Influence of the specimen configuration and the insert material on fracture toughness characterisation with reconstituted specimens

Specimen reconstitution techniques offer the possibility to obtain fracture toughness measurements when only small amounts of material are available. In order to obtain extra information from charpy specimens, an electron-beam weld reconstitution method is established to obtain compact tension specimens (CT) from the broken halves of the charpy ones. Three types of reconstituted CT specimens with different weld configurations are tested in order to analyse the influence of specimen configuration on fracture toughness evaluation. The validity of the fracture toughness characterisation is analysed by comparing J-integral resistance curves (J–R curves) of specimens with insert and those of reference specimens without insert.     

Experiment and analysis on flow rate and temperature of liquid PbBi in PREKY

Flow rate and temperature are important parameters for design and operation of liquid lead–bismuth(Pb Bi) experimental loop. The PREKY facility was designed to study test technique of flow rate and local temperature of Pb Bi loop. In this work, flow rate monitoring of molten Pb Bi was performed, and temperatures of the Pb Bi and pipe surface were measured. The results show that the flow rate of the venturi-nozzle flow meter had an uncertainty of ±5 % in the range of 0.6–2.0 m/s, and the maximum temperature difference between the Pb Bi and pipe surface was about 8 ℃.     

Influence of loading rate on the fracture toughness versus temperature curve

This paper presents recent experimental investigations on the influence of loading rate on the fracture toughness K_Ic for different structural steels. The loading rate in terms of increasing in stress intensity factor was changed from quasistatic up to dynamic conditions (

Full-size image (<1K)

). The results show significant differences in the amount of temperature shift between K_Ic -T curve obtained after static and dynamic loading for the materials investigated. Based on microscopic fracture criteria for cleavage fracture correlations were made between fracture toughness and yielding behaviour depending on temperature and strain rate. The experimental results were also compared with the predictions given by different models. The most promising results were achieved by a correlation between transition temperature shift in K_Ic caused by dynamic loading and strain rate sensitivity of steels.     

温度对液态金属离子源发射特性的影响

根据物体加热过程的温度滞后效应，测定了不同温度下的液态金属离子源的Ｉ－Ｖ特性曲线，起始电压与温度的关系，Ｉ－Ｖ曲线斜率与温度的关系曲线，并对所得实验结果进行了讨论。     

枯草芽孢杆菌耐辐射菌株对紫外线的耐受性及其机理初探

为探讨枯草芽孢杆菌对紫外线的耐受性,以枯草芽孢杆菌耐辐射菌株及其来源菌株枯草芽孢杆菌黑色变种为研究材料,以不同剂量紫外线辐照处理。采用平板计数法比较两种菌株的存活率,通过脉冲场凝胶电泳分析两种菌的DNA双链断裂（Double strand breaks,DSBs）o发现,对数期耐辐射菌株对紫外线的耐受性明显大于原菌株,耐辐射菌株DSBs水平小于对应的原菌样品。耐辐射菌株对紫外线的耐受性较强,其DNA双链断裂程度与辐照剂量及辐照样品密切相关。     

Investigation on the strain of SiGe/Si heteroepitaxial system during high temperature annealing by BiBS/Channeling

1 INTRODUCTIONSilicon-germanium (Sil--.Ge.) is playing an increasingly imPortant role in modernvery-large scale integration (VLSI) technology, paxticulaxly in high-speed devices for fu-tu-re telecommwhcation applications.[1] when si1--.Ge. alloy filins are grown epittalanYon Sillcon substrates, there exists a lattice nilsmatch at the interface. This Ansmatchcauses a strain in the Si1--.Ge. aJloy filIn, which is comPressive in the plane of the in-terface and tensile perpendicular to i…     

开环式氡析出率连续测量中抽气流率的影响

应用MATLAB对开环式氡析出率测量过程中不同抽气流率下集氡罩内氡浓度随时间的变化规律进行模拟计算,并用实验对计算结果进行了验证。结果表明,在氡析出率测量时保持集氡罩参数不变的情况下,随着抽气流率的增大,集氡罩内平衡氡浓度值减小,达到平衡氡浓度的时间也缩短。实验表明,集氡罩内的平衡氡浓度的减小可最大限度地减小泄露与反扩散的影响;抽气流率的变大使集氡罩内达到平衡氡浓度时间缩短以及集氡罩内的充气均匀性愈好。通过本次实验,获得的抽气流率为1.94-3.0 L·min~(-1),集氡罩底面积为299 cm~2,体积为1.79×10~(-3)m~3。     

