Configuration of a voltage sag compensator by use of a micro‐SMES and experimental results

A voltage sag compensating using a micro‐SMES is presented. Based on previous works, we have carried out experiments for voltage sag compensation on the laboratory‐built system in order to validate the proposed minimum energy injection voltage sag compensation algorithm. To improve the compensating performance of the system, two‐degree‐of‐freedom voltage control is proposed. In this paper, the circuit configuration and feedback voltage control system of the compensator are described and the experimental results are reported. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(2): 84–92, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10267     

Voltage sag compensation with minimum energy injection by use of a micro‐SMES

This paper presents a method to compensate voltage sags with minimum energy injection for a series‐connected voltage restorer using a micro‐SMES. A circuit for extracting the fundamental symmetrical components from sag voltages and a minimum energy injection algorithm is described. Simulations of voltage sag compensation have been carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC for various faults. The simulation results confirm the validity of the proposed method and show the possibility of reducing the size of energy storage devices. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(3): 70–80, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10047     

Flywheel size design considerations and experimental verification using a 50‐kW system for voltage sag compensator with flywheel induction motor

Flywheel energy storage systems can be used as an uninterrupted power supply system because they are environmentally friendly and have high durability. The use of a simple voltage sag compensator with a low‐speed heavy flywheel and a low‐cost squirrel‐cage induction motor/generator is proposed. First, the ability of the proposed system to maintain the load voltage at 100% when the grid is experiencing voltage sag is validated experimentally. Next, design guidelines for the flywheel stored energy are discussed. Experimental verification of a 50‐kW‐class system is carried out, and the results show good agreement with the developed design guidelines. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 181(1): 36–44, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21252     

Development of voltage sag compensator and UPS using a flywheel induction motor and an engine generator

Flywheel energy storage systems are attracting attention as uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) from the viewpoint of environmental friendliness and high durability performance. Using a low‐speed, heavy flywheel and a low‐cost squirrel‐cage induction motor/generator, two applications are proposed: (1) an 11‐kW voltage sag compensator using a capacitor self‐excited induction generator without semiconductor converters and (2) a UPS composed of the flywheel system and an engine generator. Based on experimental results, an ideal voltage sag compensator and UPS are realized by the low‐technology flywheel system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(1): 74– 81, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20784     

Control of fault current limiter by series‐connected voltage sag compensator

This paper describes a control scheme of fault current limiter by series voltage injection. The current limiter proposed in this study is based on the use of a SMES‐based series‐connected voltage sag compensator, which has been previously studied by the authors, for controlling fault current caused by short circuit on the load side. An algorithm for fast discriminating between power system voltage sag and load‐side short circuit is proposed for the equipment to correctly function either for voltage sag compensation or for fault current limiting purpose. Furthermore, a new control strategy based on output voltage phase control of the series compensator is proposed for current limiting with good waveform characteristics and low active power absorption. Experimental results demonstrated the validity of the proposed strategy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(2): 64–72, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20128     

Proposal of voltage transient sag compensator with controlled gradational voltage

This paper presents a new concept for a voltage transient sag compensator and the experimental result of its 400‐V‐class compensator. This compensator is composed of the series connection of some inverter units with gradational output voltages. Because each output voltage is different by 2ⁿ times, an approximate sinusoidal voltage is generated by controlling operation of each inverter and compensates voltage sag of the power line. The compensator can be directly installed in a power line without an insertion transformer and a large filter, and thus it is expected to be a compact and economical system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(3): 65–72, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20289     

Power factor improvement of single‐phase diode rectifier circuit by field‐weakening of inverter‐driven IPM motor

This paper proposes a novel inverter drive system to improve the input power factor of single‐phase diode rectifier. Conventional rectifiers need a high‐frequency switching device and a reactor to improve the input power factor. However, the proposed power converter does not need the switching device, electrolytic capacitor, or reactor. By making many ripples across the DC‐bus voltage, the input power factor can be improved. The proposed system consists of only a single‐phase diode rectifier, small film capacitor, three‐phase inverter, and motor. The proposed system adopts an interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous motor. The IPM motor is well known as a high‐efficiency motor and can realize field weakening. The basic ideas of the inverter control method are based on the following operations: the inverter's controlled synchronous with the DC‐bus ripple voltage by field‐weakening method, and direct active power feeding from the source side to the motor without smoothing the DC‐bus voltage. This paper describes that the proposed method can obtain an input power factor of 97.3% by experimental tests, and realizes the goals of small size and long life of the system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(2): 66–73, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20047     

