Lipid Classes and Subclasses of Cold-Pressed and Solvent-Extracted Oils from Commercial Indian Niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) Seed

Lipid classes and subclasses of cold-pressed and solvent-extracted (hexane and ethanol) oils from commercially available niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) seeds were investigated. The oil yield of niger seeds obtained by cold pressing was 28.3 g/100 g while by hexane and ethanol extractions was 38.3 and 29.7 g/100 g respectively. The lipid classification of the extracted niger seed oils showed neutral lipids (65.9–95.5 %), glycolipids (2.7–24.6 %) and phospholipids (1.8–9.5 %). The acylglycerol composition of neutral lipids of extracted niger seed oils showed triacylglycerols (76.9–91.6 %), diacylglycerols (3.9–7.3 %) and monoacylglycerols (0.6–2.5 %). The fatty acid composition of tri-, di-, and monoacylglycerols of extracted niger seed oils showed linoleic acid (66.7–71.6 %) as the major fatty acid. The triacylglycerol composition of neutral lipids of extracted niger seed oils showed trilinolein (39.2–40.3 %) as the major triacylglycerol. The extracted niger seed oils contained 1289.9–6215.8 ppm of total phytosterols with β-sitosterol (41.9–43.7 %) as the major phytosterol. Acylated steryl glucoside (39.5–52.2 %) was the major glycolipid in extracted niger seed oils. Phosphatidylcholine (49.6 and 47.9 %) was the major phospholipid in cold-pressed and hexane-extracted niger seed oils and phosphatidylethanolamine (57.1 %) was the major phospholipid in ethanol-extracted niger seed oil. This is probably the first report on the variations in lipid classes and subclasses of Indian niger seed oil as affected by different modes of oil extraction.     

Lipid composition of murraya koenigii seed

Total seed lipids extracted fromMurraya koenigii (Linn), Rutaceae amounted to 4.4% of the dry seed. The total lipids consisted of 85.4% neutral lipids, 5.1% glycolipids and 9.5% phospholipids. Neutral lipids consisted of 73.9% triacylglycerols, 10.2% free fatty acids and small amounts of diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols and sterols. At least five glycolipids and seven phospholipids were identified. Sterylglucoside and acylated sterylglucoside were major glycolipids, while digalactosyldiacylglycerol, monogalac-tosyldiacylglycerol and monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol were present in small quantities. The phospholipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine as major phospholipids and minor quantities of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. The fatty acid composition of these different neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids were determined.     

Lipid composition of perilla seed

The composition of lipids and oil characteristics from perilla [Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.] seed cultivars are reported. Total lipid contents of the five perilla seed cultivars ranged from 38.6 to 47.8% on a dry weight basis. The lipids consisted of 91.2–93.9% neutral lipids, 3.9–5.8% glycolipids and 2.0–3.0% phospholipids. Neutral lipids consisted mostly of triacylglycerols (88.1–91.0%) and small amounts of sterol esters, hydrocarbons, free fatty acids, free sterols and partial glycerides. Among the glycolipids, esterified sterylglycoside (48.9–53.2%) and sterylglycoside (22.1–25.4%) were the most abundant, while monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol were present as minor components. Of the phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine (50.4–57.1%) and phosphatidylcholines (17.6–20.6%) were the major components, and phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol were present in small quantities. The major fatty acids of the perilla oil were linolenic (61.1–64.0%), linoleic (14.3–17.0%) and oleic acids (13.2–14.9%). Some of the physicochemical characteristics and the tocopherol composition of perilla oil were determined.     

Fat-Soluble Bioactives,Fatty Acid Profile and Radical Scavenging Activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Semecarpus anacardium</Emphasis> Seed Oil

Semecarpus anacardium (family Anacardiaceae) has many applications in the Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine in India. Detailed knowledge on the composition of S. anacardium oil, in consideration of potential utilization, is of major importance. In this investigation, column chromatography, gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography and liquid chromatography techniques were performed to analyze lipid classes, fatty acids and fat-soluble bioactives of S. anacardium crude seed oil. The amount of neutral lipids in the crude seed oil was the highest, followed by glycolipids and phospholipids, respectively. Linoleic followed by palmitic and oleic were the major fatty acids. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids was higher in neutral lipid classes than in the polar lipids. The main sterol compounds were β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. δ-Tocopherol followed by β-tocopherol were the main tocopherols. When S. anacardium seed oil and extra virgin olive oil were compared for their radical scavenging activity toward 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and galvinoxyl radical (by electron spin resonance spectrometry), S. anacardium seed oil exhibited a stronger RSA.     

