机动车颗粒物的激光雷达监测

为了用激光雷达遥测机动车排放颗粒物的浓度分布,从理论上分析了颗粒物后向散射系数和质量浓度之间的关系;利用激光雷达测量的后向散射系数以及黑碳仪测量的黑碳气溶胶质量浓度数据,采用最小二乘法对颗粒物后向散射系数与浓度以及后向散射系数与车流量之间进行了相关性分析。结果表明,激光雷达测量的后向散射系数能够很好地反演机动车颗粒物质量浓度,它们之间存在正比关系。激光雷达探测的气溶胶颗粒物浓度和车流量具有很好的一致性,可以用来研究机动车排放颗粒物的水平分布和扩散特性;这对于机动车的管理以及大气污染控制具有重要意义。     

合肥地区PM_(2.5)质量浓度与气溶胶后向散射系数之间吸湿因子的拟合

目前直接探测PM_(2.5)质量浓度高度廓线有一定的困难,但可以通过一定的关系把激光雷达探测出的气溶胶后向散射系数高度廓线转化为PM_(2.5)质量浓度高度廓线。在把气溶胶后向散射系数廓线转化为PM_(2.5)质量浓度的过程中,气溶胶吸湿因子是一个关键的参数。激光雷达系统可探测气溶胶后向散射系数在近地面的高度分布廓线,PM_(2.5)质量探测仪可探测所在处的PM_(2.5)质量浓度和大气相对湿度。将这两种仪器置于同一地点同时进行探测,以获取同一地点同一时间的气溶胶后向散射系数、PM_(2.5)质量浓度和大气相对湿度。在理论的指导下对所探测的数据进行拟合,可得出吸湿因子的表达式。对2016年5月—2017年10月合肥地区仪器所在地的气溶胶后向散射系数、PM_(2.5)质量浓度和大气相对湿度的探测数据进行拟合,获得了PM_(2.5)质量浓度与气溶胶后向散射系数之间吸湿因子的变化规律。     

利用颗粒物数密度谱计算质量浓度的方法研究

利用自行研制的空气动力学粒谱仪和颗粒物质量监测器振荡天平,于2006年2月在北京测量了大气气溶胶的粒子数密度与质量浓度.在对二者进行相关性分析的基础上,运用多元回归方法,得出了利用粒子数密度谱获取颗粒物(PMl0)质量浓度谱的经验公式,并对公式进行了实验验证.同时分析了北京市初春气溶胶的有关特征,以期对北京市大气污染总量控制方案及对策提供科学依据.     

Raman-Mie激光雷达测量对流层大气气溶胶光学特性

为了研究合肥上空对流层大气气溶胶的光学特性,研制了一台Raman-Mie激光雷达,用来测量大气气溶胶的消光系数、后向散射系数和激光雷达比的垂直分布。文中介绍了研制的Raman-Mie激光雷达系统和数据处理方法,并且给出了几个测量结果。在冷锋过境时,激光雷达测量的整层对流层中大气气溶胶的后向散射系数的时空变化表明,大量的气溶胶粒子被冷空气输送到合肥上空,大气气溶胶在4 km以下的垂直分布有剧烈的变化,混合层顶的高度被抬升到了3 km附近。Fernald方法和Raman方法反演的大气气溶胶光学特性的对比结果表明,该激光雷达能够测量合肥上空大气气溶胶层中的消光系数、后向散射系数和激光雷达比廓线。     

气溶胶质量浓度垂直分布反演模型的研究

激光雷达监测气溶胶垂直分布一直是大气环境监测领域的重要内容之一。为了研究大气气溶胶质量浓度的垂直分布,对气溶胶质量浓度反演模型进行了理论分析和实验验证。在理论分析后向散射系数与质量浓度之间指数关系及气象因子对气溶胶质量浓度分布影响的基础上提出了一种指数修正模型。采用非线性最小二乘法与经验相结合的方法进行了实验验证,获得了模型参量并反演了气溶胶质量浓度的垂直分布。结果表明,修正模型与实际情况更接近,能更好地反映气象因子对气溶胶质量浓度分布的影响,该修正模型对于气溶胶的垂直分布研究具有一定的参考价值。     

