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1.
    
Abstract— Stereoscopic and autostereoscopic projection‐display systems use projector arrays to present stereoscopic images, and each projector casts one parallax image of a stereoscopic scene. Because of the position shift of the projectors, the parallax images have geometric deformation, which influences the quality of the displayed stereoscopic images. In order to solve this problem, a method based on homography is proposed. The parallax images are pre‐transformed before they are projected, and then the stereoscopic images without geometric distortion can be obtained. An autostereoscopic projection‐display system is developed to present the images with and without calibration. Experimental results show that this method works effectively.  相似文献   

2.
    
There has been a recent commercialization of 3D stereoscopic displays in order to implement them in a virtual reality environment. However, there is a lack of extensive research into user interfaces for 3D applications on stereoscopic display. This study focused on three representative interaction techniques (ray-casting, keypad and hand-motion techniques) utilizing a head-mounted display and 3D CAVE. In addition, the compatibility with 3D menus was also investigated based on performance and subjective assessment. Nine 3D menus were designed for the experiment in regards to three 2D metaphors (pop-up, pull-down and stack menus) and three structural layouts (list, cubic and circular menus). The most suitable technique for the 3D user interface on a stereoscopic display was the ray-casting technique and the stack menu which provided the user with good performance and subjective response. In addition, it was found that the cubic menu was not as effective as other menus when used with the three interaction techniques.Relevance to industryThis research describes a distinctive evaluation method and recommendations that guarantee the suitability for interactive 3D environments. Therefore, the results will encourage practitioners and researchers that are new to the area of 3D interface design.  相似文献   

3.
    
Abstract— Conventional stereoscopic displays require viewers to unnaturally keep eye accommodation fixed at one focal distance while they dynamically change vergence to view objects at different distances. This forced decoupling of reflexively linked processes fatigues eyes, causes discomfort, compromises image quality, and may lead to pathologies in developing visual systems. Volumetric displays can overcome this conflict, but only for small objects placed within a limited range of viewing distances and accommodation levels, and cannot render occlusion cues correctly. Our multi‐planar True 3‐D displays generate accommodation cues that match vergence and stereoscopic retinal disparity demands and can display images and objects at viewing distances throughout the full range of human accommodation (from 6.25 cm to infinity), better mimicking natural vision and minimizing eye fatigue.  相似文献   

4.
    
In observing the stereoscopic display at the viewing distance of 1 m, the amount of the perceived depth was determined by the positions of the crossing point that the viewing direction of two eyes intersect. The positions of the crossing points of stereoscopic stimuli were controlled, and the accommodation was measured by the autorefractometer for the seven participants. Accommodation was also measured when viewing the real film chart which was placed at the same position as these crossing points. The accommodation change when viewing the stereoscopic display was measured to be noticeable only when the crossing point was quite near the participant, but this change was still much smaller compared with the accommodation change when viewing the real film chart. This change in accommodation implies the possible occurrence of fatigue related to the accommodation–convergence conflict, while the constant accommodation within the range of DOF implies no conflict between the accommodation and convergence. This measurement scheme may be used to define the range of DOF where the accommodation remains little changed, and thus define the depth of the 3D object at which no accommodation–convergence conflict occurs, for a given stereoscopic display.  相似文献   

5.
    
Abstract— Display‐measurement methods different from conventional 2‐D display measurements are needed for verifying the optical characteristics of autostereoscopic (3‐D) displays and for comparing different 3‐D display technologies. Industry is lacking standardized measurement methods, and the reported results can not always be compared. The selected set of characteristics discussed in this paper and partly defining the quality of the 3‐D experience are crosstalk, viewing freedom, and optimum viewing distance. Also, more conventional display characteristics such as luminance are discussed, since the definitions for these characteristics in 3‐D mode usually differ from those used for the 2D displays. We have investigated how these chosen 3‐D display characteristics can be objectively measured from transmissive two‐view and multiview 3‐D displays. The scope of this article is to generally define those basic characteristics as well as the different measurement methods. Most of the 3‐D characteristics can be derived from the luminance and colors versus the viewing angle. Either a conoscopic or a goniometric measurement system can be used, as long as the angular and stray‐light properties are suitable and known. The characteristics and methods are currently discussed in the display‐quality standardization forums.  相似文献   

6.
    