Tissue culture of cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao L.): changes in lipids during maturation of beans and growth of cells and calli in culture

Callus cultures ofTheobroma cacao L., initiated from explants of immature cocoa bean cotyledons, contained 5.3%–6.4% lipids (dry wt basis). The major fatty acids were palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. Cell suspensions contained 5.7–7.7% total lipids which had a higher polyunsaturated fatty acid content than total lipids of the calli. Phospholipids and glycolipids were the predominant lipid classes of calli and cell suspensions. Immature cocoa beans at early stages of development contained much higher polyunsaturated fatty acids, higher polar lipids and lower triglycerides than did mature ripe beans. Ripe cocoa beans contained 54% total lipids of which 96.8% where triglycerides. The fatty acid composition of total lipids of calli and cell suspensions were similar to those of the immature cocoa beans.     

Studies on the lipid composition of developing soybeans

Studies are reported on changes in fatty acid and lipid class composition in developing soybeans picked at intervals from ca. nine days after flowering to maturity. In the early stages of development of the bean, the lipid was virtually devoid of triglyceride and the major constituents consisted of glycolipids and phospholipids. As the bean developed, there was a rapid synthesis of triglyceride that paralleled the deposition of lipid. Simultaneously, unknown substances which occurred in relatively large amounts in the neutral, as well as the glycolipid and phospholipid, fractions of the immature bean diminished to less than 2% of the total lipid in the mature bean. The glycolipids and phospholipids also increased as the bean developed but at a much slower rate than the triglycerides and became minor components in the mature bean. The major component of the phospholipids in the immature bean was phosphatidic acid. It decreased as the phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl inositol, as well as triglyceride, increased. The major component of the glycolipid fraction in the early stages of the development of the bean had the same migration pattern on two-dimensional thin layer chromatography as phosphatidic acid and gave a positive test for phosphorus; it also gave a positive test for glycolipids and was separated completely from phosphatidic acid and other phospholipids by column chromatography. It also decreased as the bean developed. Changes also occurred in the fatty acid composition of the developing bean. The percentage of saturated fatty acids decreased rapidly in the early stages of the development of the bean; oleic and linoleic increased rapidly as the bean developed. Linolenic acid increased rapidly to a maximum concentration in the early stages of the development of the bean and then gradually decreased as the bean matured.     

Lipid profile of process streams of palm oil mill

During palm oil extraction, oil loss occurs mainly at three stages of processing, namely sterilization, pressing and clarification. Samples from a semi-commercial palm oil mill were analyzed for their lipid composition (triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, free fatty acid, phospholipid and glycolipid contents and fatty acid compositions of these lipid classes) and compared with the end product,viz., raw palm oil. The results indicate significant variations between the samples with respect to oil quality and lipid profile. Data relating to the lipid classes showed that sterilizer condensate had the highest levels of free fatty acids (24%), followed by press fiber (12.5%) and sludge effluent (10.9%), as compared to raw oil (1.5%). Diacylglycerol and monoacylglycerol contents were also markedly higher for these streams. Press fiber was characterized by extremely high proportions of phospholipids and glycolipids. Distribution of fatty acids (16:0, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3) also varied among lipid classes of the process streams, particularly between polar lipids. This paper discusses the compositional aspects of lipids relating to quality of oils of the palm oil mill streams.     

