CaO对神东烟煤燃烧和熔融性能的影响

为了研究CaO对神东烟煤燃烧和熔融性能的影响,通过试验的方式研究了添加不同含量CaO后神东烟煤燃烧性和熔融性能的变化情况。使用FactSage热力学计算软件研究了添加不同含量的CaO对煤粉熔融性能的影响。结果表明,CaO的添加对两种神东烟煤的燃烧性有非常明显的催化作用。通过观察添加CaO后煤中的矿物变化情况可以发现,随着CaO的添加,CaO与煤灰中原有的矿物发生反应生成新的物相,从而对对煤的熔融性能产生影响。并且随着CaO的添加,煤灰的熔融特性温度显示出了先降低后增加的趋势,煤灰中CaO质量分数为30%~35%时,完全熔化温度达到最低点。     

配煤对煤灰熔融过程的矿物演变的影响

对高钙烟煤和低钙无烟煤以及这两种煤组成的混合煤进行灰熔融特性研究。利用灰熔点测试仪测定煤灰的灰熔融特征温度,通过FactSage热力学软件的Equilib模块和Phase Diagram模块计算煤灰熔化过程的物相变化。结果表明,煤的灰熔点与煤灰的成分密切相关,酸性物质能使混煤灰的熔融特性温度升高,碱性物质使混煤灰的熔融特性温度降低;通过FactSage的Equilib模块得到的熔化过程可以看出,烟煤和无烟煤煤灰的熔融特性差异是温度高于1 000 ℃时莫来石和钙铝黄长石的含量变化导致的。对于混煤灰,随着低钙无烟煤比例的增加,在1 000 ℃的矿相成分中莫来石含量增加,钙铝黄长石含量减少,导致混煤灰熔点提高。     

NLMK高炉喷吹煤粉优化搭配

得益于丰富的天然气资源,俄罗斯众多钢铁厂使用天然气进行高炉喷吹。为实现资源的合理配置以及效益最大化,提高高炉喷煤量、减少天然气使用成了新利佩茨克钢铁公司发展新方向。对俄罗斯所提供的两种高挥发分煤(1号、2号)和2种挥发分含量较低的煤(3号、4号)以及经配煤处理后的混煤进行工业分析和着火点、爆炸性、灰熔点等喷吹特性研究。研究发现1号和2号煤具有强爆炸性和较低的着火点,而3号和4号煤着火点较高,燃烧率较低。4种煤粉均不适于高炉单独喷吹。经混煤处理后的煤粉无爆炸性,燃烧率高于贫瘦煤,着火点介于对应2种单煤之间,灰分的质量分数均低于8%,低于国内高炉喷吹用煤对灰分要求。但俄罗斯煤的可磨性普遍较差。在所设定的混煤方案中,2号烟煤与4号贫瘦煤的混煤着火点适中、燃烧率较高、可磨性较好,较适合高炉喷吹,其中2号烟煤占40%时最适合高炉喷吹。     

CaO对高钙烟煤熔融特性的影响

 通过在高钙烟煤的煤灰中添加不同含量的CaO,用于研究高钙烟煤的熔融特性变化情况和不同CaO含量下煤灰的熔融特性温度的变化情况。并且通过FactSage热力学软件对不同成分的合成灰进行模拟计算,用于对试验结果的佐证。研究结果表明,随着CaO添加量（质量分数）的增加,煤灰的熔融特性温度的整体趋势是先降低而后逐渐增加的。通过不同温度下灰中的矿物组成可以看出,添加一定量的CaO后,会使得高钙煤灰形成一种低温共熔体,从而使得灰熔点达到最低值。随着CaO添加量的继续增大,煤灰中钙硅石以及单晶氧化钙等高熔点矿物出现,煤灰熔点开始逐渐增加。并且从FactSage软件计算出的液相线温度结果和相图结果可以看出,其变化的趋势和熔融特性温度变化的趋势一致。     

