Potential evaluation of energy supply system in grid power system,commercial, and residential sectors by minimizing energy cost

If the economic activity in the commercial and residential sector continues to grow, improvements in energy conversion efficiencies of energy supply systems is necessary for CO₂ mitigation. In recent years, the electricity driven hot water heat pump (EDHP) and the solar photovoltaic (PV) have been commercialized. The fuel cell (FC) of co‐generation system (CGS) for the commercial and residential sector will be commercialized in the future. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The aim is to indicate the ideal energy supply system of the users sector, which manages both the economical cost and CO₂ mitigation, considering the grid power system. In this paper, cooperative Japanese energy supply systems are modeled by linear programming. It includes the grid power system and energy system of five commercial sectors and a residential sector. The demands of sectors are given by the objective term for 2005 to 2025. Twenty‐four‐hour load for each three annual seasons are considered. The energy systems are simulated to minimize the total cost of energy supply, and to mitigate the CO₂ discharge. As a result, the ideal energy system at 2025 is shown. The CGS capacity grows to 30% (62 GW) of the total power system, and the EDHP capacity is 26 GW, in commercial and residential sectors. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(2): 9–19, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ eej.20361     

Hierarchical decentralized autonomous control in super‐distributed energy systems

This paper deals with a decentralized autonomous control strategy of a super‐distributed energy system with a hierarchical structure in order to reduce the complexity of control. In this paper, distribution systems are assumed to be composed of multiple small‐scale power systems in which many customers with dispersed generators exist. A small‐scale power system can be considered as a unit with a generator state and a load state, or as a customer with dispersed generators. Control components of small‐scale power systems are interconnected with each other and are used to operate distribution systems. An expanded decentralized autonomous control method for a super‐distributed energy system with a hierarchical structure is proposed on the basis of the Hopfield neural network. It is demonstrated that super‐distributed energy systems with a hierarchical structure can be controlled autonomously by applying the proposed method. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Evaluation of the introduction of a micro‐cogeneration system into residential houses based on monitored daily‐basis energy demand data

In order to reduce CO₂ emission from residential sectors in Japan, PEFC with high efficiency and low environmental impact is expected as one of the promising micro‐cogeneration (µCGS) systems. However, the energy demands in houses largely differ from each other and the profiles are also changed every day. Thus, when µCGS is actually introduced, it is necessary to examine the equipment capacity and operation of µCGS in each house. In this paper, the optimization model is developed in order to evaluate the µCGS based on daily‐basis demand data. Using actually monitored energy demand data in four households, the differences between using daily‐basis data and using the monthly‐average data are evaluated from viewpoints of economic and environmental performance of µCGS systems. Moreover, by adding the penalty factor to disposal heat of µCGS, it is seen that system configuration and system operation of µCGS can attain CO₂ reduction and energy conservation as well as cost reduction. ©2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(4): 20–30, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20653     

Optimal planning of cogeneration systems under time-of-use rates

For commercial customers with a cogeneration system (CGS), a mixed integer programming model is used to examine effects of time-of-use (TOU) rate structure on the optimal operation of the system as well as its optimal capacity. Three case studies are performed for a hotel, a hospital, and an office building (20,000 m² in total floor space, respectively). The optimal capacity of the generator under the flat rate is 50 to 70 percent of peak power demand. Effects of the on-peak/off-peak energy charge ratio are saturated at a ratio of 5. It is not until an energy charge ratio of between 2 and 5 that the purchase of off-peak power increases in summer when price reduction is applied to city gas. As the energy charge ratio is raised, cheaper off-peak power is substituted for city gas and the sum of electricity energy charge and gas energy charge decreases. The simulation results indicate that properly designed TOU rates may provide commercial customers an incentive to operate a cogeneration system with an appropriate mix of the self-generation and commercial power.     