Effect of vacuum‐packaging on the changes of Russian sturgeon muscle lipids during frozen storage

The changes in fatty acid composition, non‐polar (triglycerols) and polar lipids (phospholipids), total free fatty acids and total cholesterol of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) were studied during 360 days of storage at ?18°C. It was established that total neutral lipids and phospholipids content decreased and total free fatty acids concentration increased significantly during the frozen storage. Lower non‐polar and polar lipids content and higher free fatty acids concentration of vacuum‐packaged samples in comparison with air‐packaged samples were found. The changes in total cholesterol concentration and phospholipid classes of frozen stored sturgeon were not influenced by the frozen storage period and the type of packaging. It was established that the sturgeon polar lipids consisted mainly of phosphatidylcholine – 54.98 ± 0.85%, phosphatidylethanolamine – 28.42 ± 0.61%, and phosphatidylserine – 8.64 ± 0.45%. The increase of the total free fatty acids concentration was associated with the free n ? 3 PUFA accumulation as a result of hydrolysis of non‐polar and polar lipids. During the frozen storage DHA percentage of non‐polar lipids and phospholipids decreased approximately 3 and 1.75%, respectively. After 360 days of storage at ?18°C the n ? 3/n ? 6 PUFA ratio of total lipids decreased 4.9%.     

Phospholipid Composition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Jatropha curcus</Emphasis> Seed Lipids

Jatropha curcus L. oil has emerged as one of the most important raw materials for biodiesel production. However, no detailed study has been reported on characterizing the lipid constituents of jatropha oil. The present study revealed that the total oil content of jatropha seeds was 32% with a composition of 97.6% neutral lipids, 0.95% glycolipids and 1.45% phospholipids. The fatty acid composition of total lipids, neutral lipids, phospholipids and glycolipids was also determined and found to contain oleic acid (18:1) and linoleic acids (18:2) as major fatty acids. The phospholipids fraction was further characterized and quantified and found to contain phosphatidyl choline (PC) 60.5%, phosphatidyl inositol (PI) 24% and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) 15.5%. The fatty acid composition and the positional distribution of the fatty acids of individual phospholipids were also reported.     

Free Fatty Acids in Commercial Krill Oils: Concentrations,Compositions, and Implications for Oxidative Stability

The concentrations and pro-oxidative effects of free fatty acids in commercial krill oil are not well defined. We now report that krill oil free fatty acids account for 2–13% of total lipids in commercial krill oil (n = 8) that these compounds are enriched in eicosapentaenoic acid (+7.1%) and docosahexaenoic acid (+6.3%) relative to whole oils; and that this composition make them highly pro-oxidizing in marine triacylglycerol oils, but not in krill oil, which derives oxidative stability from both its phospholipids, and neutral lipids (the latter because of astaxanthin). Specific fatty acid esterification patterns showed that krill oil free fatty acids predominantly (88–93%) originated from phospholipids, mainly from the sn-2 position, which was eight-fold more hydrolyzed than the sn-1 position. Lipolysis was not ongoing in stored oils. Adding small amounts of krill oil (1–5%) to marine triacylglycerol oils significantly increased their oxidative stability and also their resistance to free fatty acid-mediated pro-oxidative effects.     

Comparative study of lipids in mature seeds of six Cordia species (family boraginaceae) collected in different regions of Brazil

The oil content, FA, and lipid class composition of the mature seeds of six Cordia species were analyzed. Mature seeds of each species were collected in their natural habitat from 2002 to 2004. The total lipid content varied from 1.9% to 13.2%, there beings significant differences between the results found in different years for each species and between the species analyzed. The contents of FFA varied from 2.0% to 7.9% of total lipids. Neutral lipids (NL) were the largest class, making up between 89.6% and 96.4% of the total lipids; the phospholipids (PL) were the second largest class (3.0% to 8.9% of the toal lipids), and the glycolipids (GL) were the smallest class (0.6 to 3.4%). The presence of GLA was determined in each class of lipids; it is predominant in the NL. Levels of GLA ranged from 1.2% to 6.8% of total seed FA. This is, to our knowledge the first study of lipid composition in seeds of species of Cordia from Brazil.     