Voltage sag problems in large‐scale clustering wind farms

Accompanied by the development of large‐scale wind energy and integration into grid in China, wind farm cascading trip‐off accidents resulting from voltage sag have occurred frequently in the past few years. Before proposing countermeasures, it is necessary to clarify the voltage sag problem of wind farms. First, three voltage sag risk indices are proposed. Second, the simplified equivalent circuit of double fed induction generator (DFIG) for short‐circuit calculation, stochastic model of wind speed and the fault model of buses/lines are presented in this paper. Third, assessment method of voltage sag in wind farm, implemented by Digsilent dynamic programming language (DPL), is proposed to analyze the severity and probability of voltage sag. Finally, a case study of wind farm connected to WSCC nine‐bus benchmark systems is analyzed in detail, and the validity of the proposed approach is confirmed. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Mitigation of third‐harmonic voltage for three‐phase four‐wire distribution system based on a series active filter for neutral conductor

This paper proposes a series active filter for mitigation of the third‐harmonic voltage in a three‐phase four‐wire power distribution system in a building. The active filter which consists of a single‐phase inverter can suppress the harmonic voltage of the system. The active filter is characterized by acting not only as a capacitor but also as a resistor for the third‐harmonic components. A Hilbert transformer is applied to the controller of the active filter in order to realize accurate third‐harmonic detection on a single‐phase active filter. Measurement results of harmonic distortion of source voltage in a building is also shown in this paper. It is clarified in a simulation and experiment that the active filter can suppress the third‐harmonic voltage without increasing neutral conductor current. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(1): 62–70, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10379     

A pulsed power supply with sag compensation using controlled gradational voltage

A pulsed power supply with sag compensation using controlled gradational voltage to increase the flatness of output waveforms has been developed. The sag compensation circuit consists of compensation units connected in series. Each compensation unit consists of capacitances, diodes, and semiconductor switches. The capacitances of each unit are charged with different voltages by 2ⁿ(V₀,2V₀,4V₀,…). The compensation voltage, which has 2ⁿ?1 steps, is generated by switching the semiconductor switches of each unit in a binary sequence. Using this method, compensation voltage waveforms up to 6.2 kV with 31 steps can be obtained with five compensation units. The sag compensation circuit has been adapted to a direct switch‐type pulsed power supply, which generates 7 kV pulsed voltage with a pulse width of 700µs, thus realizing sag compensation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(4): 54–63, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20017     

A three‐phase constant‐current source using an immittance converter

The term immittance converter refers to an impedance–admittance converter. The immittance converter has an input impedance that is proportional to the admittance of the load connected across output terminals. In this converter, the output current is proportional to the input voltage and the input current is proportional to the output voltage. Consequently, it converts a constant‐voltage source into a constant‐current source and a constant‐current source into a constant‐voltage source. It is well known that the quarter wavelength transmission line shows immittance conversion characteristics. However, it has a very long line length for the switching frequency, and is not suitable for power electronics applications. We thus proposed immittance converters that consist of lumped elements L, C and show improved immittance conversion characteristics at a resonant frequency. A three‐phase constant‐current source is proposed in this paper. It is possible to realize this by a simple circuit using an immittance converter. In this paper, circuit operation, characteristic equations, and results of simulation are described. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 151(4): 47–54, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20078     

Application of unified voltage analysis for high‐ and low‐voltage distribution systems by power flow calculation using indication method between nodes

It has been noted that the voltage of connection points rises according to the reverse power flow when grid‐connected photovoltaic systems are concentrated in distribution systems in residential areas. When this happens, the photovoltaic system may control the power generation output to maintain a suitable voltage for the connection point. Designing a demand area power system aiming at free access to a distributed power supply for energy‐effective practical use requires a precise understanding of this problem. When analyzing photovoltaic systems mainly connected to low‐voltage systems, we looked for a method of analysis in which the high‐voltage systems and the low‐voltage single‐phase three‐wire systems are unified. This report concerns use of the indication method between nodes using power flow calculation, for the purpose of developing a technique of analyzing unified high‐voltage systems and low‐voltage single‐phase three‐wire systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(3): 49–62, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10255     

Calculation of sudden three‐phase short‐circuit current of turbine generators by 3D magnetic field analysis

Sudden three‐phase short‐circuit current of a turbine generator was calculated by a three‐dimensional magnetic field analysis. That analysis takes into account the rotation, magnetic saturation, and eddy current at a rotor part. To compare test results and calculated results, a method was proposed for short‐circuit phase estimation at sudden three‐phase short‐circuit test by line voltage waveform of the test results. The calculated results of short‐circuit current waveform are in good agreement with the test results. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(1): 54–62, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20110     

Parallel voltage sag compensator with reduced capacitance using a boost‐type power factor correction rectifier