Required limiting impedance and capacity of fault current limiter installed in customer system with synchronous generator

We investigated the required limiting impedance and capacity of a fault current limiter (FCL) installed at an incoming feeder of a customer system with a synchronous generator in a utility distribution system. It was assumed that two types of FCL were installed, i.e. a resistive type (R‐type) FCL and an inductive type (L‐type) FCL. A fault current out of the customer system and a voltage in the customer system were calculated following a three‐phase, short‐circuit fault occurrence. It was found that the required type of FCL and the required limiting impedance depended on the rated capacity of the generator in order to obtain the suppression of the fault current under 0.1 kA_S and to maintain of customer voltage between 85 and 100% of the nominal voltage (6.6 kV). The capacity of FCL consisting of the smallest limiting impedance is discussed. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Economic evaluation of demand‐side energy storage systems by using a multi‐agent‐based electricity market

With the wholesale electric power market opened in April 2005, deregulation of the electric power industry in Japan has faced a new competitive environment. In the new environment, Independent Power Producer (IPP), Power Producer and Supplier (PPS), Load Service Entity (LSE), and electric utility can trade electric energy through both bilateral contracts and single‐price auction at the electricity market. In general, the market clearing price (MCP) is largely changed by the amount of total load demand in the market. The influence may cause a price spike, and consequently the volatility of MCP will make LSEs and their customers face a risk of higher revenue and cost. DSM is attractive as a means of load leveling, and has an effect on decreasing MCP at peak load period. Introducing Energy Storage systems (ES) is one DSM in order to change demand profile at the customer side. In the case that customers decrease their own demand due to increased MCP, a bidding strategy of generating companies may be changed. As a result, MCP is changed through such complex mechanism. In this paper the authors evaluate MCP by multi‐agent. It is considered that customer‐side ES has an effect on MCP fluctuation. Through numerical examples, this paper evaluates the influence on MCP by controlling customer‐side ES corresponding to variation of MCP. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(3): 36–45, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20658     

Basic concept and decentralized autonomous control of super‐distributed energy systems

New small‐scale dispersed generation systems, such as fuel cells and micro gas turbines, have made remarkable advances lately and they will be applied practically in the near future. Although a large number of researches on the introduction of small‐scale dispersed generation systems have been carried out, only a small number of small‐scale dispersed generation systems are considered in these researches. Therefore, little is known about problems to be solved when a large number of small‐scale dispersed generation systems are introduced into electric power systems. This paper deals with a super‐distributed energy system that consists of a great number of dispersed generation systems such as fuel cells, micro gas turbines, and so on. The behavior of a customer with a dispersed generation system is simulated as the Ising model in statistical mechanics. The necessity of a distribution network in super‐distributed energy systems is discussed based on the Ising model. The feasibility of decentralized autonomous control using vicinity information is also investigated on the basis of stability analysis of the Hopfield neural network model. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 151(1): 43–55, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10368     

Proposal and evaluation of a gas engine and gas turbine hybrid cogeneration system in which cascaded heat is highly utilized

A high‐efficiency cogeneration system (CGS) is proposed for utilizing high‐temperature exhaust gas (HTEG) from a gas engine (GE). In the proposed system, for making use of heat energy of HTEG, H₂O turbine (HTb) is incorporated and steam produced by utilizing HTEG is used as working fluid of HTb. HTb exhaust gas is also utilized for increasing power output and for satisfying heat demand in the proposed system. Both of the thermodynamic characteristics of the proposed system and a gas engine CGS (GE‐CGS) constructed by using the original GE are estimated. Energy saving characteristics and CO₂ reduction effects of the proposed CGS and the GE‐CGS are also investigated. It was estimated that the net generated power of the proposed CGS has been increased 25.5% and net power generation efficiency 6.7%, compared with the original GE‐CGS. It was also shown that the proposed CGS could save 27.0% of energy consumption and reduce 1137 t‐CO₂/y, 1.41 times larger than those of GE‐CGS, when a case study was set and investigated. Improvements of performance by increasing turbine inlet temperature were also investigated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(3): 37– 45, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20708     

Influence of output power out of a synchronous generator installed in a customer system on current limiting effects due to a fault current limiter

In this paper, it was assumed that a synchronous generator in a customer system was connected to a distribution system via the fault current limiter (FCL). We theoretically investigated the influence of the output power of the generator on the limiting effect of the fault current when a three‐phase short‐circuit fault occurs. It was shown that the fault current out of the customer system, limited by the FCL, rises with the output power of the generator. It was found that the larger the output, the higher the fault current at the fault point is when the limiting resistance is less than 15 Ω in the case of the resistive‐type FCL. On the other hand, the fault current at the fault point decreases with an increase in the output power for a limiting resistance more than 15 Ω. In contrast, it was found that the suppressing effect on the fault current at the fault point due to the inductive‐type FCL hardly depends on the output power. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(3): 15–24, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10357     