Characterisation of Seed Lipids from Bixa orellana and Trachyspermum copticum

Bixa orellana L. seeds possess a resinous lipid (6.3 %), which has a pungent and spicy odour. The seed is known for its medicinal properties such as anti‐inflammatory, antipyretic activity and as a cure for tonsilitis. Trachyspermum copticum L. seed is a well known digestive aid and relief from colic pain. T. copticum possesses essential oil rich in thymol (>50 %) and lipid (15.6 %). The present study was aimed to quantify lipid classes of these two species by silicic acid chromatography and analyze their fatty acid composition by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). It was observed that the seed lipids are rich in neutral lipids with 98.1 and 95.2 % and lower quantities of glycolipids of 1.5 and 3.8 % and phospholipids of 0.36 and 1.0 % in B. orellana and T. copticum, respectively. The fatty acid composition of B. orellana seed lipid showed major quantities of palmitic (26.9 %), linoleic (26.1 %), oleic (17.5 %), linolenic (15.1 %), stearic acid (10.8 %) and small quantities of eicosanoic acid (3.6 %). In T. copticum seed lipids, petroselinic acid (68.3 %) and linoleic acid (25.3 %) together constituted 93 % of the total lipid. The results revealed that the lipids after recovery of the essential components namely, bixin and volatile oil from B. orellana and T. copticum, respectively can be further explored for industrial applications.     

Lipid composition ofCalophyllum inophyllum kernel

Total kernel lipids extracted fromCalophyllum inophyllum, Guttifereae amounted to 60.1% of the dry kernel. The total lipids consisted of 92.0% of neutral lipids, 6.4% glycolipids and 1.6% phospholipids. Neutral lipids consisted of triacylglycerols (82.3%), free fatty acids (7.4%) and small amounts of diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols and sterols. At least four glycolipids and five phospholipids were identified. Acylmonogalactosyldiacylglycerol and monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol were major glycolipids; while monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and an acylated sterolglucoside were present in small amounts. The phospholipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine as major phospholipids, and minor amounts of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidylcholine. The fatty acid composition of these different neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids was determined.     

Fatty Acid Composition of Winged Bean Seed Oil (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)

Winged bean seeds (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) were shown to contain 14.4% of oil on a dry weight basis. Fractionation of this oil by silicic acid column chromatography showed 72.7% neutral lipids, 2.8% of glycolipids and 24.5% of phospholipids. Fatty acid composition of total lipid, neutral and glycolipid showed palmitic acid (12.2-14.0%), stearic acid (3.5-4.3%), oleic acid (36-39%) and linoleic acid (39-42%) as major fatty acids. The phospholipid fraction was slightly different from the rest in containing higher palmitic and lower oleic and linoleic acids.     

A lipidomic approach for profiling and distinguishing seed oils of Hibiscus manihot L., flaxseed,and oil sunflower

As important oil crops in Inner Mongolia, sunflower, and flaxseed had distinct lipid profiles in seeds. As an emerging cash crop, Hibiscus manihot L. has strong potential market competitiveness. In this study, the lipidome, fatty acid composition and quality characteristics of flaxseed, H. manihot L., and sunflower seed oils were analyzed and compared. A total of 270 distinct lipids were identified and analyzed with an emerging detection approach—lipidomics, which illustrated the tremendous difference among the samples. triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol and polar lipids were the most abundant lipids in all samples. H. manihot L. seeds contained higher saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and lower polyunsaturated fatty acids. H. manihot L. seed oil had the longest oxidative stability index time, high content of vitamin E and total phenolics, while flaxseed oil embodied the lowest oxidative stability. The peroxide value and acid value of the three oils were within the allowable range of Chinese national standards.     

Nutritional evaluation of refined,heated and hydrogenatedHibiscus sabdariffa seed oil

Alkali refinedHibiscus sabdariffa seed oil (Mesta Oil) of the familyMalvales was heated and hydrogenated to eliminate the cyclopropene fatty acids (CPFA). Such processed oils were fed to weanling rats at 10% level of the diet for 4, 8 and 12 weeks. The food intake and gain in weight were found to be less in the refined oil group than in the peanut oil control group. The digestibility was found normal with all the processed oils. Serum and liver lipid composition with respect to total lipids, cholesterol and phospholipids were comparable to those fed with peanut oil. The liver architecture did not show any abnormalities withH. sabdariffa oil feeding.     