淮河流域典型农田区气溶胶散射特性的日变化和季节变化研究

利用2019年寿县国家气候观象台气溶胶散射系数、气溶胶质量浓度及相关气象观测数据,统计分析了淮河流域农田区域的气溶胶散射特征及其成因,为该区域气溶胶污染辐射强迫及其对农业生产影响方面的研究提供了定量观测证据。研究表明：该地区气溶胶散射系数具有显著的季节变化规律,冬季最高,夏季最低;三个波长(450、525、635 nm)气溶胶日平均散射系数分别为329.8±180.0、270.2±153.7、214.4±128.4 Mm^-1,并且散射系数日变化与天气要素和大气层结日变化规律具有很好的相关性,且冬季日振幅远小于其他三季;?ngstr?m指数年平均值为1.32,后向散射比年平均值为0.15,气溶胶质量散射系数年平均值为4.83 m²/g,表明淮河流域农田区域的气溶胶以细颗粒为主;气溶胶散射系数大小主要受偏西风调控,散射系数与能见度具有高度的负相关幂函数关系;污染日的气溶胶散射系数远大于清洁日,污染物很大程度上影响了光辐射在大气中的传输能力,污染程度高,大气的散射作用就越强。     

太湖水体悬浮颗粒物生物光学模型及MERIS数据反演

根据太湖悬浮颗粒物生物光学特性建立的悬浮颗粒物红外单波段生物光学模型具有明确的机理性.利用2006年至2009年野外实测悬浮颗粒物浓度和水体光学数据对该生物光学模型进行检验和分析.结果表明,悬浮颗粒物比后向散射系数的时空差异是影响总悬浮颗粒物生物光学模型精度的主要因素.总悬浮颗粒物在红外波长的吸收系数对总悬浮颗粒物生物光学模型精度也具有显著的影响.根据中分辨率光谱成像仪(MERIS)悬浮颗粒物 反演结果和野外实测风速数据,太湖沉积物再悬浮将显著增加水体中悬浮颗粒物的含量.     

基于高光谱分辨率激光雷达的气溶胶分类方法研究

气溶胶是影响气候变化和空气质量的重要因素,对气溶胶作用的量化分析依赖于气溶胶光学性质及其垂直剖面的精细探测。高光谱分辨率激光雷达利用窄带光学滤波器,可在光谱上实现对分子散射和气溶胶散射的分离,从而在不需假设气溶胶激光雷达比的情况下,独立获取气溶胶消光系数和后向散射系数。文中基于高光谱分辨率激光雷达技术,开展气溶胶分类方法研究。根据已有的气溶胶分类研究结果,给出基于气溶胶光学参数的分类方法,并建立气溶胶分类查找表。利用高光谱分辨率激光雷达于2015年春季在青岛地区测量的气溶胶消光系数、后向散射系数和退偏振比,参照建立的气溶胶分类查找表,实现了对气溶胶的分类识别,并用HYSPLIT轨迹模式、NAAPS气溶胶模式进行了印证。个例研究结果表明该方法能够实现对气溶胶类型的正确识别。     

用光学粒子计数器测颗粒物质量浓度和能见度

2001年夏季和冬季，在北京市大兴区榆垡镇，利用光学粒子计数器、能见度仪和颗粒物质量监测器对近地面大气气溶胶粒子数密度、大气能见度、颗粒物质量浓度(PM10、PM2．5和PM1．0)等进行了联合观测实验，取得了大量相关资料．本文通过对不同尺寸大气气溶胶粒子的数密度与颗粒物质量浓度及大气能见度的多元线性回归分析，给出了利用粒子数密度计算PM10、PM2．5、PM1．0和大气能见度的经验计算公式．     

MPL探测气溶胶误差的数值模拟计算研究

微脉冲激光雷达(micropu lse lidar,MPL)是一种新型的激光雷达系统。通过对其探测的大气气溶胶后向散射比和后向散射系数进行误差的数值模拟计算,分析了误差源及其不确定性,给出了误差数值模拟计算的方法。较为详细地分析和讨论了各误差源对大气气溶胶后向散射比和后向散射系数的影响,为进一步提高微脉冲激光雷达的测量精度提供了可靠的理论依据。     

