土工格栅加筋拓宽路堤有限元分析

采用二维非线性有限元法对软土地基上的拓宽路堤土工格栅加筋作用和效果进行模拟分析。计算中采用一维抗拉单元来模拟土工格栅,采用接触面单元考虑筋土界面的状态非线性。研究土工格栅嵌入老路基长度、格栅设置层数对格栅拉力、拓宽路堤不均匀沉降和水平位移的影响。计算结果表明,格栅嵌入老路基长度越长,拓宽路堤侧向位移和新老路基差异沉降越小,增加格栅层数并不会显著减小拓宽路堤的差异沉降。     

土工格栅加固软土路基有限元分析

通过有限单元法对土工格栅加筋的软基上路堤进行数值分析，研究结果表明：土工格栅的主要作用在于减小软基和路堤的侧向变形，对竖向位移影响不大，从而为其在实际工程中的应用提供参考。     

超高无面板式土工格栅加筋路堤现场试验研究

结合在建宜巴高速公路50 m高的加筋填土断面进行现场试验,对超高无面板式土工格栅加筋路堤的格栅变形、垂直土压力、水平土压力、分层沉降以及深层水平位移等内容进行了近2 a的测试,研究超高无面板式土工格栅加筋土路堤的受力、变形规律,分析了其作用机理。结果表明：不同层位土工格栅的最大拉应变出现在离返包面约4~6 m处,格栅应变沿筋长呈双峰值分布,施工期土工格栅应变具有明显的滞后性,且工后1.5 a格栅出现明显的收缩回弹;土工格栅的存在对土压力分布具有明显的调整作用,格栅末端附近实测垂直土压力值略超过理论值,中间和近坡面部位实测土压力值小于理论值;水平土压力沿路堤高度呈非线性形式分布,路堤中部的水平土压力值略大于顶部,其值小于主动土压力;分层沉降量在施工期存在较大波动,在垂直高度上,上部和底部偏小,中下部偏大;深层水平位移随着深度的增加逐渐减小,填土结束后深层水平位移仍有一定程度增大。     

土工格栅粉煤灰挡墙加筋作用应用研究

土工格栅加筋土挡墙在土木工程中应用广泛,土工格栅的加筋作用以及筋材在挡墙设计中的计算需要进一步完善.利用FLAC3D有限元分析软件,对未设置和设置土工格栅加筋体的粉煤灰挡墙进行数值模拟分析,研究土工格栅的加筋作用对粉煤灰挡墙稳定性的影响,得到土工格栅加筋挡墙的设计参数.数值模拟结果表明:粉煤灰挡墙高度大于6m时,安全系数偏低,需要在粉煤灰挡墙中加筋来提高其安全系数,保证挡墙的稳定性.对墙高为8m的土工格栅粉煤灰加筋挡墙进行模拟分析,当增大加筋间距时,挡墙的侧向和竖向位移都增大,挡墙的最大竖向位移发生在挡墙的上部,最大侧向位移发生在挡墙中下部位;墙高为8m的土工格栅粉煤灰挡墙的合理加筋间距为0.8m.     

土工格栅加固斜坡路堤的数值模拟

土工格栅具有强度高、延伸率低等特点,在路基适当位置铺设土工格栅可有效改善路堤应力环境,减小沉降和侧向变形。通过数值模拟方法研究了铺设土工格栅前后路堤水平位移、垂直位移的变化。计算结果表明,土工格栅对路堤的水平位移和垂直位移起到了较好的抑制作用,对水平位移的抑制作用更为明显;加筋层数对路堤变形的影响较小,多层加筋的效果和一层加筋相比并不明显。研究成果对路基工程设计具有一定的参考价值。     