Abstract— 3‐D cross‐talk typically represents the ratio of image overlap between the left and right views. For stereoscopic LCDs using shutter‐glasses technology, 3‐D cross‐talk for stereoscopic LCD TV with a diagonal size of 46 in. and vertical alignment (VA) mode was measured to change from 1% to 10% when the stereoscopic display is rotated around the vertical axis. Input signals consist of the left and right images that include patterns of different amounts of binocular disparity and various gray levels. Ghost‐like artifacts are observed. Furthermore, intensities of these artifacts are observed to change as the stereoscopic display is rotated about the vertical axis. The temporal luminance of the LCD used in stereoscopic TV was found to be dependent on the viewing direction and can be considered as one cause of the phenomenon of angular dependence of performance for stereoscopic displays.  相似文献   

7.
    
Abstract— Autostereoscopic 3‐D display technologies enable a more immersive media experience by adding real depth to the visual content. However, the method used for the creation of a sensation of depth or stereo illusion contains several display design and content‐related issues that need to be carefully considered to maintain sufficient image quality. Conventionally, methods used for 3‐D image‐quality evaluations have been based on subjective testing. Optical measurements, in addition to subjective testing, can be used as an efficient tool for 3‐D display characterization. Objective characterization methods for autostereoscopic displays have been developed. How parameters affecting stereo image quality can be defined and measured, and how their effect on the stereo image quality can be evaluated have been investigated. Developed characterization methods are based on empirically gathered data. In this paper, previously presented methodology for two‐view displays is extended to cover autostereoscopic multiview displays. A distinction between displays where the change in content occurs in clear steps when the user moves in front of the display, and displays where the apparent movement of the objects is more continuous as a function of the head movement is made. Definitions for 3‐D luminance and luminance uniformity, which are equally important, as well as 3‐D crosstalk, which is the dominant factor in the evaluations of the perceived 3‐D image quality, is focused upon.  相似文献   

8.
The current study investigates the effects of 3D displays (shuttered display vs. polarized display). People experienced superior fidelity and brightness when they watched 2D still images on a shuttered display, rather than on a polarized display. Conversely, people experienced greater brightness when they watched 3D still images on a polarized display, rather than on a shuttered display. Second, people were able to read a smaller font or characters on a shuttered display than on a polarized display. Third, people noticed flickering on a shuttered display when they watched 3D images. Fourth, people experienced greater brightness when they watched 3D moving images on a shuttered display, rather than on a shuttered display. The perceived brightness of the screen positively correlated with enjoyment, content satisfaction, and 3DTV satisfaction when the viewers watched a 3D movie. The flickering, on the other hand, has a negative correlation with enjoyment and 3DTV satisfaction.  相似文献   

9.
《Displays》2014,35(5):252-260
Stereoscopic 3D television (S3D TV) is now available in the home. However, little published information is available on viewer use or experience. In this study, 120 people from 29 households were given a new TV (active or passive stereoscopic 3D, or conventional 2D) and reported on their television viewing and other screen use on a near-daily basis over 8 weeks. People reported enjoying S3D TV and cinema more than TV and cinema in general, but enjoying S3D video games less than video games in general. S3D TV and video games were both associated with an increased, though still low (∼10%) level of adverse effects, such as headache and eyestrain. I speculate that this may be because video games present a particularly strong conflict between vergence and accommodative demand.  相似文献   

10.
    
Abstract— Improvements achieved in image resolution and volume in a volumetric display based on the two‐frequency, two‐step upconversion (TFTS) method are presented. Two digital micromirror devices (DMDs) are utilized to generate fast scanning of the image volume at high resolution. Improvements in resolution and image size over previous implementations are achieved by choosing sodium—ytterbium—fluoride for the imaging crystal instead of the conventional ytterbium—lithium—fluoride composition. Experimentally, images at 532 nm were constructed using 45 slices with each slice rendered at 1024 × 768 resolution, resulting in almost 35 million voxels. The resulting system has the potential to achieve a resolution beyond a targeted 800 million voxels without viewpoint obstruction and with expandability to three‐color imagery.  相似文献   

11.
    
