数据之差小于０．３ｍＫ．凝固点附近的扩展不确定度（包含系数ｋ＝２）为１．０ｍＫ，满足ＮＩＳＴ最高准确度的要求．     

镉凝固点

本文介绍的镉凝固点定点装置具有结构简单，操作方便，复现控温程序可一次到位的特点．其中密封容器性能很好，经凝熔温差法检验，证明封装后的镉样品仍然保持着很高的纯度．用三支工作基准级铂电阻温度计复现镉凝固点的实测结果为：（１）短期复现性为０．５ｍＫ；（２）总不确定度为１．４ｍＫ；（３）同级温度计的非一致性值为０．９ｍＫ．研制的镉凝固点定点装置可作为一个高稳定度固定点装置使用．     

铟凝固点复现装置

铟凝固点是９０年国际温标新增加的定义点之一，凝固点温度为１５６．５９８５℃，可代替水沸点，在我们建立的装置上，实现了铟凝固点温度的复现，复现性为０．１４ｍＫ，总不确定度为０．８ｍＫ，优于课题计划１．５ｍＫ的技术指标，圆满地完成了任务。可作为温度副基准的保存和用于量传。     

冰点温度的确定

本文介绍了一种新的、类似水三相点容器结构的密封冰点容器。通过水三相点容器与冰点容器的比对,间接确定了一种高纯水制备的冰点的温度。实验结果表明:水三相点温度与冰点的平均温差为11.18mK。因此,冰点容器所复现的冰点温度为-1.18m℃。     

冰点温度的确定

本文介绍了一种新的、类似水三相点容器结构的密封冰点容器.通过水三相点容器与冰点容器的比对,间接确定了一种高纯水制备的冰点的温度.实验结果表明：水三相点温度与冰点的平均温差为11.18mK.因此,冰点容器所复现的冰点温度为-1.18m℃.     

磁性蓄冷材料的低温比热测量

介绍所建立的一套低温比热测量装置，通过对标准铅样品比热的测量，证明该装置能够满足工程测量的要求．用该装置测量了磁性蓄冷材料Ｅｒ（Ｎｉ０．７９Ｃｏ０．２１）２和Ｅｒ３Ｎｉ的低温比热，它们的比热峰值分别为０．４３Ｊ／ｃｍ３Ｋ和０．３５Ｊ／ｃｍ３Ｋ，峰值对应的温度分别为１４．４Ｋ和６．１４Ｋ，５～２０ｋ的焓差分别为５．２Ｊ／ｃｍ３和５．４Ｊ／ｃｍ３     

环十二酮肟在硫酸中热效应

使用ＲＤ－１型热导式自动量热计测量了不同温度下环十二酮肟在９８％硫酸中热效应。结果表明：当Ｔ＜３３３Ｋ时，仅产生溶解热效应，３０３Ｋ下溶解热△Ｈ＿（ｓ，ｍ）＝－５１．７ｋＪ·ｍｏｌ￣（－１）（ｍ＝４．２８５ｍｏｌ·ｋｇ￣（－１））；当Ｔ＞３４３Ｋ时发生环十二酮肟重排反应，３９３Ｋ下反应热△Ｈ＿（Ｒ，ｍ）＝－２３１．８ｋＪ·ｍｏｌ￣（－１）（ｍ＝４．９６×１０￣（－３）ｍｏｌ·ｋｇ￣（－１））和△Ｈ＿（Ｒ，ｍ）＝－２３７．０ｋＪ·ｍｏｌ￣（－１）（ｍ＝１．７×１０￣（－２）ｍｏｌ·ｋｇ￣（－１））。     

密封式氩和氖三相点容器的国际比对

介绍了中国计量科学研究院（ＮＩＭ）、联邦德国物理技术研究院（ＰＴＢ）和意大利计量研究所（ＩＭＧＣ）制作的密封式氩三相点和氖三相点容器的结构，在ＰＴＢ进行比对的实验设备、实验方法，并给出了比对结果，最大差值小于０．６ｍＫ。     

用黑体辐射法复现铝凝固点

本文叙述用精密直流光电温度计昨现纯金属铝凝固点的实验装置和实验方法，复现铝凝固点的总不确定度小于50mK，置信度为99%。实验中对3个铝点黑体石墨坩埚容器的凝固温度进行了多次测量，3个容器的铝凝固点温度之差不大于10mK。在8个月的时间内，对同一铝点坩埚容器的铝凝固点温度进行了11次测量，其标准偏差为15mK，长期重复性也很好。     

用于掺铒光纤放大器泵浦源的高性能980nm InGaAs应变量子阱激光器

利用分子束外延方法研制出了高质量的ＩｎＧａＡｓ／ＡｌＧａＡｓ庆变量子阱激光器外延材料，其最低的阈值电流密度可达到１２０Ａ／ｃｍ＾２，激光波长在９８０ｎｍ左右。获得了高性能的适合于掺铒光纤放大器用的９８０ｎｍ量子阱激光器泵浦源，其典型的阈值电流为１５ｍＡ，外微分量子效率的典型值和最好值分别为０．８ｍＷ／ｍＡ和１．０ｍＷ／ｍＡ，线性输出功率大于１２０ｍＷ，在２０℃－５０℃的特征温度Ｔ０为１２５Ｋ。器件     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from