Iron absorption in the rat: the search for possible intestinal mucosal carriers

The biological relevance of four iron-containing fractions previously detected in rat intestinal mucosal cells has been studied. The distribution of iron in these fractions obtained by chromatography on Sepharose 6B has been examined after in vivo and in vitro incubation of mucosal cells with 59Ce. In addition, the effects of phenobarbitone, cycloheximide, iron-deficiency and iron-loading on the uptake and distrubution of iron within the four mucosal cell fractions was studied. The iron in fraction I was mostly bound to intracellular membrane particles. Fraction II was shown to be ferritin. Fraction III contained some transferrin and also a protein of molecular weight similar to transferrin but which was not precipitable by antitransferrin antiserum. Quantited with the results of 'chaser' experiments suggested that, in addition to ferritin, at least two of the fractions (I and III) were involved in the process of iron absorption by the mucosal cell.     

高炉喷吹煤粉优化选择

 高炉喷吹煤粉是目前高炉冶炼降低焦比最为有效的措施之一,然而高炉喷吹煤粉种类繁多,为了保持较高的煤/焦置换比和降低高炉冶炼喷吹成本,需要对喷吹煤种进行合理的选择和搭配。以国外某钢厂提供的12种煤粉为原料,系统进行了其作为高炉喷吹煤粉所关注的基础性能和工艺性能分析,根据测试结果对不同煤粉进行高炉喷吹的综合性能进行了研究,为钢厂高炉喷吹煤粉的优化选择提供指导。研究结果表明,提供的12种煤粉中4号为高变质无烟煤,6号、7号和12号为高变质贫瘦煤,5号、10号和11号为低变质贫瘦煤,1号、2号、3号、8号和9号为低变质烟煤。相比于国内高炉喷吹用的煤粉,该钢厂提供的12种煤粉具有较低的灰分和硫含量,进行高炉喷吹能够降低渣量和入炉硫负荷;同时,所选煤粉的喷流性、流动性较高,灰熔融温度较高,低变质烟煤具有强爆炸性,不能单独作为高炉喷吹使用;不同煤粉的可磨性和燃烧性能差异较大,成为限制其应用于高炉喷吹生产的关键。结合不同煤粉高炉喷吹综合性能评价指标的计算结果,优选8号、10号、11号和12号煤粉作为高炉喷吹煤粉使用。考虑不同煤粉的采购成本,12号煤粉用于高炉喷吹降低冶炼的成本最为显著。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定粉煤灰中铀

粉煤灰是一种宝贵的铀资源,为了满足我国日益增长的核电对铀的需求,必须加大对粉煤灰中铀的综合回收利用,因此准确测定粉煤灰中铀含量意义重大。采用HNO₃-HF-HClO₄体系微波消解样品,选择¹⁸⁷Re为内标元素,²³⁸U为铀测定同位素,建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)准确快速测定粉煤灰中铀的分析方法。对溶样条件进行了优化,确定溶样酸用量为5.0mL HNO₃、3.0mL HF、0.50mL HClO₄,消解程序如下所示:消解功率为800W,15min从室温升到150℃,保温10min,15min从150℃升到200℃,保温30min。实验表明,当铀的质量浓度范围为0.5~20ng/mL时,铀的质量浓度与其对应的信号强度呈线性关系,线性相关系数为0.9999,方法检出限为0.05μg/g。将实验方法应用于粉煤灰实际样品分析,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为3.2%,加标回收率为95%~104%。选取来自不同地方燃煤电厂的粉煤灰,按照实验方法进行铀的测定,并与激光荧光法进行对比,两种方法测定结果基本一致。     