Abstract— A new approach to resolution enhancement of an integral‐imaging (II) three‐dimensional display using multi‐directional elemental images is proposed. The proposed method uses a special lens made up of nine pieces of a single Fresnel lens which are collected from different parts of the same lens. This composite lens is placed in front of the lens array such that it generates nine sets of directional elemental images to the lens array. These elemental images are overlapped on the lens array and produce nine point light sources per each elemental lens at different positions in the focal plane of the lens array. Nine sets of elemental images are projected by a high‐speed digital micromirror device and are tilted by a two‐dimensional scanning mirror system, maintaining the time‐multiplexing sequence for nine pieces of the composite lens. In this method, the concentration of the point light sources in the focal plane of the lens array is nine‐times higher, i.e., the distance between two adjacent point light sources is three times smaller than that for a conventional II display; hence, the resolution of three‐dimensional image is enhanced.  相似文献   

12.
    
It is a challenging task to improve the visual comfort of a stereoscopic 3D (S3D) image with satisfactory viewing experience. In this paper, we propose a visual comfort improvement scheme by adjusting zero-disparity plane (ZDP) for projection. The degree of visual discomfort is predicted by considering three factors: spatial frequency, disparity response, and visual attention. Then, the selection of an optimal ZDP is guided by the predicted visual discomfort map. Finally, the disparity ranges of the crossed and uncrossed disparities are automatically adjusted according to the ZDP as requirements. Experiment results show that the proposed scheme is effective in improving visual comfort while preserving the unchanged depth sensation.  相似文献   

13.
    
A conflict between accommodation and vergence is one possible cause of visual fatigue and discomfort while viewing conventional three‐dimensional displays. Previous studies have proposed the super multi‐view (SMV) display technique to solve the vergence–accommodation conflict, in which two or more parallax images enter the pupil of the eye with highly directional rays. We simultaneously measured accommodative, vergence, and pupillary responses to SMV three‐dimensional displays to examine whether they can reduce the conflict. For comparison, responses to two‐view stereo images and real objects were also measured. The results show that the range of the accommodative response was increased by the SMV images compared with the two‐view images. The slope of the accommodation–vergence response function for the SMV images was similar to that for the real objects rather than the two‐view images. We also found that enhancement of the accommodative range by the SMV images is noticeable with binocular viewing, indicating that vergence‐induced accommodation plays an important role in viewing SMV displays. These results suggest that SMV displays induced a more natural accommodative response than did conventional, two‐view stereo displays. As a result, SMV displays reduced the vergence–accommodation conflict.  相似文献   

14.
    
Abstract— An integral floating display (IFD) with a long depth range without floating lens distortion is proposed. Two lenses were used to reduce barrel distortion of the floating lens and three‐dimensional (3‐D) image deformation from object‐dependent longitudinal and lateral magnifications in the floating‐display system, combined with an integral imaging display. The distance between the floating lenses is the sum of their focal lengths. In the proposed configuration, lateral and longitudinal magnifications are constant regardless of the distance of the integrated 3‐D images, so the distortions from the distant‐dependent magnifications of the floating lens do not occur with the proposed method. In addition, the proposed floating system expands the depth range of the integral imaging display. As a result, the display can show a correct 3‐D floating image with a large depth range. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method successfully displays a 3‐D image without floating lens distortions across a large depth range.  相似文献   

15.
    
Abstract— The jerkiness of moving three‐dimensional (3‐D) images produced by a high‐density directional display was studied. Under static viewing conditions in which subjects' heads did not move, jerkiness was more noticeable when moving 3‐D images were displayed in front of the display screen and was less noticeable when moving 3‐D images were displayed behind the screen. We found that the perception of jerkiness depended on the visual angular velocities of moving 3‐D images. Under dynamic viewing conditions in which subjects' heads were forced to move, when moving 3‐D images were displayed in front of the screen, jerkiness was less noticeable when the subjects' heads and 3‐D images moved in opposite directions and was more noticeable when they moved in the same direction. When moving 3‐D images were displayed behind the screen, jerkiness was less noticeable when subjects' heads and 3‐D images moved in the same direction and was more noticeable when they moved in opposite directions.  相似文献   

16.
    