深厚软土层端承摩擦桩桩承式加筋低路堤现场试验

为揭示桩承式加筋低路堤的荷载传递机理及土工格栅的加固效应,选取武汉智能网联赛车道项目主赛道连接段某低路堤路段开展了一个承载单元的现场试验,分别测试了施工期桩帽顶部与格栅上层的土压力分布、路堤分层沉降、格栅应变与挠曲。数据分析表明：随着填土高度的增加,土拱效应与张拉膜效应逐渐发挥,桩帽顶部的土压力开始超过桩间土压力并在填筑结束后逐渐趋于稳定。在端承摩擦桩桩承式加筋低路堤的荷载传递机制中,桩间土承担主要荷载,占比62.23%,张拉膜效应仅占很小一部分,占总荷载的3.77%。土工格栅的最大应变出现在桩帽边缘处,但最大值仅为0.195%,这表明土工格栅性能难以得到充分发挥。在该桩承式加筋低路堤中,两桩中心处的桩间土沉降要明显大于四桩对角线中心处。     

格栅模量对加筋软基路堤关键位移的影响

为了研究土工格栅模量对加筋软土地基上路堤顶面不均匀沉降、路堤中心沉降、坡脚水平位移三个关键位移的影响,通过工程实例现场观测与有限元数值试验相结合的方法,分析了采用不同模量土工格栅加筋后软土地基上的路堤关键位移。研究了土工格栅模量对路堤关键位移的影响。研究成果表明：合理的选择土工格栅的模量可以有效的控制路堤的关键位移。有限元数值试验与现场观测结果一致,其结果可以作为软基加筋路堤设计参考。     

格栅模量对加筋软基路堤关键位移的影响

为了研究土工格栅模量对加筋软土地基上路堤顶面不均匀沉降、路堤中心沉降、坡脚水平位移三个关键位移的影响,通过工程实例现场观测与有限元数值试验相结合的方法,分析了采用不同模量土工格栅加筋后软土地基上的路堤关键位移.研究了土工格栅模量对路堤关键位移的影响.研究成果表明:合理的选择土工格栅的模量可以有效的控制路堤的关键位移.有限元数值试验与现场观测结果一致,其结果可以作为软基加筋路堤设计参考.     

浅谈公路路堤施工中土工格栅加筋挡土墙技术的应用

在公路路堤的施工中,广泛的应用土工格栅加筋挡土墙技术可以有效地对公路路堤进行加固,防止土体产生侧向的位移,从而增强了公路路堤的稳定性以及耐久性。文章通过分析了土工格栅加筋挡土墙的作用,深入地探析了公路路堤施工中土工格栅加筋挡土墙技术的应用。     

汶川地震路堤成灾模式及土工格栅加筋变形控制研究

为研究路基工程的抗震设计问题,首先对汶川8.0级地震震区路基震害进行调查,发现强震作用下绝大多数未加筋路堤为浅表层边坡坍塌破坏,极少数路堤发生半幅路面错落的本体滑坡现象,所有路堤均未出现沿基础界面的滑动,而土工格栅加筋路堤震害程度轻微得多.根据变形破坏模式,提出以侧向变形控制为核心的土工格栅布筋方案,即在路堤顶部满铺土工格栅、中上部铺设短格栅.利用未加筋路堤和土工格栅加筋路堤大型振动台模型试验进行加筋变形控制方案有效性的对比研究.试验结果表明,路堤顶部满铺土工格栅,阻断竖向裂缝的扩展,从而抑制路堤本体滑坡;护坡道上方铺设短格栅,可有效抑制路堤侧向变形及边坡坍塌.通过对加速度、动土压力测量结果的对比分析,发现土工格栅加筋后,路堤模型的自振频率提高12%,0.7倍坡高处加速度放大系数在中震下减小27%,在大震下减小41%,动土压力幅值也会大幅减小.     

双向土工格栅处理桥头跳车的有限元分析

用ABAQUS有限元法对利用双向土工格栅加筋桥头路堤,从而控制桥头跳车的问题进行研究。分析加筋层间距、加筋层数、加筋模量以及路堤填土的力学性质对桥头路堤的沉降、水平位移、竖向应力分布的影响规律。结果表明:以合理的方案对桥头路堤作加筋处理,可以有效控制桥头路堤的沉降,并使得桥台与路堤间的沉降能平顺过渡,为控制桥头跳车创造了有利条件。     

An instrumented steep reinforced soil embankment at Åndalsnes, Norway

The design and construction of an instrumented steep reinforced soil embankment built over a competent foundation is described. The embankment, which is intended to act as a snow avalanche barrier, was constructed from a uniformly graded medium sand and ‘Tensar’ SR2 geogrid was used as the primary reinforcement. Reinforcement strains were measured using ‘Bison’ strain coils and measurements were also made of stresses and lateral displacements occurring in the soil. The measured values of reinforcement strain are shown to be substantially less than those obtained from a limit equilibrium analysis of the embankment in which the mobilized friction angle is based on pressure cell measurements of vertical and horizontal total stress. This result is consistent with other published field trials and indicates an excessive conservatism in the limit equilibrium methods currently used for design.     

