On the estimation of particle number

Two methods are proposed for estimating the number of separated particles within a solid structure per unit volume of structure, N_v. Apart from being arranged with independence of any size parameter, no special assumptions upon the size, shape and orientation of the particles are made. The first method is based on the identity N_V = (N_A)_u ? μ_u^?1, where (N_A)_u is the mean number of particle sections per unit area of a plane probe T_u which is uniform random within the structure and perpendicular to a given direction u, whereas μ_u is the mean particle caliper length along u. The second method uses N_V = A_A?V^?1, where A_A is the mean areal fraction of the particles per unit area of section, whereas v is the mean particle volume. The estimation of (N_A)_u, μ_u, and v requires the examination of parallel serial sections above and below T_u. Particle model reconstructions are not needed, however. Previous approaches to the problem are discussed.     

On the laser calibration of charged particle detectors

Problems coupled with laser reference systems of gas charged particle detectors (drift, time-projection, and streamer chambers) are considered: the physical principles of formation of laser tracks, the methods used to create thin laser beams, the characteristics of ultraviolet nitrogen lasers, etc. Examples of existing and currently being designed laser systems intended for spatial and energy calibration of the detectors are presented.     

Tissue shrinkage and unbiased stereological estimation of particle number and size*

This paper is a review of the stereological problems related to the unbiased estimation of particle number and size when tissue deformation is present. The deformation may occur during the histological processing of the tissue. It is especially noted that the widely used optical disector may be biased by dimensional changes in the z‐axis, i.e. the direction perpendicular to the section plane. This is often the case when frozen sections or vibratome sections are used for the stereological measurements. The present paper introduces new estimators to be used in optical fractionator and optical disector designs; the first is, as usual, the simplest and most robust. Finally, it is stated that when tissue deformation only occurs in the z‐direction, unbiased estimation of particle size with several estimators is possible.     

Investigation of low-angle laser light scattering patterns using the modified Twomey iterative method for particle sizing

We first applied the Twomey iteration method to the low-angle laser light scattering (LALLS) method. The Twomey method is known by the simple iteration algorithm for Fredholm integral equation. However, the algorithm is not applied to the LALLS result itself because the kernel function pattern is not stable. We solved the unstable kernel issue by modifying the Twomey algorithm to fit the LALLS data in this study. The performance of inversion was studied by computer simulation and experimental results from detectors containing 24 elements from angle 0.0005 to 2.5 rad. The computer simulation was carried out for particles of mean sizes from 0.1 to 1000 μm with mono-dispersion and log-normal distributions. A conventional algorithm is also carried out to compare the performance of the Twomey method. The noise effect of the inverse problem was tested by computer simulation. Experimental results were measured with standard polystyrene latex from 0.081 to 1007 μm. All the tests were performed under conditions in which the light from a linearly polarized laser at 633 nm was scattered by a diluted aqueous suspension. The modified Twomey (MT) method and conventional method show good reproduction results for particles with log-normal distributions. However, narrow distribution particles indicate that the MT method shows excellent reproduction results when compared with the conventional method.     

马尔文激光粒度仪在测定铬系催化剂粒度分布中的应用

介绍了用马尔文激光粒度仪湿法测定铬系催化剂样品粒度分布的方法。催化剂样品均匀分散在蒸馏水中并以一定流速通过激光束，衍射光由检测器收集，并将信号转换为粒度分布。讨论了应用中的经验。该方法容易建立，精密度高，非常适合在生产过程中应用。     

如何判断和选择激光粒度分析仪

以往的粒度分析方法通常采用筛分或沉降法。常用的沉降法存在着检测速度慢 (尤其对小粒子 )、重复性差、对非球型粒子误差大、不适用于混合物料 (即粒子比重必须一致才能较准确 )、动态范围窄等缺点。随着激光衍射法的发明 ,粒度测量完全克服了沉降法所带来的弊端 ,大大减轻了劳动强度及加快了样品检测速度 (从半小时缩短到了 1分钟 )。激光衍射法测量粒度大小基于以下事实 :即小粒子对激光的散射角大 ,大粒子对激光的散射角小。通过散射角的大小测量即可换算出粒子大小。其依据的光学理论为米氏理论和弗朗霍夫理论。其中弗朗霍夫理论为大颗…     

利用离心沉降法测定氮化硅粉末粒度分布

采用BT-1500型离心沉降式粒度分布仪测定氮化硅粉末粒径大小及粒度分布,考察了样品浓度、分散介质和分散剂等因素对测试结果的影响。结果证实了离心沉降法在氮化硅粉体粒度测量上的可行性和准确性,有助于氮化硅材料的工艺制订及性能评价分析。     