Abstract— Although there are numerous types of floating‐image display systems which can project three‐dimensional (3‐D) images into real space through a convex lens or a concave mirror, most of them provide only one image plane in space to the observer; therefore, they lack an in‐depth feeling. In order to enhance a real 3‐D feeling of floating images, a multi‐plane floating display is required. In this paper, a novel two‐plane electro‐floating display system using 3‐D integral images is proposed. One plane for the object image is provided by an electro‐floating display system, and the other plane for the background image is provided with the 3‐D integral imaging system. Consequently, the proposed two‐plane electro‐floating display system, having a 3‐D background, can provide floated images in front of background integral images resulting in a different perspective to the observer. To show the usefulness of the proposed system, experiments were carried out and their results are presented. In addition, the prototype was practically implemented and successfully tested.  相似文献   

17.
    
Abstract— The anaglyph 3‐D method is a widely used technique for presenting stereoscopic 3‐D images. Its primary advantage is that it will work on any full‐color display (LCDs, plasmas, and even prints) and only requires that the user view the anaglyph image using a pair of anaglyph 3‐D glasses with usually one lens tinted red and the other lens tinted cyan (blue plus green). A common image‐quality problem of anaglyph 3‐D images is high levels of cross‐talk — the incomplete isolation of the left and right image channels such that each eye sees a “ghost” of the opposite perspective view. An anaglyph cross‐talk simulation model has been developed which allows the amount of anaglyph cross‐talk to be estimated based on the spectral characteristics of the anaglyph glasses and the display. The model is validated using a visual cross‐talk ranking test which indicates good agreement. The model is then used to consider two scenarios for the reduction of cross‐talk in anaglyph systems and finds that a considerable reduction is likely to be achieved by using spectrally pure displays. The study also finds that the 3‐D performance of commercial anaglyph glasses can be significantly better than handmade anaglyph glasses.  相似文献   

18.
    
A novel fast nematic liquid crystal mode is proposed. It relies on the fast relaxation flow from bend state to the twisted state in the optically compensated bend mode. Such new liquid crystal mode is indeed an improved mode from the optically compensated bend mode as it does not require any holding voltage. The new liquid crystal mode has fast response time and high contrast. The proposed fast liquid crystal mode is a good candidate for applications, such as optical shutter, field sequential color display, and 3D display.  相似文献   

19.
    
Abstract— Several rare‐earth‐doped fluoride crystals that are excited to emit visible light by sequential two‐photon absorption have been investigated as display‐medium candidates for static volumetric three‐dimensional displays. Dispersion of powders of these materials in a refractive‐index‐matched polymer is reported because such a medium may result in a scalable display. The scattering problem in such a medium is greatly reduced by index‐matching the polymer to the crystalline particles. An index‐matching condition that optimizes the performance is identified.  相似文献   

20.
    
Abstract— A flat‐panel display with a slanted subpixel arrangement has been developed for a multi‐view three‐dimensional (3‐D) display. A set of 3M × N subpixels (M × N subpixels for each R, G, and B color) corresponds to one of the cylindrical lenses, which constitutes a lenticular lens, to construct each 3‐D pixel of a multi‐view display that offers M × N views. Subpixels of the same color in each 3‐D pixel have different horizontal positions, and the R, G, and B subpixels are repeated in the horizontal direction. In addition, the ray‐emitting areas of the subpixels within a 3‐D pixel are continuous in the horizontal direction for each color. One of the vertical edges of each subpixel has the same horizontal position as the opposite vertical edge of another subpixel of the same color. Cross‐talk among viewing zones is theoretically zero. This structure is suitable for providing a large number of views. A liquid‐crystal panel having this slanted subpixel arrangement was fabricated to construct a mobile 3‐D display with 16 views and a 3‐D resolution of 256 × 192. A 3‐D pixel is comprised of 12 × 4 subpixels (M = 4 and N = 4). The screen size was 2.57 in.  相似文献   

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