Performance of a 33m high geogrid reinforced soil embankment without concrete panel

Geosynthetic reinforced soil embankment are extensively applied in the construction of high-speed railway and highway in mountainous regions but limited field monitoring is conducted on high and steep cases. Aiming to acquire better understanding, a 33-m-high single-tiered wrapped-facing geogrid reinforced soil embankment with the slope of 1 V:0.5H in China was monitored for 2 years during and after construction. Vertical earth pressure, strain of geogrids, horizontal displacement and settlement per layer were recorded and analysed. The results show that the geogrid tensile strains gradually increased during construction. And they were still developing after completion due to creep and subsequent vehicle surcharge load. The predictions of reinforcement loads by the FHWA methods were much higher than the estimated ones from measured strains. The vertical earth pressures linearly grew during construction and then stabilized fast. The horizontal displacement increases with height and the largest value achieved around the top of the slope two years after the construction is 0.14% the total height approximately. The settlement per layer is larger in the lower and middle portion of the embankment and no obvious change is observed over time. This study hopes to serve as a case reference for design and construction of similar reinforcement projects in the future.     

格栅条带式加筋胎面挡土墙变形性能数值计算

采用土工格栅加筋的方法提高废旧轮胎挡墙的承载性能,促进废旧轮胎挡墙的推广应用,通过数值计算方法分析了不同墙顶荷载下有无土工格栅加筋的废旧轮胎挡墙的水平变形与竖向沉降反应特征,得出铺设土工格栅加筋的方法可显著减小墙体的水平变形和竖向沉降,提高废旧轮胎挡墙结构的承载能力,随着外荷载的增加,墙体变形模式依次呈凹凸微小变化型、“弯弓”型、“似弯弓”型和“鼓腮”型和直线型。考虑土工格栅的加筋长度、竖向加筋间距以及格栅加筋刚度3种因素对废旧轮胎+土工格栅加筋土挡墙的水平变形的影响,得出在废旧轮胎加筋土挡墙设计中,建议土工格栅的加筋长度选取范围为0.5H～0.7H,土工格栅竖向间距的选取范围为0.4 m~0.7 m,格栅刚度不宜大于5 000 kN/m。     

Investigating the effect of geogrid on stabilization of high railway embankments

This paper investigates the effect of geogrid on controlling the stability and settlement of high railway embankments using laboratory testing and finite element modeling. To do this, five series of embankments with 50?cm height were constructed, at a scale of 1:20 and then were uniformly loaded on the crest in a loading chamber in dimensions of 240?×?235?×?220?cm. In this regard, the embankments of the first series were constructed without geogrid reinforcing layers. Following to preliminary numerical simulations for determining the appropriate level of geogrid layers installation, the second to fifth series of embankments were constructed. These embankments were reinforced with one to four layers of geogrid respectively and finally, the results of their load in terms of settlements were compared. In these studies, the reinforced embankments with a single geogrid layer had 7.14% raise in bearing capacity and 11.24% reduction in settlement respectively, in comparison with the unreinforced embankment. The obtained results for the third to fifth series of embankments were respectively in order of (19, 36.14), (26.3, 52.8) and (28.9, 53.42)%. In the next stage, by modeling the embankments in the PLAXIS 2D software, the results were validated by the values obtained through laboratory models. In continuation of the study, real embankments with heights of 5, 10, 15, and 20?m were simulated and placed under LM71 loading pattern (Eurocode, 2003). In this respect, the impact of important effective parameters such as number of geogrid layer, soil characteristics, embankment dimensions, interface coefficient between soil and geogrid and tensile strength of geogrid on bearing capacity and settlement have been studied. The numerical results like the experimental ones, confirmed the increase in bearing capacity and settlement diminishing with definite increase in the geogrid layers, so that more geogrid layers do not affect these parameters. With respect to improving the soil characteristics and reducing the height of embankments, the FEM models showed decreasing effect of geogrid tensile strength on embankment crest settlement. On the other side, the value of geogrid-soil interface coefficient has minor effect on both settlement and sliding safety factor.     