A new circuit of parallel‐type voltage sag compensator is proposed in this paper. The proposed voltage sag compensator can reduce the necessary capacity of the energy storage capacitor for compensation by boost‐type power factor correction rectifier charging the capacitor during a voltage sag. As a result the proposed system can reduce the size and maintenance of the apparatus. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This paper shows the principle and control system of the proposed circuit. Compensation characteristics were demonstrated by simulation and experiment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(2): 19–33, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20261     

An improved islanding detection method based on correlation technique using reactive power variation

This paper presents an improved islanding detection method based on a correlation technique using reactive power variation for a three‐phase grid‐connected photovoltaic (PV) inverter system. Using a conventional reactive power variation (RPV) method for anti‐islanding, the reactive power component of PV inverter output varies periodically within a range of fixed magnitude for the inverter output frequency to go beyond the threshold of the over‐frequency relay or under‐frequency relay. While the conventional RPV method depends on the frequency relays, the proposed method uses a correlation factor between the commanded reactive power and the corresponding inverter frequency as an islanding detection indicator without relying on the frequency relays. The correlation factor of the proposed method is based on the fact that the commanded reactive power of a PV has a strong correlation with the frequency of the inverter voltage when islanding occurs. The proposed method has fast islanding detection capability and high power quality. In order to verify the proposed islanding detection method, the anti‐islanding experimental results of a 250‐kW three‐phase PV inverter by IEEE Std. 1547.1‐2005 are provided. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

High‐order harmonic resonance phenomena of a voltage‐sourced converter in cable system

This paper presents high‐order harmonic resonance phenomena of voltage‐sourced converters (VSC). When a voltage‐sourced converter is connected to a power system with cables, there is a possibility that minute high‐order harmonic voltages of a voltage‐sourced converter are magnified by a series resonance and a parallel resonance, and high‐order harmonic resonance phenomena are determined by this study. The cause of high‐order harmonic resonance phenomena is investigated and elucidated by the analysis using EMTP. In addition, it is verified that high‐order harmonic resonance phenomena occur as a practical matter. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(3): 26–35, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20054     

基于形态滤波和Hilbert变换的电压暂降检测研究

电压暂降已成为电能质量暂态问题中最为突出的一类.针对电压暂降检测中具有的准确性低、实时性较差的缺点,提出了一种基于Hilbert变化与形态滤波相结合的暂降检测方法.研究论述了Hilbert变化用于电压暂降检测的算法基本原理,介绍了数学形态学概念,并由此基础设计了形态学滤波器,同时阐述了滤波器参数的选取方法.仿真论证了该方法在单相接地故障引起的电压暂降中的检测效果,并与单相dq变换法进行了比较.从仿真结果可以看出该方法可以更高效精确地检测到暂降的幅值以及相位.     

Study of phase current measurement by the whole conductors clamping method for three‐phase cable

This paper describes a new measuring method for the phase current in a high‐voltage three‐phase cable. Twenty‐four pieces of independent coils wound around the coreless bobbins are used to make a CT sensor. The primary phase current may be calculated based on the output voltage of each coil. The certain correlation between the output voltage and primary phase current is observed by the experimental data. This new CT sensor enables the measurement of the phase current using the whole conductors clamping method for a three‐phase cable. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(2): 9–20, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20753     

基于复小波变换和有效值算法的电压暂降检测方法

对电压暂降三大特征量即持续时间、相位跳变和幅值的准确检测是实现电压暂降有效补偿的前提。文中提出复小波变换和有效值算法相结合的电压暂降检测方法。详细研究了复小波变换奇异性检测原理及其在电压暂降起止时间检测中的应用,采用具有四阶消失距的复Gaussian小波(Cgau4)能准确检测电压暂降发生、恢复时刻和相位跳变,利用有效值算法实现电压暂降幅值的检测。通过在Matlab中对有无畸变情况下的的电压暂降问题建模仿真,验证了该算法的有效性,实验结果表明该方法能精确检测电压暂降三大特征量。     

采用自适应陷波器的电压暂降检测方法

随着科技的发展,用电设备对电能质量的要求越来越高,电压暂降问题越来越受到重视,其中准确的电压暂降检测是治理电压暂降问题的前提。提出采用自适应陷波器结构的滤波功能,结合频率自适应方法,可以准确的检测出频率变化时的相电压的基波信号及其正交信号,从而可以求得电压的幅值和相位信息,达到电压暂降检测的目的。该方法结构简单,抑制谐波影响,适应频率变化,仿真和实验结果均表明,采用自适应陷波器的电压暂降检测方法,可以准确的获得每相电压的电压暂降信息。