Influence of loading rate on the crack resistance curve and the initiation temperature

This investigation is concerned with the influence of temperature and loading rate on elastic-plastic fracture in the range of ductile cleavage transition. Side-grooved three point bend specimens of a width of 200 mm and a thickness of 100 mm of two steels of the type 22 NiCrMo 37 of different toughness have been loaded with two deflection rates differing by a factor of 10⁵ in the range between initiation and upper shelf temperature. Due to dynamical loading the transition temperature of these steels has been increased by about 30 K. The slope of the crack resistance curve of the steel of lower toughness was increased considerable due to dynamical loading whereas the slope of the crack resistance curve of the steel of high toughness was increased only negligible. The results suggest that a conservative assessment of dynamically loaded components may be based on quasi-static crack resistance curves. However, in the case of dynamical loading stable crack growth can be supposed only at temperatures being considerable higher than for quasi-static loading.     

Fluorescence microscopic morphology and inhibition rate studies on apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells induced by 153Sm

The apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells treated with irradiation by ^153Sm－EDTMPwas studied,The morphological changes in osteosarcoma cells were observed by fluorescence microscopy,It was found that osteosarcoma cells exposed with ^153Sm－EDTMP displayed significant nuclear fragmentation and marked pyknosis ,With the prolongation of observing period,the membrane bound apoptotic bodies formation was observed,It should be noted,that with the lenghening of irradiation time by ^153Sm－EDTMP,the inhibiton rate of proliferation of osteosarcoma cells increased progressively.     

The effect of temperature and strain rate on the tensile strength of a fast-gas-cooled uranium-2 wt% molybdenum alloy

Tensile tests have been performed at strain rates from 10^?4 to about 2000/s and temperatures from ambient to +250°C on a uranium-2 wt% molybdenum alloy which had been aged for 2 h at 500°C after a fast gas cool from the γ-phase at a controlled rate of 40°C/min. Stress-strain curves are presented and the effect of strain rate and temperature on the flow stress, the ultimate tensile stress and the elongation to fracture is determined. A thorough structural characterisation of the specimen material, using X-ray analysis and scanning and transmission electron microscopy, allows the mechanical response to be related to the microstructural state of the material. Flow stress data at different temperatures and strain rates are analysed in terms of the theory of thermally activated flow and estimates made of the various activation parameters.     

Influence of injection temperature and flow rate on mixing and stratification in small passively cooling enclosures

Thermal mixing and stratification phenomena may occur during the loss of a coolant accident or main steam line break accident in the containment of a Passive Containment Cooling System, or in the suppression pools in BWR. However, the present study pays insufficient attention to the thermal stratification phenomena in the containment of small modular reactors(SMR). In this paper, an investigation on the mixing and thermal stratification phenomena caused by the plumes or buoyant jets in SMR containments was carried out. The experiments were both conducted under non-adiabatic and adiabatic conditions for a steel containment. In each condition, two key parameters, inlet temperature, and flow rate were tested by controlling variables to identify their influence on the thermal stratification phenomenon. The visualization experiments illustrated the jet mixing and stratification development. The experiment results were compared with the numerical computation and they reached a good agreement.     

高温下基于虚拟仪器技术的应变、温度的测试

研究了在高温环境条件下同时测量应变、温度物理参数的测试技术，以及应变测量系统在高温状态下受温度变化影响的消除或补偿方法。开发了FLUKE 2285B同时测量应变、温度的功能，建立了基于虚拟仪器技术、满足高温试验条件的应变、温度测试系统。应用LABVIEW图形化编程软件建立起良好地人机界面。自定义各项测试、分析和显示等功能。还介绍了对所建立的测试系统进行检定的方法。     

Development of a fundamental crack tip strain rate equation and its application to quantitative prediction of stress corrosion cracking of stainless steels in high temperature oxygenated water

A formulation for the quantitative calculation of the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) growth rate was proposed based on a fundamental-based crack tip strain rate (CTSR) equation that was derived from the time-based mathematical derivation of a continuum mechanics equation. The CTSR equation includes an uncertain parameter r₀, the characteristic distance away from a growing crack tip, at which a representative strain rate should be defined. In this research, slow strain rate tensile tests on sensitized 304L stainless steel in oxygenated high temperature water were performed. By curve fitting the experimental results to the numerically calculated crack growth rate, the parameter r₀ was determined. Then, the theoretical formulation was used to predict the SCC growth rates. The results indicate that r₀ is on the order of several micrometers, and that the application of the theoretical equation in predicting the crack growth rate provides satisfactory agreement with the available data.     