还原剂对高磷鲕状赤铁矿还原焙烧铁磷分离的影响

研究还原剂种类及用量对高磷鲕状赤铁矿还原焙烧铁磷分离的影响.添加脱磷剂Na₂CO₃,在提铁降磷的同时能降低还原铁的硫含量;还原剂用量的增加都能促进铁还原,但使用灰分和固定碳含量较高或挥发分含量较低的还原剂时,不利于降磷.焙烧产物的X射线衍射分析表明:添加脱磷剂Na₂CO₃时,随着还原剂用量的增加,焙烧产物中金属铁含量增加,浮氏体和石英含量降低;使用灰分含量较高的还原剂时,随其用量的增加,灰分会消耗Na₂CO₃,从而减弱其对于铁还原的促进作用;还原剂用量相同时,石煤、烟煤、焦炭和褐煤所得焙烧产物中金属铁含量逐渐增加,浮氏体含量逐渐降低.总体来看,褐煤作为还原剂时铁磷分离效果最好,其次为烟煤,焦炭和石煤.     

兰炭对高炉混煤喷吹特性的影响

采用WCT-2C型微机差热天平、灰熔点测定仪、BT-1000粉体综合特性测试仪和可磨性测试仪,研究了兰炭配加质量分数为0、30%、40%、50%和100%时对无烟煤燃烧性、反应性、灰融性、流动性和可磨性的影响。结果表明,兰炭可以改善无烟煤的喷吹特性。随着兰炭含量的增加,煤粉着火温度及燃尽温度降低,燃烧时间缩短,综合燃烧指数明显提高,燃烧特性得到改善,煤粉的反应性增强,灰熔融性温度和可磨性指数均降低。兰炭的加入对煤粉的流动性(混煤流动性指数和喷流性指数)影响不明显。而且兰炭配加质量分数不超过40%时,混煤可以满足高炉喷吹条件。     

低氧气氛下煤粉氧化特性实验研究

利用热分析方法,在低氧气氛下进行了高挥发分煤粉的慢速氧化特性实验.借助动力学理论,计算出低温阶段的动力学三因子,结果表明,霍林河褐煤的活化能和指前因子随着反应过程的深入而增加,3种烟煤的活化能和指前因子随着反应过程的深入而减小.实验结果表明,小粒径、低升温速率和高氧气体积分数下煤粉易发生氧化自燃.与φ(O2)=14%相比较,φ(O2)=16%的条件下氧化特性温度的降低值均不超过9℃,如果制粉系统中氧气的体积分数低于16%,可以达到高挥发分煤粉的防爆效果.     

疏松型粉煤灰硫酸水热浸出法提取铝

以内蒙古某电厂疏松型粉煤灰为研究对象,采用硫酸水热浸出的方法提取粉煤灰中的铝,在分析粉煤灰成分、形貌和物相的基础上,研究浸出温度、浸出时间、硫酸浓度、硫酸用量工艺参数对铝提取率的影响,通过X射线衍射对浸出渣的物相进行表征。结果表明,在浸出温度为180 ℃、浸出时间为4 h、硫酸浓度(质量分数)为61%、硫酸用量为理论值的3倍的条件下浸出粉煤灰,铝的提取率可达88%以上。该工艺具有浸出温度低、硫酸浓度低、铝提取率较高等特点,对疏松型粉煤灰的开发利用具有实际意义。     

煤粉低尘燃烧技术的特性及其应用前景

煤粉低尘燃烧技术采用端面旋流进风、流场外层浓相定向给粉和高温液态捕渣等技术手段，实现煤粉燃烧过程中的灰渣捕集，可向工业窑炉提供含尘量低的高温火焰。通过对煤粉低尘燃烧器的结构特点的分析和对燃烧器冷、热态试验研究结果的介绍，指出该项技术是一种应用前景广阔的洁净燃煤技术，值得大力推广。     