Visualisation and quantification of geogrid reinforcing effects under strip footing loads using discrete element method

Geogrids have been commonly used in reinforced soil structures to improve their performance. To investigate the geogrid reinforcement mechanisms, discrete element modelling of unreinforced and geogrid reinforced soil foundations and slopes was conducted under surface strip footing loads in this study. For unreinforced and reinforced soil foundations, the numerically obtained footing pressure-settlement relationships were validated by experimental results from the literature. In the numerical modelling of unreinforced and reinforced soil slopes, identical models and micro input parameters to those used in the numerical modelling of unreinforced and reinforced soil foundations were used. The geogrid reinforcing effects under strip footing loads were visualised by the qualitative contact force distributions in the soil structures, as well as the qualitative and quantitative tensile force distributions along the geogrids. In addition, the qualitative displacement distributions of soil particles in the soil structures and the quantitative vertical displacement distributions along soil layers/geogrids also indicated the geogrid reinforcing effects in such practical reinforced soil structures. The discrete element modelling results visualise and quantify the load transfer and spreading behavior in geogrid reinforced soil structures, and it provides researchers with an improved understanding of geogrid reinforcing effects at microscopic scale under strip footing loads.     

Instability of a geogrid reinforced soil wall on thick soft Shanghai clay with prefabricated vertical drains: A case study

A 7.6 m high geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall (RSW) was constructed at the end of an embankment on very thick, soft Shanghai clay with 12 m deep prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs). The settlement of the ground, the wall movement and pore water pressure were monitored during the construction. From day 118, halfway through the construction, unexpected pore water pressure increment was recorded from the pore water pressure meters installed in the PVD drained zone indicating a possible malfunction of the PVDs due to large deformation in the ground. After the last loading stage, on day 190, a sudden horizontal movement at the toe was observed, followed by an arc shaped crack on the embankment surface at the end of the reinforced backfill zones. The wall was analyzed with a coupled mechanical and hydraulic finite element (FE) model. The analysis considered two scenarios: one with PVDs fully functional, and the second one with PVD failure after day 118 by manually deactivating the PVDs in the FE model. The comparison between the measured and simulated ground settlement, toe movement, and pore water pressure supported the assumption on the malfunction of the PVDs. It is believed that the general sliding failure in the wall was caused by the increase of pore water pressure in the foundation soil and soils in front of the toe. It is suggested that possible failure of PVDs should be considered in the design of such structures, and the discharge rate of the PVDs and the pore water pressure should be closely monitored during the construction of high soil walls on soft soils to update the stability of the structures, especially for grounds where large deformations are expected which may cause the failure of the PVDs.     

软土地基加筋土挡墙数值模拟及稳定性探讨

 对一软土地基加筋土挡墙建立二维数值模型,模拟其在分级堆载情况下挡墙和地基内的沉降、水平位移、土压力,以及土工格栅轴向应变的变化规律,模拟结果与现场实测结果基本吻合。采用有限元强度折减法计算的挡墙稳定性和滑裂面位置与实测情况一致,表现为深层滑动失稳。模拟和实测的各层筋材最大应变出现在距墙面4～6 m的位置,与目前土工合成材料加筋挡墙设计理论的朗肯破坏面位置不同,其原因是目前的挡墙设计理论基于刚性地基假定,未考虑地基变形对筋材应变分布及稳定性的影响。采用该数值模型探讨加长挡墙底部筋材对其稳定性的影响,得出挡墙稳定性与底部筋材加长长度和层数关系密切。得到的挡墙稳定性与筋材加长长度和层数的关系曲线,对于软土地基加筋土挡墙设计有指导意义。