用精炼糖糖蜜制备高色率和高红色素指数焦糖色素的工艺研究

焦糖色素的色率和红色素指数是衡量焦糖色素品质的2个重要指标,但这2个指标是相互制约的。本文以精炼糖糖蜜为原料,利用氨法制备焦糖色素。通过单因素实验研究,确定影响焦糖色素色率和红色素指数的主要因素为反应温度、反应时间和催化剂的量,然后以此设计正交实验,确定制备高色率焦糖色素的工艺为反应温度120～125℃,反应时间1.5 h,铵盐添加量为10%（以NH4＋的质量与糖蜜干固物质量计算）;制备高红色素指数焦糖色素的工艺为反应温度110～115℃,反应时间0.5 h,铵盐添加量3%（以NH4＋的质量与糖蜜干固物质量计算）。     

低4-甲基咪唑焦糖色素制备工艺优化

为研究减少焦糖色素中4-甲基咪唑(4-Methylimidazole,4-MeI)生成的工艺,以葡萄糖为原料,碳酸铵为催化剂,利用高压反应制备4-甲基咪唑含量低、色率及红色素指数高的焦糖色素。采用正交试验设计考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂添加量(以NH₄+计)、葡萄糖液质量浓度四个因素对焦糖色素的色率、红色指数、4-甲基咪唑含量的影响。结果表明,利用综合平衡法确定生产参数为135 ℃、80 min、3% NH₄+及500 g/L 葡萄糖浓度,制备得到的氨法焦糖色素色率6.73×104 EBC,红色素指数5.21,4-甲基咪唑的含量198.34 μg/mL。通过对焦糖色素的生产工艺进行优化,得到了4-MeI明显降低的焦糖色素,为其生产提供了理论依据。     

焦糖色素在调味品中的应用

介绍了以淀粉、葡萄糖母液（或木糖母液）及糖蜜废液等为原料生产制得的焦糖色素,其特性为深褐色至黑色的液体、块状、粉末状或糊状物质,无臭或略带异臭（焦糖香味）,具有愉快的苦味。焦糖色素的特征指标为色率、红色指数、波美度、粘度和盐水沉淀等。根据所使用催化剂的不同将焦糖色素分为普通法（不加氨法）、铵盐法（亚硫酸铵法）和氨法等几类,根据型号的不同将焦糖色素分为普通单倍型、普通双倍型、酿造型、老抽红型和特红型等,并介绍了不同型号焦糖色素在酱油、食醋和黄酒等调味品中的应用。     

无氨(铵)法焦糖色素制备工艺

以氨基酸混合液与果葡糖浆为原料,NaOH溶液作为催化剂,在高温下合成液体焦糖色素的研究。考察了氨基酸混合液用量、NaOH用量以及反应温度对焦糖色素色率、红色指数、黄色指数的影响,并得出最佳合成工艺:氨基酸混合液用量为15%,NaOH的用量为原料质量的3.0%,最终反应温度控制为130℃,反应时间300min。在此条件下,焦糖色素的色率可以达到31842EBC,红色指数为6.09,黄色指数为9.55。     

利用木糖母液生产焦糖色素的工艺研究

本文着重介绍了用木糖母液为原料，采用酸水解：中和后加氨的工艺路线生产焦糖色素，所得的焦糖色素色率、收率均超过ＧＢ８８１７—８８标准。     

高色率焦糖色素的合成新工艺

在氨催化剂存在下，以葡萄糖母液和氨水为原料合成高色率焦糖色素，分别研究了反应温度，反应时间，催化剂类型及用量，葡萄糖母液波美度等条件对合成反应的影响，确定了最佳工艺条件。该方法合成高色率焦糖色素的最佳工艺条件是：反应温度为145℃，反应时间30min，葡萄糖母液波美度为30，催化剂用量为葡萄糖母液质量的5%。焦糖色素的色率可达到75526EBC以上。实验研究表明，氨水催化剂具有催化活性高，价廉易得，后处理工艺简单，无腐蚀性，无环境污染等优点。     

高品质焦糖色素(Ⅳ)的制备工艺优化

为优化制备高色率焦糖色素的工艺,以葡萄糖为反应物,亚硫酸铵为助剂,制备焦糖色素(Ⅳ)。通过控制葡萄糖浓度、铵含量、反应温度、反应时间等因素,以色素色率为主要检测指标,红色指数和黄色指数为辅助检测指标对结果进行优化。结果表明,高品质焦糖色素(Ⅳ)的最佳工艺条件为:葡萄糖浓度1000g/L,亚硫酸铵添加质量分数(以NH4+的量计)为6%,反应温度为150℃,反应时间为60min。制成焦糖色素的色率达7.47×104EBC。     

常压制备焦糖色素的工艺研究

焦糖色素是广泛应用于食品工业中的天然着色剂。本文探讨了在常压下,以蔗糖为原料制备焦糖色素的工艺条件。通过单因素实验研究了蔗糖含量、pH值、催化剂的添加量和反应时间对焦糖色素色率(EBC)的影响,通过正交实验确定了制备焦糖色素的最佳反应条件。结果表明,各因素对焦糖色素色率的影响大小为:蔗糖含量催化剂添加量pH值反应时间;且蔗糖含量为60%,pH=5.0,添加催化剂6%的条件下反应9h,可制备出EBC达到29474、pH为4.28、耐盐性好、符合国标GB8817-2001色率要求的优质焦糖色素。     

甘蔗糖蜜生产焦糖色素的研究

本文研究了甘蔗糖蜜生产焦糖色素的可行性，提出了去除糖蜜中灰分和胶体的预处理方案和优化的焦糖生产工艺。糖蜜以硫酸调节pH至2．3，同时添加适量的澄清剂，经离心获得的糖蜜清液适于制造澄清度极好的焦糖色素。正交试验结果表明，温度、反应时间和(NH4)2SO4添加量对焦糖色率和红色素指数都有显著的影响。在115℃，添加糖蜜量的条件下反应120min，可生产出澄清度高，色率为≥30000EBC，红色素指数≥5．5，耐酸性极好的优质焦糖色素。     

甘蔗糖蜜生产焦糖色素的研究

本文研究了甘蔗糖蜜生产焦糖色素的可行性,提出了去除糖蜜中灰分和胶体的预处理方案和优化的焦糖生产工艺。糖蜜以硫酸调节pH至2.3,同时添加适量的澄清剂,经离心获得的糖蜜清液适于制造澄清度极好的焦糖色素。正交试验结果表明,温度、反应时间和(NH4)2SO3添加量对焦糖色率和红色素指数都有显著的影响。在115℃,添加糖蜜量 的条件下反应120 min,可生产出澄清度高,色率为≥30000EBC,红色素指数≥5.5,耐酸性极好的优质焦糖色素。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press     

INFOPRINT 2014 was Successfully Held in Dongguan

Sponsored by Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China （PEIAC） and organized by Print China magazine, the Seventeenth Beijing International Printing Information Conference （INFOPRINT 2014） was successfully held on 11th Dec. 2014 at Dongguan Exhibition International Hotel.