生物医用镁合金腐蚀行为的研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

近年来,镁合金作为生物可降解材料受到了越来越多研究者的关注,由于其具有良好的生物相容性、力学性能及可降解吸收等特点,被誉为一种“革命性的生物材料”。然而,由于腐蚀速率过快和存在局部腐蚀的缺点,目前的生物镁合金仍达不到临床应用的要求。本文从高纯化、合金化、热处理工艺、表面改性等方面综述了最近几年生物镁合金在提高腐蚀性能方面的研究进展,并从添加无毒性合金元素,适当的表面涂覆,先进的制备技术及热处理工艺方面,对如何研制出腐蚀性能更好的生物可降解材料进行了展望。     

镁合金稀土元素合金化研究进展

本文叙述了国内外镁合金稀土元素合金化的研究进展;讨论了稀土元素对镁合金熔体、组织和性能以及耐腐蚀性的影响;分析了镁稀土合金研究存在的问题;指出镁稀土合金是镁合金研究的重要发展方向。     

Cast magnesium alloys for elevated temperature applications

The alloy development, microstructure, properties and uses of cast magnesium alloys for elevated temperature applications are reviewed. The alloying principles and strengthening mechanisms of magnesium are discussed to identify the potential alloy systems for elevated temperature applications in automotive and aerospace industries. It is concluded that the Mg-Zr family of sand cast alloys exhibit adequate mechanical properties at both ambient and elevated temperatures for aerospace applications, and Ca-modified sand cast AS41 alloy might provide a cost-effective alternative for the Zr-containing alloys. For diecasting applications, no current alloy systems meets the requirements of good high temperature properties, acceptable castability and low cost for critical automotive components, future development is especially needed in this area. Development of dispersion strengthened magnesium alloys and improvement of current Mg-Al-RE and Mg-Al-Si systems are the potential routes to expand diecast magnesium alloys to elevated temperature applications.     

铸造镁合金及其研究进展

介绍了镁的合金化原理、强化机理和目前所用铸造镁合金的类型及存在的缺点，提出了改善铸造镁合金性能的途径。     

Mg-Al系耐热镁合金中的合金元素及其作用

合金化或微合金化作为改善合金性能或设计新型合金的重要手段之一,目前已普遍应用于Mg-A1系耐热镁合金的研究开发中.综述了Mg-Al系耐热镁合金中合金元素Al、Zn、Mn、Sb、Bi、Sn、Si、RE、Ca和Sr的作用行为,重点分析了Al和Zn 2种主体元素对Mg-Al系耐热镁合金组织和性能的影响,讨论了合金元素使用中存在的问题和今后的发展方向.     

镁及其合金铸造组织的细化

镁合金的晶粒尺寸和沉淀物的形貌及大小影响其性能和使用范围。根据合金的种类加入不同的孕育剂或少量的合金元素可显著细化镁合金的铸造组织。总结了常用铸造镁合金组织细化所采用的方法及可能的细化机理。     

Energy investigations on the mechanical properties of magnesium alloyed by X = C,B, N,O and vacancy

The generalized stacking fault （GSF） energies and surface energies of magnesium and its alloys with alloying atoms X- C, B, N, O and vacancy have been investigated using the first-principles methods. It is found that the predominant reducing effects of the alloying atoms and vacancy on the stacking fault energy are resulted from the position of them in the 1st layer near the slip plane. The stacking fault energies are nearly the same as the pure magnesium while the alloying atoms and vacancy are placed in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th layers. It has been shown that O strongly reduces the GSF energy of Mg. The alloying atoms C, B and N increase the surface energy, but O and vacancy reduce the surface energy of Mg. The ductilities of Mg and Mg alloys have been discussed based on the Rice criterion by using the ratio between surface energy and unstable stacking fault energy.     

Verwertung von Magnesiumschrott

Utilization of magnesium scrap At present the applications of magnesium alloys grow rapidly. Therefore the recycling of magnesium gets new importance. Starting from the demand of magnesium alloys the material cycle of magnesium including the primary production, the consumption and the recycling is presented. Scrap classes and ways for the utilization of new scrap, post consumer scrap, residues and magnesium alloy scrap containing valuable alloying elements like rare earth and lithium are proposed.     

Focused Development of Magnesium Alloys Using the Calphad Approach

In traditional alloy development, experimental investigations with many different alloy compositions are performed. The selection criteria for multicomponent alloying elements and their compositions become diffuse in a traditional approach. Computational thermochemistry as used in the Calphad approach can provide a clear guideline for such selections and helps to avoid large scale experiments with less promising alloys. Thus, it is a powerful tool to cut down on cost and time during development of Mg‐alloys. An overview of the Calphad method is given. As an example of applications, recent developments of new creep resistant magnesium alloys that show about 100 times less creep than the best commercial alloys are reported. Also outlined are the methods used in our long‐term project of construction of the necessary thermodynamic magnesium alloy database for several alloying elements, such as Al, Li, Si, Mn, Ca, Sc, Y, and Zr, and rare earth elements (Ce, Gd, Nd), using the Calphad method combined with key experiments.     