A new method of imaging particle tracks in solid state nuclear track detectors

Solid state nuclear track detectors are used to determine the concentration of α particles in the environment. The standard method for assessing exposed detectors involves 2D image analysis. However 3D imaging has the potential to provide additional information relating to angle as well as to differentiate clustered hit sequences and possibly energy of α particles but this could be time consuming. Here we describe a new method for rapid high-resolution 3D imaging of solid state nuclear track detectors. A 'LEXT' OLS3100 confocal laser scanning microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was used in confocal mode to successfully obtain 3D image data on four CR-39 plastic detectors. Three-dimensional visualization and image analysis enabled characterization of track features. This method may provide a means of rapid and detailed 3D analysis of solid state nuclear track detectors.     

Influence of abrading particle size on the wear performance of various polyamides

Various polyamides (PAs) containing different CONH₂/CH₂ ratios were selected for abrasive wear studies. Eleven types of silicon carbide (SiC) papers varying in particle size (10–175 μm) were selected as abrading counterfaces. The wear performance under single‐pass conditions indicated that the selected PAs did not show a size effect, in contrast to the case of metals and some other polymers. Wear rates were of the order of 2–17 × 10⁻¹¹ m³/Nm. Scanning electron micrographs of some of the worn papers indicated correlations between wear and the size and number of wear debris particles and the amount of material transferred to the papers.     

MS-S激光衍射粒度分析仪在聚乙烯生产中的应用

介绍了MASTERSIZER-S激光衍射粒度分析仪(英国马尔文公司)在聚乙烯生产中的应用。使用该仪器,采用干法中的自由落体进样器对聚乙烯聚合物粉料粒度分布进行了直接测量。与原有的马尔文2600C粒度测量仪相比较,MS-S粒度分析仪具有操作简便、分析重复性好的特点,非常适合聚乙烯生产过程中的快速分析。     

Laboratory nuclear-physics methods for determining the characteristics of charged particle silicon detectors

A review is presented of “nontraditional” laboratory nuclear-physical methods for determining key parameters of charged-particle semiconductor detectors, such as the sensitive depth and the energy resolution. The methods for measuring the sensitive depth are based on the peculiarities in interactions of radiation from standard α,β, and γ sources and monochromatic neutrons with the detector materials and require that several “reference” detectors with known characteristics be available. Using the proposed methods, it is possible to preliminarily estimate the serviceability of detectors before employing them in expensive experiments, e.g., on accelerator beams.     

Rapid measurement of surface roughness for face-milling aluminum using laser scattering and the Taguchi method

In this paper, an experimental model for the rapid measurement of surface roughness (R_rms) in CNC face-milling specimens using the laser speckle method and digital image processing is established. The specimens used in this study were made of 6061-aluminum alloys through the high-speed face-milling process. In order to evaluate the effect of machining conditions, such as the feed rate, the spindle speed, the depth of cut, and the material of the cutting tool on the roughness of the specimens, the Taguchi method was used to determine the optimal parameters for machining. The laser radiation results in the speckle structure formed in the space when coherent light is scattered through an optically rough surface. The features of the speckles depend on the characteristics of the rough surfaces. Hence, the experimental work for the roughness measurement is based on the speckle effect. The experimental setup in this study consisted of a He-Ne laser, a ground glass, a CCD camera, and a digital image processing system developed using the Virtual Basic language. Computer evaluation of the speckle images revealed the values of R_rms rapidly. This study proposed a precise and non-contact optical method for evaluating the surface roughness from 0.20 to 0.60 μm.     

A measuring system for studying liquid flows by the particle image velocimetry method based on a diode-pumped solid-state laser

A measuring system for studying liquid flows via the particle image velocimetry method has been developed. The main feature of this system is the use of a continuous-wave laser as an illuminating source. A diode-pumped solid-state laser is used for the first time in such measuring system. The use of continuous illumination allows one to cancel synchronization of the operation of the illuminating source and a digital video camera used to record flow images. Issues related to the dynamic range of the described system are discussed in detail. Two examples of using this system are presented: studying flows in a trace of a body towed in a stratified liquid and studying liquid flows induced by focused ultrasound. Original Russian Text ? D.A. Sergeev, 2009, published in Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, 2009, No. 3, pp. 138–144.     

