基于PI迟滞模型的单压电变形镜开环控制

压电非线性迟滞导致压电变形镜的开环控制精度及闭环工作带宽降低,限制了其在自适应光学系统中的应用。为克服迟滞影响,提出采用PI迟滞模型描述单压电变形镜的迟滞非线性特性,实现单压电变形镜的高精度开环控制。首先建立PI迟滞数学模型,利用最小二乘法辨识PI迟滞模型的权值,计算出PI逆模型的权值和阈值,从而获得消除迟滞后的变形镜控制电压;接着搭建了基于哈特曼波前传感器的自适应光学测试平台,采用单压电变形镜的环形致动器进行离焦面形的开环控制实验。实验结果表明,经过迟滞消除后变形镜的电压-变形迟滞由9.3%降低到1.2%,离焦面形的开环重构精度提高70%以上,证明该迟滞模型可有效应用于单压电变形镜的开环控制。     

Wave-dispersive x-ray spectrometer for simultaneous acquisition of several characteristic lines based on strongly and accurately shaped Ge crystal

Si and Ge are widely used as analyzing crystals for x-rays. Drastic and accurate shaping of Si or Ge gives significant advance in the x-ray field, although covalently bonded Si or Ge crystals have long been believed to be not deformable to various shapes. Recently, we developed a deformation technique for obtaining strongly and accurately shaped Si or Ge wafers of high crystal quality, and the use of the deformed wafer made it possible to produce fine-focused x-rays. In the present study, we prepared a cylindrical Ge wafer with a radius of curvature of 50 mm, and acquired fluorescent x-rays simultaneously from four elements by combining the cylindrical Ge wafer with a position-sensitive detector. The energy resolution of the x-ray fluorescence spectrum was as good as that obtained using a flat single crystal, and its gain was over 100. The demonstration of the simultaneous acquisition of high-resolution x-ray fluorescence spectra indicated various possibilities of x-ray spectrometry, such as one-shot x-ray spectroscopy and highly efficient wave-dispersive x-ray spectrometers.     

Influence of piezoceramic to fused silica plate thickness on the radii of curvature of piezoelectric bimorph mirror

Piezoelectric based bimorph mirrors (PBM) find extensive use in focusing of x-ray beams. Many optical instruments require use of PBM whose radii of curvature can be tuned precisely. The 100 mm and 300 mm PBMs were fabricated with varying piezoelectric to fused silica plate thicknesses. The radii of curvature of free standing mirrors were measured as a function of voltage and it was found to decrease with increasing voltage. For a given piezoelectric plate thickness, as the fused silica thickness increases, the radii of curvature was found to increase owing to increase in stiffness of the mirror. On the other hand, for a given fused silica plate thickness, when the piezoelectric plate thickness is increased, the radii of curvature are decreased for a given electric field, due to increase in generated force. This study brings out the influence of piezoceramic to fused silica plate thickness on the radii of curvature of PBM.     

几种分立式微变形镜的性能模拟与比较

采用形状函数法描述变形镜校正时的曲面,从适配误差、Streh l比两方面比较了四种不同单元排列方式的微变形镜。结果表明方形与砖形排列的微变形镜设计简单,但波前校正性能较差;圆形及蜂窝形微变形镜具有较高的波前校正性能,但设计加工复杂。     

Control of an Adaptive Optical System with Deformable Mirrors of Low and High Frequency Resolution

Control methods with the use of two deformable mirrors (correcting aberrations of high and low spatial frequencies, respectively) are briefly described. Results of preliminary experiments aimed at developing algorithms for deformable mirror control are reported.     

High-energy x-ray microbeam with total-reflection mirror optics

Total-reflection mirror optics for high-energy x-ray microfocusing have been developed, and tested in the energy range of 30-100 keV at beamline 20XU of Synchrotron Radiation Facility SPring-8. The optical system consists of a Kirkpatrick-Baez-type [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 38, 766 (1548)] focusing optics with aspherical total-reflection mirrors for the purpose of reducing the spherical aberrations. A focused beam size of 0.35 x 0.4 microm(2) has been achieved at an x-ray energy of 80 keV, and the measured spot size was less than 1 microm in the x-ray energy region below 90 keV.     

