Preparation and water absorbency of a novel poly(acrylate‐co‐acrylamide)/vermiculite superabsorbent composite

A novel poly(acrylate‐co‐acrylamide)/expanded vermiculite (EVMT) superabsorbent composite was synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization method. The water absorbency of the superabsorbent composite still reaches 850 g/g when 50 wt % EVMT is added, which is significant in decreasing the production cost of the superabsorbent composites. By controlling the molar ratio of acrylic acid monomer and acrylamide monomer, and neutralization degree of acrylic acid, the hydrophilic groups on the composite can be adjusted, and it is found that the collaborative absorbent effect of ? CONH₂, ? COOK, and ? COOH groups is superior to that of single ? CONH₂, ? COOK, or ? COOH group. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 735–739, 2007     

Preparation of a starch‐graft‐acrylamide/kaolinite superabsorbent composite and the influence of the hydrophilic group on its water absorbency

A novel starch‐graft‐acrylamide/kaolinite superabsorbent composite with water absorbency 4000 times (g ) was synthesized by a graft copolymerization reaction among acrylamide, potato starch and kaolinite ultrafine powder, followed by saponification with NaOH. The influence of the hydrophilic group on water absorbency was investigated. It was found that the combined absorbent effect of —CONH₂, —COONa and —COOH groups was superior to that of a single group, and the composite with the molar ratio of 8:6:3 for the —CONH₂, —COONa and —COOH groups exhibits the highest water‐absorbent ability. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Study on superabsorbent composite. VIII. Effects of acid‐ and heat‐activated attapulgite on water absorbency of polyacrylamide/attapulgite

A novel superabsorbent composite, polyacrylamide/attapulgite, from acrylamide (AM) and attapulgite (APT), was prepared by free‐radical polymerization, using N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. The effects of hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentration, acidification time, and acidification temperature while acidifying APT and temperature and APT heat‐activation on water absorbency of the superabsorbent composite in distilled water and in 0.9 wt % NaCl solution were studied. The water absorbency first decreases with increasing the HCl concentration while acidifying APT, and then increases with further increasing the HCl concentration. Prolongation of acidification time is of benefit to the increase of water absorbency. At a given HCl concentration, water absorbency for the composite increases with increasing acidification temperature. An important increase in water absorbency was observed after incorporating heat‐activated APT into the polymeric network, reaching a maximum of 1964 g g^?1 with the APT heat‐activated at 400°C. Acid‐ and heat‐activation can influence chemical composition, crystalline structure, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and specific surface area of APT according XRF, XRD, FTIR analysis, and physicochemical properties test, and then on water absorbency of corresponding PAM/APT superabsorbent composite. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2419–2424, 2007     

Studies on poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite superabsorbent composite. I. Synthesis and characterization

A novel poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite superabsorbent composite was synthesized by graft copolymerization reaction of acrylic acid (AA) on attapulgite micropowder using N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator in aqueous solution. The effects on water absorbency of such factors as reaction temperature, initial monomer concentration, degree of neutralization of AA, amount of crosslinker, initiator, and attapulgite were investigated. These crosslinked superabsorbent composites were characterized by thermogravimetetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The graft copolymerization reaction of AA on attapulgite micropowder was characterized by FTIR. The water absorbencies for these superabsorbent composites in water and saline solutions were investigated and water‐retention tests were carried out. Results obtained from this study show that the water absorbency of the superabsorbent composite synthesized under optimal synthesis conditions with an attapulgite content of 10% exhibited an absorption of 1017 g H₂O/g sample and 77 g H₂O/g sample in distilled water and in 0.9 wt % NaCl solution, respectively. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 1596–1603, 2004     

Synthesis of poly(acrylic acid)/sodium humate superabsorbent composite for agricultural use

A novel poly (acrylic acid)/sodium humate superabsorbent composite was synthesized by graft copolymerization reaction of acrylic acid (AA) on sodium humate micropowder using N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker and potassium peroxydisulfate (KPS) as an initiator in aqueous solution. The effects on water absorbency of factors such as reaction temperature, initial monomer concentration, and degree of neutralization of AA, amount of crosslinker, initiator, and sodium humate were investigated. The superabsorbent composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and the graft copolymerization reaction of AA on sodium humate micropowder was characterized by IR spectroscopy. Results obtained from this study show that the water absorbency of the superabsorbent composite synthesized under optimal conditions for synthesis with a sodium humate content of 5.3% exhibited absorption of 684 g H₂O/g sample in distilled water. Water‐retention in soil is enhanced by the use of the superabsorbent composite. The effect of superabsorbent composite on the growth of corn is reported. The superabsorbent composite may be of use as water management materials for agriculture purposes in desert and drought‐prone areas. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5137–5143, 2006     

Preparation of bentonite–poly[(acrylic acid)‐acrylamide] water superabsorbent by photopolymerization

A novel bentonite–poly[(acrylic acid)‐acrylamide] superabsorbent composite with water and salt solution absorbencies of 450 and 108 times its own weight, respectively, was successfully synthesized by photopolymerization of acrylic acid with acrylamide in the presence of bentonite powder using 30 min of ultraviolet irradiation at room temperature. The results show a synergetic effect of Michler's ketone and benzophenone mixed photoinitiators on the water absorbency, and incorporation of bentonite below 10 wt% into the water superabsorbent can slightly increase the water and salt solution absorbencies, and improve water retention, as demonstrated using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy allowed the determination of the structure of the bentonite composite superabsorbent. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