高性能轧制镁合金研究进展

随着轻量化需求的不断增加,镁合金作为最轻的结构金属材料受到了广泛关注。商用镁合金的强度与塑性仍然较低,限制了其在各领域的广泛应用,深入研究高性能镁合金板材制备工艺是打破其应用限制的关键所在。目前,轧制是生产高性能镁合金板材的重要手段,短流程、高效率、低成本的镁合金板材轧制工艺研发是国内外研究的焦点。综述了近几年先进轧制技术（如衬板控轧、非对称轧制、交叉轧制、叠轧、电脉冲辅助轧制及铸轧等）在制备高性能镁合金板材上的最新进展,浅析了几种新型轧制方法在工业应用方面的局限性,提出了未来高性能镁合金板材的研发需基于对工艺-组织-性能关系的深入探索,从新型低合金化体系开发和低成本短流程制备工艺两方面探索优化,为进一步满足镁合金工业应用需求提供思路。     

镁合金的腐蚀研究现状与防护途径

论述了耐蚀镁合金的研究现状,综述了镁合金的腐蚀类型、杂质和合金元素对镁合金耐蚀性能的影响,以及几种典型的表面处理工艺,总结了提高镁合金耐蚀性能的途径,指出了耐蚀镁合金的主要发展方向.     

从可降解金属的角度审视医用镁合金的元素选择

进入21世纪以来,可降解金属成为医用金属材料研究的热点。镁及镁合金是过去10余年被广泛研究的代表性可降解金属材料。Web of Science检索显示,过去10余年有关医用镁合金的基础研究工作在全球范围内已经发表了3000余篇文章,人们对可降解镁合金与机体的力学、化学和生物学相互作用机制有了较深入的认识,初步开展了"医用镁合金的成分设计与性能优化"、"镁合金在体内的降解机制及其调控方法"、"镁合金降解产物的生物安全性与代谢途径"、"镁合金降解过程中的力学强度退化"等基础科学研究。尽管已有大量的新配方镁合金被设计与研究用于生物医学,但多为工程材料专家们的炒菜式思维,企业对投入费时费钱的生物医学验证坐等,医学转化成效低。在成百上千的已有材料配方中,迄今在全球上市的医用镁合金植入式医疗器械只有德国WE43系镁合金和韩国Mg-Ca-Zn合金,国内进入创新医疗器械的两个产品是以纯镁为材料。因此,拟从生物材料专家的视角出发,摒弃对力学性能的追求,从可降解金属的生物降解性和生物安全性两个最基本的判据出发,对元素周期表中适合可降解金属的元素进行初步筛选,在此基础上选出用于医用镁合金的合金化元素,换一个角度,从更佳的生物学性能和生物功能性出发,对未来医用镁合金材料设计指明可以尝试的新方向。     

Magnesium based degradable biomaterials: A review

Magnesium has been suggested as a revolutionary biodegradable metal for biomedical applications. The corrosion of magnesium, however, is too rapid to match the rates of tissue healing and, additionally, exhibits the localized corrosion mechanism. Thus it is necessary to control the corrosion behaviors of magnesium for their practical use. This paper comprehensively reviews the research progress on the development of representative magnesium based alloys, including Mg-Ca, Mg-Sr, Mg-Zn and Mg-REE alloy systems as well as the bulk metallic glass. The influence of alloying element on their microstructures, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviors is summarized. The mechanical and corrosion properties of wrought magnesium alloys are also discussed in comparison with those of cast alloys. Furthermore, this review also covers research carried out in the field of the degradable coatings on magnesium alloys for biomedical applications. Calcium phosphate and biodegradable polymer coatings are discussed based on different preparation techniques used. We also compare the effect of different coatings on the corrosion behaviors of magnesium alloys substrate.     

In vitro degradation and cell attachment of a PLGA coated biodegradable Mg–6Zn based alloy

Currently available engineering magnesium alloys have several critical concerns if they are about to be used as biomaterials, particularly the concern about the toxicity of the common alloying elements such as aluminum and rare earth (RE). There is an increasing demand to develop new magnesium alloys that do not contain any toxic elements. It is also desirable, yet challenging, to develop such a material that has a controllable degradation rate in the human fluid environment. This paper presents mechanical properties, degradation, and in vitro cell attachment of a newly developed Mg–6Zn magnesium alloy. The alloy demonstrated comparable mechanical properties with typical engineering magnesium alloys. However, the bare alloy did not show an acceptable corrosion (degradation) rate. Application of a polymeric PLGA or poly(lactide-co-glycolide) coating significantly decreased the degradation rate. The results obtained from cell attachment experiments indicated that the mouse osteoblast-like MC3T3 cells could develop enhanced confluence on and interactions with the coated samples.     