变截面压电智能梁的频率分析

建立了变截面压电智能梁的动态模型,分析了表面粘贴压电元件的均质梁的固有频率。在分析中考虑了压电元件和粘结层的影响,同时,还考虑了梁的剪切变形和转动惯量。研究表明,压电元件的刚度和惯量对梁的频率影响很大,粘结层剪切的弹性模量对一阶频率影响较小;当考虑梁的剪切变形和转动惯量时,则对梁的高阶频率影响较大。     

分立式变形反射镜薄镜面的应力分析方法研究

推导出变形反射镜薄镜面产生变形时的应力分布计算公式,利用该公式、简化的应力公式以及有限元法分别对61单元和37/55单元变形反射镜薄镜面工作时的最大应力进行了计算,对计算结果进行了比较和分析。     

Development of optics for x-ray phase-contrast imaging of high energy density plasmas

Phase-contrast or refraction-enhanced x-ray radiography can be useful for the diagnostic of low-Z high energy density plasmas, such as imploding inertial confinement fusion (ICF) pellets, due to its sensitivity to density gradients. To separate and quantify the absorption and refraction contributions to x-ray images, methods based on microperiodic optics, such as shearing interferometry, can be used. To enable applying such methods with the energetic x rays needed for ICF radiography, we investigate a new type of optics consisting of grazing incidence microperiodic mirrors. Using such mirrors, efficient phase-contrast imaging systems could be built for energies up to ～100?keV. In addition, a simple lithographic method is proposed for the production of the microperiodic x-ray mirrors based on the difference in the total reflection between a low-Z substrate and a high-Z film. Prototype mirrors fabricated with this method show promising characteristics in laboratory tests.     

模拟退火-爬山混合算法用于无波前传感器快速像差校正

为了校正激光光束波前像差,建立了一种基于压电微变形镜的自适应光学系统。提出了用模拟退火-爬山混合算法来控制系统中37单元单压电片变形镜,补偿激光光束波前像差,实现对光斑的快速校正。提出的混合算法先使用模拟退火算法为爬山法提供一个较好的校正起点,再用爬山法对像差进行精确校正,仅需要少量的模拟退火迭代过程即可提供一个好的校正起点。由于精确校正阶段的爬山法速度快,因此获得相同校正效果需要的迭代次数比普通模拟退火算法减少了50%以上;同时由于爬山法校正起点较好,大大降低了进入局部最优值的可能。最后,实验验证了模拟退火-爬山法对激光光束波前具有更佳的校正效率。     

Analytical models of sandwich plates with piezoelectric strip-stiffeners

A theory of sandwich plates with composite-material facings and piezoelectric strip-stiffeners bonded to the surface or embedded in the facings is developed. The stiffeners bonded to the surfaces are modeled using either the plane stress assumption or a first-order shear deformable theory. The former approach is appropriate if the stiffeners represent thin strips, while the latter method can be used in the case where the stiffeners are relatively deep. The stiffeners embedded in the facings in the form of piezoelectric strips are considered using the plane stress assumption.     

Triple-path collector optics for grazing incident x-ray emission spectrometer

A new type of collector optics was developed for grazing incident x-ray emission spectrometer. The collector optics used two cylindrical mirrors to add two extra light paths while keeping the center light path that directly illuminates the grating. The design and properties of the spectrometer using the triple-path collector optics were evaluated using ray-tracing simulations, and validity of this design in terms of throughput and energy resolution was confirmed by the experimentally obtained spectra.     

Nonlinear free and forced vibration of simply supported shear deformable laminated plates with piezoelectric actuators

This paper deals with the nonlinear vibration and dynamic response of simply supported shear deformable cross-ply laminated plates with piezoelectric actuators subjected to mechanical, electrical and thermal loads. The material properties are assumed to be independent of the temperature and electric field. Theoretical formulations are based on the higher order shear deformation plate theory and general von Kármán-type equation, which includes thermo-piezoelectric effects. Due to the bending and stretching coupling effects, a nonlinear static problem is first solved to determine the pre-vibration deformation caused by temperature field and control voltage. By adding an incremental dynamic state to the pre-vibration state, the equations of motion are solved by an improved perturbation technique to determine nonlinear frequencies and dynamic responses of hybrid laminated plates. The numerical illustrations concern nonlinear vibration characteristics of unsymmetric cross-ply laminated plates. The results presented show the effects of temperature rise, applied voltage and stacking sequence on the nonlinear vibration and dynamic response of the plates.     

变截面智能压电梁的动态特性研究

建立变截面智能压电梁的动态模型,分析表面粘贴压电元件的均质梁的固有频率。在分析时考虑坟电元件、粘贴层、梁的剪切变形和转动惯量。研究表明,压电元件的刚度和惯量对梁的频率影响很大,变截面智能压电梁的一除非 固有频率总是高于等截面梁的固有频率。粘结层剪切 对一阶频率影响较 剪切变 转动惯量时,对梁的高阶频率影响较大。考虑梁的惊动国惯量和剪切谱形时,智能阶梯梁的频率比没有时的要低。     