粉煤灰活性炭吸附含Cr废水试验研究

利用电厂粉煤灰可制备出具有较高吸附性能的粉煤灰活性炭.研究了不同pH值、投加量、时间、温度、溶液浓度、脱附方法条件下粉煤灰活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能的影响.结果表明,吸附反应为吸热过程;当粉煤灰活性炭掺入比为1∶250、pH值为2、25℃恒温振荡120 min时,粉煤灰活性炭最大吸附容量能达到4.67 mg/g;Cr饱和的粉煤灰活性炭,用0.05 mol/L浓度的NaOH脱附效果最佳,脱附率为129%.废弃印刷线路板湿式处理工艺中产生的废水,含Cr(Ⅵ)0.62 mg/L,在上述条件下,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率达95.16%;若在自然pH条件下,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率能达到91.94%,均符合污水综合排放标准.粉煤灰活性炭用于含金属废水的处理有着广阔的应用前景.     

Right to left differences in the ankle joint complex range of motion

In most eukaryotic cells, synthesis of the iron storage protein, ferritin is regulated by iron levels and redox conditions. Proper iron storage is important to protect against damaging iron-catalysed free radical reactions. Although iron-catalysed reactions are believed to contribute to oxidative damage and cataractogenesis, little is known about iron storage in the lens. In this study, ferritin concentration was measured in cultured canine lens epithelial cells. Baseline ferritin concentration ranged from 76-163 ng (mg protein)-1; cells cultured in low-iron media had significantly lower ferritin levels than cells cultured in iron-supplemented media. Addition of a large excess of iron as hemin resulted in an eight-fold increase in ferritin concentration. The iron chelator, Desferal, significantly decreased ferritin concentration. The reducing agent dithiothreitol decreased the hemin-induced increase in ferritin levels, but not baseline levels. In contrast, ascorbic acid induced a large increase in ferritin content. Other studies have shown that induction of ferritin synthesis can protect against oxidative damage. Regulation of ferritin levels may represent a mechanism by which the lens epithelium is protected from oxidative damage. In vivo, epithelial cells are normally exposed to much lower iron concentrations than the cultured lens epithelial cells in this study. However, in pathological circumstances, the iron content and redox state of the aqueous humor is dramatically altered and may affect the steady state levels of ferritin within the lens. This remains to be determined.     

高炉风口区理论燃烧温度的研究

 在国内外有关理论燃烧温度研究的基础上,结合理论燃烧温度实时计算的特点和要求,对计算中的关键量进一步修正。采用埃特金迭代法求解各条件下的理论燃烧温度值。结果表明,若不考虑其他因素,煤粉燃烧率对理论燃烧温度的影响因煤粉种类而异。通常烟煤的理论燃烧温度随燃烧率的增加而降低,相同燃烧率下烟煤的理论燃烧温度明显低于无烟煤。随着混合煤粉燃烧率的增加,理论燃烧温度稍有降低。随着喷煤量提高,烟煤的理论燃烧温度降低幅度大于无烟煤。在其他条件相同时,随着烟煤配比的增加,理论燃烧温度呈降低趋势。随着煤粉和焦炭的灰分含量的增加,理论燃烧温度呈降低趋势。     

P204萃取分离高铁粉煤灰硫酸浸液中铁铝

粉煤灰是燃煤电厂发电所产生的主要固体废弃物,年产量及堆存量巨大.近些年越来越多的学者逐渐开始关注如何合理有效地处理粉煤灰.酸法是从粉煤灰中提取有价金属的主要途径之一,但由于Fe3+、Al3+化学性质相似,相互分离较为困难,因此成为限制资源化处理高铁粉煤灰的主要因素.以P204为萃取剂、260号溶剂油为稀释剂,对高铁粉煤...     