云雾后向散射激光回波特性研究

气溶胶后向散射激光回波在气溶胶内部的散射特性对其波形特征有着重要影响。为获取气溶胶后向散射激光回波的散射特性,文中以云雾为研究对象,建立激光云雾传输模型,仿真云雾后向散射激光回波在云雾内部的多次散射过程,统计不同云雾质量浓度和云雾距离条件下的激光回波的散射次数和传输时间,得到激光回波的散射次数范围和同次散射回波特征,以及云雾质量浓度和云雾距离对散射次数的影响规律。文中研究结果可为分析气溶胶后向散射激光回波特征提供重要支撑。     

Multiple scattering and depolarization by a randomly rough Kirchhoff surface

A matrix approach has been developed to compute bistatic scattering coefficients which include shadowing and multiple scattering effects for a randomly rough Kirchhoff surface. The method permits the computation of these coefficients in terms of the existing single-scatter bistatic scattering coefficients. Thus the effects of multiple scattering are readily recognized from the expressions obtained. The bistatic scattering coefficients are shown to satisfy energy conservation to at least two significant figures. It is observed that while polarized backscattering is dominated by the single-scattering process, the depolarized backscattering is due to multiple scattering. Unlike depolarization by slightly rough surfaces or volume scattering, the angular behavior of the depolarized backscattering is similar to that of the polarized backscattering. The transitional behavior of the relative dominance between single and multiple scattering for the polarized and depolarized scattering coefficient as a function of the azimuth angle is illustrated.     

CALIOP反演海洋颗粒物后向散射方法

云和气溶胶探测激光雷达( Cloud-aerosol lidar with orthogonal polarization, CALIOP)能够发射532 nm 和 1064 nm 两种波长激光脉冲,主要用于大气中云和气溶胶的探测。532 nm激光脉冲在海洋表面有很好的穿透性,能获得海表以下的 后向散射信号。利用CALIOP数据对直接提取水下信号和瞬态响应校正提取水下信号两种方法进行对比研究。首先,反演 得到海洋次表层水下信号,进而反演海洋颗粒物后向散射,并与中分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer, MODIS)反演的颗粒物后向散射进行对比。颗粒物后向散射差值的均值分别为0.0035、0.0027; 标准偏差分别为0.4004、0.0042。表明校正方法反演的颗粒物后向散射与MODIS反演颗粒物后向散射更为接近。     

Separation of channel backscattering coefficients in nanoscale MOSFETs

Channel backscattering coefficients in the k/sub B/T layer (near the source) of 1.65-nm-thick gate oxide, 68-nm gate length bulk n-channel MOSFETs are systematically separated into two distinct components: the quasithermal-equilibrium mean-free-path for backscattering and the width of the k/sub B/T layer. Evidence to confirm the validity of the separation procedure is further produced: 1) the near-source channel conduction-band profile; 2) the existing value of k/sub B/T layer width from the sophisticated device simulation; and 3) an analytic temperature-dependent drain current model for the channel backscattering coefficients. The findings are also consistent with each other and therefore corroborate channel backscattering as the origin of the coefficients. Other interpretations and clarifications are determined with respect to the very recently released Monte Carlo particle simulation. Consequently, it can be reasonably claimed that the separated components, as well as their dependencies on temperature and bias, are adequate while being used to describe the operation of the devices undertaken within the framework of the channel backscattering theory.     

EM propagation and backscattering discrete model for medium of sparsely distributed lossy random particles

Electromagnetic wave propagation and backscattering from a random medium are studied. The random medium is modeled by discrete lossy dielectric scatterers, for which the dyadic scattering amplitudes and orientation statistics are known. A method is developed to compute the propagation and backscattering coefficients. The technique is valid for scatterers having characteristic dimensions comparable to a wavelength. The procedure is valid when the albedo of individual scatterers is small, that is, when the scatterers are highly absorbing. Numerical calculations for the propagation and backscattering coefficients are presented, and compared with the literature.     