新型高强度低合金化镁合金研究进展

近年来,随着能源问题和环境问题的日益严峻,作为轻量化合金代表之一的镁合金得到了人们普遍的关注。特别是低合金化镁合金,因其具有优异的可加工性能、好的耐蚀性、低成本(密度)以及可提高镁合金塑性等优势而引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。然而,低合金含量镁合金获得的绝对强度难以满足实际的工况需求,使其应用面临着严峻的挑战,高强度低合金化镁合金可进一步拓展镁合金的应用范围。综述了近年来高强度低合金化镁合金的研究进展,系统分析了不同体系高强度低合金化镁合金的高强高韧化机理,并展望了未来高性能低合金化镁合金研究的发展方向。     

物理气相沉积在镁合金表面防护领域的研究现状

镁合金表面耐腐蚀性能、耐磨性能较差,物理气相沉积(PVD)镀膜技术是一种提高镁合金表面性能的有效方法。总结了PVD镀膜防腐蚀层和耐磨层的特性,分析了涂层耐腐蚀耐磨的机理和存在的不足。综述了镁合金表面PVD膜层的研究进展,阐述了物理气相沉积技术对镁合金的表面改性的应用现状,并对该技术在镁合金上的发展进行了概括,指出了目前PVD技术在镁合金表面防护领域的新前景,为今后PVD技术对镁合金表面防护的研究与发展提供了相关参考。     

镁合金铈化学转化工艺及性能研究

镁合金稀土转化膜技术是一种环保型镁合金表面处理新技术.通过正交实验对压铸镁合金AZ91D铈化学转化处理工艺进行了研究,并对膜层性能进行了测试.结果表明,铈转化处理工艺能够在压铸镁合金AZ91D表面形成均匀、完整的转化膜;膜层主要由Ce2O3、CeO2和MgO以及少量的Al2O3组成;铈转化处理提高了镁合金的耐腐蚀性能.     

Bio-corrosion behavior of magnesium-fluorapatite nanocomposite for biomedical applications

Recent studies indicate that there is a high demand for designing magnesium alloys with adjustable corrosion rates and precipitation ability of bone-like apatite layer on the surface of magnesium alloys in body. An approach to this challenge might be the application of nanocomposites based on magnesium alloys. The aim of this work was fabrication and bio-corrosion evaluation of a nanocomposite that was made of magnesium alloy AZ91 as matrix and fluorapatite (FA) nano particles as reinforcement. Magnesium-fluorapatite nanocomposite (AZ91-20FA) was made via the blending-pressing-sintering method. In vitro corrosion measurements were performed for characterization of initial materials and produced composite. The results showed that the addition of FA nano particles to magnesium alloy as reinforcement can reduce the corrosion rate and accelerate the formation of bone-like apatite layer and in turn provide better protection for matrix alloy. It is suggested that the formation of bone-like apatite layer on the surface of magnesium alloy might contribute to the good osteoconductivity of magnesium alloys.     

Properties of magnesium alloys reinforced with nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes: a review

Magnesium alloys suffer from only moderate high-temperature strength and creep resistance. Aluminium-free magnesium alloys for sand casting or alloys containing aluminium with expensive additional alloying elements may be in use, but only microparticle or microfibre-reinforced magnesium alloys really exhibit satisfactory creep strengths at temperatures up to 250 °C. Reinforcing magnesium alloys with ceramic nanoparticles could be a solution for preserving a low density while increasing the high-temperature performance. When produced using melting processes, nanoparticle-reinforced magnesium composites are expected to enjoy strengthening due to the grain refinement described in the Hall–Petch relation. When an isotropic distribution of nanoparticles is achieved, the composites are additionally expected to be Orowan-strengthened. In this review, a variety of ceramic materials, such as SiC, Al₂O₃, Y₂O₃, SiO₂ and carbon nanotubes were investigated for reinforcement. Pure magnesium and various magnesium alloys were chosen as the matrix material and both powder metallurgical (PM) and melting processes were used for production of the composites. The mechanical properties of the composites were generally enhanced, compared to an unreinforced alloy; not only at room temperature, but also at elevated temperatures. In some cases an increase in strength in combination with increased ductility was also identified.     

The surface chemistry of 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane films deposited on magnesium alloy AZ91

Magnesium and its alloys have desirable physical and mechanical properties for a number of applications. Unfortunately, these materials are highly susceptible to corrosion, particularly in the presence of aqueous solutions. The purpose of this study is to develop a uniform, non-toxic surface treatment to enhance the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. This paper reports the influence of the coating bath parameters and alloy microstructure on the deposition of 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) coatings on magnesium alloy AZ91. The surface chemistry at the magnesium/MPTS interface has also been explored. The results indicate that the deposition of MPTS onto AZ91 was influenced by both the pH and MPTS concentration in the coating bath. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy results showed that the MPTS film deposited uniformly on all phases of the magnesium alloy surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies revealed that at the magnesium/MPTS interface, the molecules bond to the surface through the thiol group in an acid-base interaction with the Mg(OH)₂ layer, whereas in the bulk of the film, the molecules are randomly oriented.