Lipid Fractions,Fatty Acid Profiles,and Bioactive Compounds of Lithospermum officinale L. Seeds

Seeds of Lithospermum officinale L. from different climatic zones were analyzed for new sources of γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6) and stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n-3). Cultured Borago officinalis was also analyzed for comparative purposes. Analyses were conducted for fatty acid (FA) profiles of the glyceride oils from the seeds and in the neutral and polar lipids by gas chromatography (GC); lipid classes by open column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC); and tocopherols, sterols, and phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), and the later compounds were confirmed by liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS). L. officinale from St. Petersburg Botanical Garden showed the highest percentage of GLA (17.9% of total FA), while wild-growing L. officinale from the Rostov region contained the highest percentage of SDA (17.2% of total FA). Total FA content ranged from 11.3 to 20.8% of seed weight. Neutral and polar lipids accounted for ~98 and 2.27%, respectively, of total lipids. Five neutral lipid classes were identified (% of NL): triterpene esters (1.3), triacylglycerols (93.1), free FA (1.8), diacylglycerols (1.4), and monoacylglycerols (2.4). The highest tocopherol content was found in samples from Chechen Republic (35.7 mg/100 g), in which the δ isomer was the main component. Samples from the Rostov region had the highest amounts of sterols (83.8 mg/100 g), and Δ⁵-avenasterol was the predominant compound in all samples. L. officinale seeds contain high amounts of phenolic compounds (389.9 mg/100 g as upper limit), in which rosmarinic acid is highlighted. Overall, all data suggest the possibility of using L. officinale seed oil in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulae and as functional food.     

Quantification of sphingolipids in soybeans

Soybean is believed to be a rich source of sphingolipids, a class of polar lipids with desirable biological activities. Analytical methods for sphingolipids vary, and quantitative data for sphingolipids in foods, including soybeans, are scarce. the objectives of this study were to establish a method for quantification of sphingolipids in soybeans and to determine whether genotype, stage of maturity, and growing location affect sphingolipid content in soybeans. Separation of neutral lipids and interfering polar lipids from sphingolipids by saponification, transesterification, and solvent partition was studied. Solvent partition accompanied by TLC purification was determined to be the most accurate sample preparation method for HPLC quantification of cerebroside. There were significant differences in cerebroside concentration among genotypes, with a range of 142 to 492 nmol/g seed (dry wt basis). The differences in cerebroside concentration between immature and mature seeds of one genotype and between two seed production locations of one genotype were considerable but not statistically significant.     

Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters by Selective Methanolysis of Polar Glycerolipids

KOH in aqueous methanol catalyzes selective methanolysis of polar glycerolipids with O-ester-linked acyl residues, while triacylglycerols and sterol esters are inert in the solution. Based on these findings, a convenient and reliable method was developed for the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from polar glycerolipids in lipid mixtures without prior isolation. Methanolysis of polar glycerolipids was completed within 2.5 min by vortexing or 20 min by shaking with 0.7 M KOH/70% (v/v) methanol in the presence of hexane at 30 °C. The yields of FAMEs obtained by the present method were greater than 95%. The method was applied successfully to gas chromatographic analysis of the fatty acid compositions of polar glycerolipids in seed oil and blood. No obvious differences were found between the fatty acid compositions determined by the present method and those determined by conventional methods, including lipid extraction with chloroform/methanol followed by isolation of polar lipids by chromatography. The fatty acid composition of polar glycerolipids, including phospholipids, can be determined readily in many crude samples.     

Lipid Profile and Fatty Acid Composition of Moth Bean (Vigna aconitefolia) Seeds

The seeds of moth bean (Vigna aconitefolia) were found to contain 4.5 % of lipid. Fractionation of this lipid by silicic acid column chromatography yielded 44.5 % neutral lipids (NL), 23.4 % glycolipids (GL) and 32.1 % phospholipids (PL). Fatty acid composition of the total lipid and lipid fractions showed that palmitic acid (37.3-54.7 %), stearic acid (7.8-8.0%) oleic acid (6.8-13.9 %) linoleic acid (23.1-35.6 %) and linolenic acid (3.0-10.0%) are the major fatty acids. The phospholipid fraction was found to be different from the rest in containing higher palmitic acid (54.7%) and lower unsaturated fatty acids.