Rare earth elements of fly ash from Wyoming's Powder River Basin coal

The advancement and increasing interests in green energy production and environmental protection technologies have spurred the demand for rare earth elements.On the other hand,the U.S.has to rely 100% on import of these materials as the industry was crashed because of the environmental issues associated with mining and processing,and more importantly lack competitiveness.As rare earth elements have many applications in defense and national security sectors,some of the elements were listed as strategic materials or critical materials because of the uncertainties in supply and prices.Therefore,it has become imperative in searching for alternative resources for supplying rare earth elements including unconventional resources.With the strong incentive,coal fly ash is identified as one of the candidates among them.In this study,we present rare earth element data for the 42 ash samples(all derived from Powder River Basin coal) that we collected from seven states(UT,WY,10,WI,ND,CO,and MI) representing 158 million tons of fly ash.The results indicate scattered distributions of rare earth elements with concentration ranging from 156 to 590 ppm although all the ash samples originated from the same coal basin(Powder River Basin).The rare earth element resource in these ashes is estimated between 74000 and 106000 t.The ash samples were also characterized by elemental analysis,XRD,SEM-EDS and BET surface area.The characterizations of the ashes were discussed as they might have implications in the subsequent rare earth element extraction processes.In summary,fly ash may represent a potential resource for rare earth element production.     

Influence of nighttime blood pressure on left atrial size in uncomplicated arterial systemic hypertension

Little information is available on the relationship between occupational exposure to inorganic arsenic in coal fly ash and urinary excretion of arsenic metabolites. This study ws undertaken in a coal-fired power plant in Slovakia during a routine maintenance outage. Arsenic was measured in the breathing zone of workers during 5 consecutive workdays, and urine samples were obtained for analysis of arsenic metabolites--inorganic arsenic (Asi), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA)--prior to the start of each shift. Results from a small number of cascade impactor air samples indicated that approximately 90% of total particle mass and arsenic was present in particle size fractions >/= 3.5 micron. The 8-hr time-weighted average (TWA) mean arsenic air concentration was 48.3 microg/m3 (range 0.17-375.2) and the mean sum of urinary arsenic (SigmaAs) metabolites was 16.9 microg As/g creatinine (range 2.6-50.8). For an 8-hr TWA of 10 microg/m3 arsenic from coal fly ash, the predicted mean concentration of the SigmaAs urinary metabolites was 13.2 microg As/G creatinine [95% confidence interval (CI), 10.1-16.3). Comparisons with previously published studies of exposure to arsenic trioxide vapors and dusts in copper smelters suggest that bioavailability of arsenic from airborne coal fly ash (as indicated by urinary excretion) is about one-third that seen in smelters and similar settings. Arsenic compound characteristics, matrix composition, and particle size distribution probably play major roles in determining actual uptake of airborne arsenic.     

神东烟煤水分对其高炉喷吹性能的影响

神东烟煤具有水分含量高的特征,这对其生产、运输、储存或用于高炉喷吹都会有影响。针对神东烟煤的这个特性,选用5种不同矿区的具有代表性的高水分神东烟煤,探究不同干燥时间条件下水分对其可磨性的影响,并使用高炉喷煤燃烧模拟试验装置研究其燃烧率随水分含量的变化趋势,将不同条件下的失水质量分数与分析水质量分数的比值定义为失水率,探究可磨性和燃烧率与失水率的变化关系。结果表明,失水率增大时,煤的可磨性和燃烧率均呈上升的趋势,随着干燥时间的延长,可磨性增大的趋势变缓,随着失水的增多,燃烧率和失水率近似呈线性增长的关系。     

Behaviour of coal in smelting reduction installation

Abstract

A model for the behaviour of coal particles under conditions of the ROMELT liquid phase iron reduction smelting process is presented. Values of the main parameters of the model have been determined on the basis of experimental data. The model allows evaluation of the content and fractional composition of the coal mixed into the slag, for various fraction compositions of coal charged into the furnace and feeding rates. Characteristic dwell times of coal particles of various fractions in the slag and reaction rates with the environment have been determined. It is shown that the small particles of coal participate predominantly in iron reduction from the slag, and larger particles participate both in iron reduction and in combustion and gasification processes in the gas–liquid jets. The time for coal burnout from the slag has been evaluated for the case of interruption of coal charging into the furnace.