Dependence of Generator Parameters on Pulsed Power Ice Breaking

In this research, an investigation on breaking of ice using a pulsed power generator for navigation of an icebreaker in an ice‐covered ocean is described. In these experiments, a pulsed arc discharge was formed using a Marx generator. In order to investigate the dependence of the input energy required for ice‐breaking on the circuit parameters of the generator, the capacitance of the generator was varied. The input energy for ice‐breaking was calculated from the waveforms of the electric power. It was found that the input energy for ice‐breaking decreased as the peak power increased with a decrease in the capacitance of the generator. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(2): 1–9, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22317     

含双馈异步风力发电机组的配电网电压暂降研究

分布式发电快速发展,并为一些电力用户供电.与传统集中式大电网不同,分布式发电在用户侧或在地方电网直接向当地配电网供电.对含有分布式电源的配电网进行了研究,通过临界距离法计算了电压暂降幅值.在Matlab环境下对短路故障造成的配电网电压暂降进行了仿真,结果表明不同控制模式下的双馈异步风力发电机组不能有效抵制电压暂降,采用动态电压恢复器可以快速有效地裣电压暂降.     

基于纳什谈判的区域综合能源系统运行优化

基于能量路由器(energy router,ER)和公共母线的区域综合能源系统（integrated community energy system,ICES）,既实现了电、热、冷等多种能源互补,也实现了区域内多个综合能源系统之间的电能互济。为提高调度的灵活性,综合能源系统同时考虑了2种热能存储方式：储热系统以及热电联供型光热电站内部储热环节。针对该系统,建立基于电能互济的区域综合能源系统运行优化模型,目标函数为最小化系统的运行成本。与非合作模式相比,综合能源系统之间的电能互济能够降低系统运行成本和CO2排放量。为保证区域综合能源系统联盟的利益在联盟参与者之间公平分配,提出纳什谈判方法。最后针对在初始联盟建立后,新系统在运行期间加入初始联盟构成新联盟的情况,提出新联盟的运行优化模型。算例仿真验证了所提运行优化模型的可行性和有效性。     

Optimal operation of cogeneration system coordinated by aggregator for providing the demand and supply regulation capacity

Recent growth of renewable energy generations with natural variability, such as photovoltaic generation and wind turbine generation, would make the demand and supply control in a whole power system more difficult, and therefore, alternatives for demand and supply regulation resources would be required. The authors focus on cogeneration system (CGS) as one of regulation resources. In order to procure adequate volume of regulation capability, an aggregator coordinates a number of CGSs efficiently and flexibly considering the wide variety of electricity/thermal demands of CGS owners. This paper proposes a novel optimal operation strategy of CGS coordinated by the aggregator considering the energy balance and operation cost of individual CGS owner. This paper also demonstrates the availability of CGSs for regulation capability by numerical case studies in which the actual consumption profile is employed.     

区域配电网内分布式电源和负载联盟交易模式设计和分析

分布式电源和负载可在配电侧形成电能供给和消费的联盟,并参与区域电力市场交易。相比于单独进行交易,这样的联盟通过帮助市场能力较弱的分布式电源和负载参与到配电网市场中,推动配电网中的中小型负载和分布式电源之间的直购电业务的发展,促进配电网侧的电力市场形成;同时利用市场信号引导分布式电源和负载的电能生产和消费过程,使得它们获得更多的经济利益,促进分布式可再生能源的发展。文中给出了区域配电网中联盟交易模式的存在条件,并且基于公用电网的作用和合作博弈理论,建立了相应的交易价格模型。进一步,以集成售电商的收益为优化目标,构建了联盟选择和定价的优化决策模型。仿真算例说明了联盟交易模式的理论可行性,证明了在不同运行场景中所提优化决策模型的有效性。     

Matching between straight‐wing nonarticulated vertical axis wind turbine and a new wind turbine generator