气溶胶直接进样装置样品引入流量优化及气溶胶损失率研究

由于空气中的氧气会影响电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)的测量,空气直接进样测量会导致待测核素的离子化程度降低,从而使灵敏度大大降低甚至于熄火停机。因此为了实现ICP-MS直接对空气气溶胶样品测量,设计了一套气溶胶直接进样装置以实现空气和工作氩气的交换,保证气溶胶由氩气载带进入ICP-MS进行测量。针对该进样装置进行了置换效率测定与分析,通过与ICP-MS联机测量系统本底结果以及整套测量系统的运行成本分析,选择了最优化的空气样品引入流量为0.8 L/min,氩气引入流量为10 L/min。通过气溶胶损失率研究,证明气溶胶经过该直接进样装置时基本无需考虑气溶胶损失的问题。基于气溶胶直接进样装置的研制和性能测试,实现了ICP-MS直接快速测量场所空气中气溶胶,为后续ICP-MS快速定量测量空气气溶胶中的各种长寿命放射性核素奠定了基础,为场所和流出物中气溶胶的快速连续测量提供了一种新的方法。     

Measurements of the isothermal, power and temperature reactivity coefficients of the IPR-R1 TRIGA reactor

The aim of this paper is to present the experimental results of the isothermal, power and temperature coefficients of reactivity of the IPR-R1 TRIGA reactor at the Nuclear Technology Development Center - CDTN in Brazil. The measured isothermal reactivity coefficient, in the temperature range measured, was −0.5 ¢/°C, and the reactivity measurements were performed at 10 W to eliminate nuclear heating. The reactor forced cooling system was turned off during the measurements. When the reactor is at zero power there is no sensible heat being released in the fuel, and the entire reactor core can be characterized by a single temperature. The power coefficient of reactivity obtained was approximately −0.63 ¢/kW, and the temperature reactivity coefficient of the reactor was −0.8 ¢/°C. It was noted that the rise in the coolant temperature has contributed only with a small fraction to the observed negative effect of the reactivity. The power defect, which is the change in reactivity taking place between zero power and full power (250 kW), was 1.6 $. Because of the prompt negative temperature coefficient, a significant amount of reactivity is needed to overcome temperature and allow the reactor to operate at the higher power levels in steady state.     

Influence of temperature on threshold stress for reorientation of hydrides and residual stress variation across thickness of Zr-2.5Nb alloy pressure tube

Threshold stress, σ_th, for reorientation of hydrides in cold worked and stress-relieved (CWSR) Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube material was determined in the temperature range of 523-673 K. Using tapered gage tensile specimen, mean value of σ_th was experimentally determined by two methods, half thickness method and area compensation method. The difference between local values of σ_th measured across the thickness of the tube and the mean σ_th values yielded the residual stress variation across the tube thickness. It was observed that both the mean threshold stress and residual stress decrease with increase in reorientation temperature. Also, the maximum value of residual stresses was observed near the midsection of the tube.     

Non-dimensional analysis of the transient flow rate and the coolant temperature in a reactor coolant system under different pump failures

The mathematical models are developed to solve the non-dimensional transient flow rates in two loops and a reactor core under different power failures of reactor coolant pumps. Comparison of the experimental results of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant and the test results of the nuclear ship reactor in Japan under one pump power failure shows an excellent agreement. The non-dimensional flow rates are determined by the established non-dimensional parameters λ, ?, and α. Under the sequential power failure of two pumps, the non-dimensional flow rates are determined by the established λ, ?, α, and ΔT parameters. λ, ?, α, and ΔT are four important non-dimensional parameters in the prediction of flow transients. λ indicates the resistance coefficient ratio of the single loop to the reactor core, ? indicates the fluid inertia ratio of the reactor core to the single loop, α indicates the ratio of the initial kinetic energy of the single loop coolant fluid to the effective initial kinetic energy of the reactor coolant pump, and ΔT means the non-dimensional time interval of the sequential power failure of two pumps. The effects of λ, ?, α, and ΔT on the non-dimensional flow rates and the temperature change are investigated.