A three-dimensional radar backscatter model of forest canopies

A three-dimensional forest backscatter model, which takes full account of spatial position of trees in a forest stand is described. A forest stand was divided into cells according to arbitrary spatial resolution. The cells may include “crown”, “trunk”, and “gap” components, determined by the shape, size and position of the trees. The forest floor is represented by a layer of “ground” cells. A ray tracing method was used to calculate backscattering components of 1) direct crown backscatter, 2) direct backscattering from ground, 3) direct backscattering from trunk, 4) crown-ground scattering, and 5) trunk-ground scattering. Both the attenuation and time-delay of microwave signals within cells other than “gap” were also calculated from ray tracing. The backscattering Mueller matrices of these components within the same range intervals were incoherently added to yield the total backscattering of an image pixel. By assuming a zero-mean, multiplicative Gaussian noise for image speckle, the high-resolution images were aggregated to simulate a SAR image with a given spatial resolution and number of independent samples (looks). A well-characterized 150 m×200 m forest stand in Maine, USA, was used to parameterize the model. The simulated radar backscatter coefficients were compared with actual JPL SAR data. The model gives reasonable prediction of backscattering coefficients averaged over the entire stand with agreement between model and data within 1.35 dB for all channels. The correlations between simulated images and SAR data (10 by 15 pixels) were positive and significant at the 0.001 level for all frequencies (P, L, and C bands) and polarizations (HH, HV, and VV)     

Absorption coefficients of marine waters: expanding multiband information to hyperspectral data

For many oceanographic studies and applications, it is desirable to know the spectrum of the attenuation coefficient. For water of the vast ocean, an effective way to get information about this property is through satellite measurements of ocean color. Past and present satellite sensors designed for ocean-color measurements, however, can only provide data in a few spectral bands. A tool is needed to expand these multiband measurements to hyperspectral information. The major contributors to the attenuation coefficient are absorption and backscattering coefficients. The spectral backscattering coefficient can generally be well described with a couple of parameters, but not so for the spectral absorption coefficient. In this paper, based on available hyperspectral absorption data, spectral-transfer coefficients are developed to expand multiband absorption coefficients to hyperspectral (400-700 nm with a 10-nm step) absorption spectrum. The derived transfer coefficients are further applied to data from field measurements to test their performance, and it is found that modeled absorption matches measured absorption very well (/spl sim/5% error). These results indicate that when absorption and backscattering coefficients are available at multiple bands, a hyperspectral attenuation-coefficient spectrum can now be well constructed.     

Effect of Surface Profile Length on the Backscattering Coefficients of Bare Surfaces

The root mean square (rms) height s and autocorrelation length l are commonly used as the surface roughness input parameters to surface scattering models. Whereas it is well known that the surface roughness parameters of a natural soil surface are underestimated with a short surface profile, it is not clear how much the underestimated surface parameters affect the backscattering coefficients of the surface for various incidence angles and polarizations. In this paper, the backscattering coefficients of simulated and measured surface profiles are computed using the integral equation method and analyzed to answer this question. A 4000lmacr-long rough surface is generated numerically, where lmacr is the true correlation length of the surface, and the backscattering coefficients of the surface are computed and analyzed for various conditions. The rms error of the backscattering coefficient at a medium range of incidence angles is less than 1.5 dB for vv-polarization and 0.5 dB for hh-polarization if the profile length is larger than 5lmacr for a surface with ks=1.0, kl=10.0, and epsiv _r=(10.0,2.0). Similar results are obtained from numerous simulations with various roughness conditions and various wavelengths. It is also shown that the rms error of the backscattering coefficients between 5- and 1-m-long measured surface profiles is 1.7 dB for vv-polarization and 0.5 dB for hh-polarization at a medium range of incidence angle (15deglesthetasles70deg), whereas the surface roughness parameters are significantly reduced from 2.4 to 1.5 cm for the rms height s and from 35.1 to 10.0 cm for the autocorrelation length l