In the current wind turbine generation system, there are substantial problems such as the fact that the maximum power of the wind turbine cannot be obtained in the presence of fluctuating wind speed, as well as high cost and low annual net electricity production (due to mismatch between generators and wind turbines). A new wind turbine generator optimized for the wind turbine output is presented in order to solve such problems. This wind turbine generator consists of a permanent magnet generator, a reactor, and a rectifier, and uses neither a control circuit which requires standby electricity nor a PWM converter having a switching element. By selecting the most appropriate combination of a permanent magnet generator with multiple windings and a reactor connected in series with each winding, the maximum output of the wind turbine can be obtained without using a control circuit. The new wind turbine generator was directly coupled with a straight‐wing nonarticulated vertical‐axis wind turbine (SW‐VAWT), and matching of the generator with the wind turbine was examined in field tests. The test results and review confirm that the new wind turbine generator is highly matched with the wind turbine in the presence of fluctuating wind speed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(2): 26–35, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21036     

Local characterization‐based load shape factor definition for electricity customer classification

Normally, electricity customer classification is based on the uncertain customer information found in the customer information system, such as customer type, contract type, and so on. Now that automatic meter‐reading (AMR) system is becoming common, customer classification and load profiling can be done by using actual consumption data. Different consumption behaviors are represented as different geometrical patterns in the actual consumption data. Based on this fact, in our study, a local characterization‐based method is used to define load shape factors from actual consumption data by detecting the local geometrical patterns of load diagrams. These load shape factors are evaluated during customer classification, and they are proved to be better than actual consumption data for customer classification. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

安徽电力节能减排综合研究与应用

提出并构建了安徽电力节能减排全过程、全时序框架。利用火电机组节能减排监测技术支持系统获得的供电煤耗、烟气排放(二氧化硫)、热电监测、资源综合利用信息,实现年度节能发电计划编制、发电权交易平台指标交易、节能优化调度(日计划生成)以及节能优化调度实时控制,从而实现电力节能减排的全过程控制。实际应用表明安徽电力节能减排工作产生了良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

基于贝叶斯网络的电力客户停电敏感度预测

精准预测停电敏感的电力客户群体,能够有效感知客户用电需求,提升客户用电满意度,助力提高电力服务水平。文中提出基于贝叶斯网络构建电力客户停电敏感度预测模型,从95598客服平台、营销业务系统、用电信息采集系统获取分析数据,结合客户基本信息、用电信息、智能电能表计量信息以及用户用电交互行为,定义客户停电敏感度数据标签,对用户的停电投诉进行分析与预测。采用K折交叉验证法对停电敏感度预测模型进行实验验证。实验表明,基于贝叶斯网络构建的电力客户停电敏感度预测模型,在停电投诉分析应用中具备较高的精准度,验证了模型的有效性。     

A probabilistic approach to determining generation equivalence to atransmission facility

The electricity transmission system will be planned, operated and maintained by an independent transmission administrator in the new electric industry structure. The primary objective of any electricity transmission system administrator in the new competitive environment would be to increase the market value of the services it provides with the right amount of reliability and, at the same time, lower its costs for operation, maintenance and construction of new facilities in order to provide lower rates for customers. The electricity transmission administrator will strive to achieve this objective via many different means, one of which is to defer capital transmission facility requirements in favor of a generation solution by an independent generator to meet the growing customer load demand. In this case, the transmission capital investment deferral credit received by the independent generator will be dependent on the incremental system reliability improvement rendered by the transmission solution. In other words, the size, location and the reliability of the independent generator will be based on comparable incremental reliability provided by the transmission solution under consideration. This paper presents a probabilistic technique for determining generation equivalence to a transmission facility for use in transmission system planning studies in the new competitive environment     

Study of asynchronizing phenomena using generator model with field mutual leakage reactance

This paper describes the effect of mutual leakage reactance in the rotor circuit on the analysis of generator transient characteristics. The authors derive a detailed equivalent circuit model for a 48P‐15,750‐kVA generator, analyze sudden short circuits and asynchronization phenomena of the generator by simulations with an electromagnetic transients program (ATP‐EMTP), and compare the results with experimental data. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 31–40, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20147