基于PZT非球面能动抛光盘的变形优化

基于PZT压电陶瓷驱动器的非球面能动抛光盘,能够在PZT驱动器的作用下改变面形,用于中小口径非球面镜加工。一个口径100mm、含19个PZT驱动器的非球面能动抛光磨盘已经试制完毕,用于一个口径350mm、k＝－1.112155、顶点半径R=840mm双曲面镜的加工实验。为研究PZT压电陶瓷驱动器迟滞效应对非球面能动抛光盘输出面形的影响,实测各PZT压电陶瓷驱动器的电压位移特性曲线,用基于径向基函数的神经网络算法建立各PZT压电陶瓷驱动器位移输出特性的数学模型并实施补偿,实测各PZT压电陶瓷驱动器迟滞补偿前后的位移输出值。最后利用有限元分析方法,得到迟滞补偿前后非球面能动抛光盘的输出面形,以及剩余残差RMS相应分别为1.910um、0.342um。通过补偿各PZT压电陶瓷驱动器的迟滞效应,非球面能动抛光盘输出面形精度得到了提高,剩余残差RMS减少了82%。     

基于纳米磁性液体驱动的液态变形镜系统研究

波前校正器对自适应光学系统的性能起着关键性的作用。以纳米磁性液体为驱动载体,提出了一种新型液态波前校正器设计方法。与传统的固态变形镜相比,磁液变形镜具有镜面连续光滑、变形幅度大、制造成本低和驱动器易于扩展等优点。首先阐述了磁液变形镜系统的设计结构,提出了一种磁液表面银纳米薄膜自组装制备方法,用以提高磁液变形镜镜面反射率;然后结合建立的磁液变形镜镜面动力学模型,提出了一种镜面分布式PID控制方法;最后基于制作的磁液变形镜原型样机,搭建自适应光学实验平台对变形镜性能进行了实验验证,结果表明所设计的液态变形镜及其镜面控制方法能有效控制镜面变形,从而实现期望的光波校正性能。     

Talbot-Lau x-ray interferometry for high energy density plasma diagnostic

High resolution density diagnostics are difficult in high energy density laboratory plasmas (HEDLP) experiments due to the scarcity of probes that can penetrate above solid density plasmas. Hard x-rays are one possible probe for such dense plasmas. We study the possibility of applying an x-ray method recently developed for medical imaging, differential phase-contrast with Talbot-Lau interferometers, for the diagnostic of electron density and small-scale hydrodynamic instabilities in HEDLP experiments. The Talbot method uses micro-periodic gratings to measure the refraction and ultra-small angle scatter of x-rays through an object and is attractive for HEDLP diagnostic due to its capability to work with incoherent and polychromatic x-ray sources such as the laser driven backlighters used for HEDLP radiography. Our paper studies the potential of the Talbot method for HEDLP diagnostic, its adaptation to the HEDLP environment, and its extension of high x-ray energy using micro-periodic mirrors. The analysis is illustrated with experimental results obtained using a laboratory Talbot interferometer.     

压电陶瓷形变速率对压电驱动器驱动性能的影响

一般理论认为压电陶瓷的驱动位移大小与压电陶瓷的变形量有关,而变形量又与压电片层数、驱动电压、驱动频率等有关,为了提高压电陶瓷驱动的位移,会尽力去提高压电陶瓷的变形量,这往往要显著增加成本.然而经深人研究发现:压电陶瓷驱动位移大小,不仅与其变形量有关,而且与其相应变形量的时间长短有关,即变形速率有关.因此在同样变形量的情况下,变形速率大,也可获得更大的驱动位移.这一发现为压电陶瓷材料的选择提供了一个新的思路.     

叶片精密加工弹性变形误差分析及规律研究

针对薄壁叶片螺旋铣削加工中的变形问题进行了分析研究.通过建立叶片螺旋铣削加工模型、力学变形分析模型,运用力学原理对叶片加工中的扭转和弯曲变形进行分析,建立了基于叶片刚度的变形数学模型,得到了叶片加工变形与叶片几何尺寸的关系,在此基础上通过定义叶片弯扭变形作用区域的划分方法,计算总结出了叶片变形的规律.螺旋铣试验结果表明,研究的弹性变形击噼与实际加工中的变形基本吻合,能够满足叶片加工补偿、数控编程等实际的工程要求.     

A finite element formulation based on an enhanced first order shear deformation theory for composite and sandwich structures

A finite element formulation based on an enhanced first order shear deformation theory is developed to accurately and efficiently predict the behavior of laminated composite and sandwich structures. An enhanced first order shear deformation theory is systematically derived by minimizing the least-squared energy error between the first order shear deformable plate theory and a higher order shear deformable plate theory. In this way, the strain energy of a higher order theory is transformed to that of the Reissner-Mindlin plate theory. This minimization procedure yields a relationship between them that is also used to improve the accuracy of predicted stresses and displacements. The key feature of the proposed theory is in that it can be implemented to commercial FEM packages by simply changing the input, and the results obtained can be also enhanced by post-processing them via a differential quadrature method. Thus, a proposed finite element formulation can be widely used in various application problems. Through numerical examples, the accuracy and robustness of the present formulation are demonstrated.