Influence of particle size on wear assessment by spectrometric oil analysis I: Atomic absorption spectrometry

The relationship between wear particle size and data from spectrometric analysis, e.g. for iron in used oil, is systematically investigated in this paper. The particle size to which the iron content measured by direct atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) (with dilution of the oil sample) corresponds to the true iron concentration in the used oil was determined.The absolute value of the iron content was determined by a colorimetric process after incineration. True wear particles from gear tests were added to particle-free oil and homogenized for sample oils.The iron content of these oil samples was determined by (1) direct AAS, (2) AAS after incineration and (3) the absolute colorimetric process. When wear particles larger than 2 μm are present the amount of iron measured by direct AAS is only about 50% of the amount measured by absolute colorimetry. Thus only for wear particles smaller than about 1 μm is the true iron content found by the direct AAS process.     

Improvements on a laser scattering technique for droplet size measurements applied to a gas-liquid separation equipment

The knowledge of droplet size distributions in a gas-liquid separation equipment is of high relevance due to the importance of removal efficiency in these systems. Different techniques could be used to measure droplet size, being one of them the diffraction of a laser beam. The laser is located behind glasses, being the formation of droplets on the glasses one of the main problems encountered when using this technique.Due to this major problem, different innovative solutions have been proposed and implemented to the gas-liquid separation column in order to obtain satisfactory results. A shutter mechanism, a purge gas and combination of these two solutions were tested. It was shown that the modified technique is suitable for liquid droplet measurements under ambient conditions.It has been also shown that the combination of these two solutions reduced considerably the amount of droplets that interacts with the glasses, allowing getting better data.     

The new stereological tools in metallography: estimation of pore size and number in aluminium

A number of simple, unbiased and efficient methods are now available in stereology for estimating the number and size of arbitrary particles or voids in a material, with the only assumption that particles must be identifiable on serial sections or confocal planes through the material. In recent years, these methods have been developed and applied mainly in a biomedical context: this paper reviews and illustrates them with the aid of a metallographic example, namely the pore population of a sand-cast aluminium alloy. Our goal is to convey the fact that stereology is sampling in three dimensions, and therefore its principles remain valid and applicable in no matter what context. The disector, the selector, and an indirect method to estimate the distance between two parallel planes of polish are thereby illustrated. It is also shown how to split the error variance of the estimator of the pore volume fraction (‘porosity’) into the three components due to blocks, sections within blocks and systematic point counting on sections.     

A laser sensor with multiple detectors for freeform surface digitization

In this paper, an integrated laser scanning sensor for freeform surface digitization is presented. The sensor consists of a diode laser light source and four position-sensitive device (PSD) detectors. The stand-off distance of the sensor is 180 mm and the measurable range is 90 mm. The Lambert model is applied to calculate the displacement between the sensor and the measured point on the object surface along the optical axis, under the assumption of a diffusive surface. The inclination angle of the measured point from the vertical plane of the laser beam is calculated by mathematical inference. Those data are used in error compensation to improve the system precision. The new design of multiple detectors could increase the measurable angle and could solve the dead-space problem in the single-point laser of triangulation measurement. The computer simulation and actual measurements show that the displacement resolution is around 50 μm, and the system performs well in terms of stability and repeatability. The sensor system could be mounted on the NC machine or on the X–Y platform for freeform surface digitization.     

A laser sensor with multiple detectors for freeform surface digitization

An integrated laser scanning sensor for freeform surface digitization is presented. The sensor consists of a diode laser light source and four position-sensitive device (PSD) detectors. The stand-off distance of the sensor is 180 mm and the measurable range is 90 mm. The Lambert model is applied to calculate the displacement between the sensor and the measured point on the object surface along the optical axis, under the assumption of a diffusive surface. The inclination angle of the measured point from the vertical plane of the laser beam is calculated by mathematical inference. Those data are used in error compensation to improve system precision. The new design of multiple detectors could increase the measurable angle and could solve the dead space problem in single point laser of triangulation measurement. The computer simulation and actual measurements show that the displacement resolution reaches 50 μm, and the system performs well in regards to stability and repeatability. The sensor system could be mounted on the NC machine orX-Y platform for freeform surface digitization.     

动态线偏振光散射纳米颗粒粒度测量法的研究与分析

多重散射是传统动态光散射法测量纳米颗粒溶液浓度上限受到限制的主要原因。为此文中提出了动态线偏振光散射纳米颗粒粒度测量法,通过改变颗粒入射光和散射光的偏振状态,降低颗粒间多重散射的影响。现利用Mie散射理论分析了入射光与散射光偏振状态之间的关系,并通过实验方法探知偏振光在散射介质中的传输特性,揭示了在动态光散射中使用垂直偏振光作为入射光的实验依据。最后对动态线偏振光散射颗粒测量法和传统光子相关光谱测量法进行了实验及分析,通过两种方法的比较,验证了上述理论的正确性。     

A method for simulating the current operating mode of scintillation detectors

A unique method for simulating the current operating mode of scintillation detectors using the counting radiation-recording method is described.