玉米淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺制备高吸水性树脂

用硝酸铈铵作引发剂,通过水溶液聚合法制得了玉米淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺高吸水性树脂。研究了交联剂及引发剂用量、碱用量、反应温度以及反应时间等对吸水率的影响。得到的最佳反应条件为:交联剂和引发剂与丙烯酰胺的摩尔比分别为1.0×10-5和3.0×10-3,碱与丙烯酰胺的摩尔比为1.50,反应温度60℃,反应时间2 h。在室温下制得的高吸水树脂,30 m in每克吸蒸馏水和自来水分别约为其自身质量的600和170倍。     

壳聚糖接枝聚丙烯酸钠/高岭土复合树脂的吸水性能

利用溶液聚合法制备了壳聚糖接枝聚丙烯酸钠/高岭土复合树脂,研究了复合树脂在蒸馏水中的吸水速率、重复吸水性能和人工尿液中的吸水倍率,以及在不同温度、不同电解质溶液离子强度和不同pH值的环境下复合树脂的吸水性能。结果表明,复合树脂的吸水速率较慢,在多次重复吸水后吸水性能也逐渐降低,在人工尿液中的吸水倍率高于聚丙烯酸钠树脂,低于壳聚糖接枝丙烯酸钠树脂;随着温度的升高,复合树脂的吸水能力增强,超过50℃后变化较小;树脂的吸液倍率随着电解质溶液浓度和价态的增大而下降;随着pH值的增大而出现驼峰,在pH=3.5和pH=8.5处分别出现吸液倍率最大值。     

用煤系高岭土制备超强吸水复合材料的研究

经900℃煅烧后的煤系高岭土与聚丙烯酸钠合成的超强吸水复合材料吸水性能好,成本低。当煅烧煤系高岭土量为丙烯酸单体质量的50％,中和度为90％,引发剂量为0．3％,交联剂量为0．025％时,所制得复合材料吸收蒸馏水率可达940g／g,吸自来水可达325g／g。     

Study on superabsorbent composites. XXI. Synthesis,characterization and swelling behaviors of chitosan‐g‐poly(acrylic acid)/organo‐rectorite nanocomposite superabsorbents

A novel chitosan‐g‐poly(acrylic acid)/organo‐rectorite (CTS‐g‐PAA/OREC) nanocomposite superabsorbent was synthesized by aqueous polymerization using N, N′‐methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate as an initiator. Rectorite was organified with four different degree of hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, and the organification of rectorite was proved by FTIR and XRD. The effect of organification degree of rectorite on water absorbency of CTS‐g‐PAA/OREC with different organo‐rectorite content was investigated. The swelling behaviors in distilled water and various pH solutions were also studied. The results from IR spectroscopy and XRD data show that acrylic acid had been grafted polymerization with chitosan and organo‐rectorite and formed nanocomposite. Introducing organo‐rectorite into the CTS‐g‐PAA polymeric network can improved water absorbency and swelling rate of CTS‐g‐PAA/OREC. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

聚丙烯酸/聚丙烯酰胺/凹凸棒复合材料对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能

将聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)/凹凸棒复合吸附剂用于亚甲蓝的吸附,研究了时间、浓度、酸度、表面活性剂和离子强度等因素对吸附性能的影响。复合吸附剂对亚甲蓝的吸附是吸热过程,60℃时吸附量达到1 273.3 mg.g-1,吸附过程符合Langmuir单分子层吸附等温模式,并计算了热力学常数ΔG、ΔH和ΔS。在实验考察范围内吸附过程均符合准二级动力学特征。该复合吸附剂具有高吸附容量和较快的吸附速率,是良好的亚甲蓝吸附剂。     

Synthesis of superabsorbent starch‐graft‐poly(potassium acrylate‐co‐acrylamide) and its properties

The superabsorbent's ability to resist deformation and to resist deswelling under externally applied pressures is important in practical application. For instance, it is used in infant diapers, in soil for agriculture, and in forestry. In this article, we report on the synthesis of a superabsorbent/starch‐graft‐poly(potassium acrylate‐co‐acrylamide) by inverse suspension polymerization. The effects of reaction conditions, such as monomeric concentration, ratio of water to oil, reaction temperature, and obtaining spherical resin, were investigated. Experiments showed that the superabsorbent has a good compressive strength and keeps the shape of particles after absorbing water. After mixing with soil it does not become sticky, and the loose structure can better retain air. It is fit to retain water in soil. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis revealed the superior thermal stability of the grafted product and its large particle size also reduces risk of air pollution. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1536–1542, 2003     

淀粉-丙烯酸/聚丙烯酰胺复合吸水树脂的制备及性能

淀粉用环氧氯丙烷进行预交联,与丙烯酸接枝共聚,生成淀粉-丙烯酸共聚物;再与聚丙烯酰胺聚合,制备淀粉-丙烯酸/聚丙烯酰胺复合高吸水树脂。考察了淀粉用量、引发剂及交联剂对吸水倍率的影响。结果表明,当淀粉用量取2.5 g,复合引发剂取0.02 mmol,交联剂取0.1%时,吸水倍率最大;吸水速率20 min内达到吸水溶胀平衡。     

凹土基有机-无机复合高吸水性材料的制备及性能研究

应用水溶液聚合法,以丙烯酰胺和未纯化凹凸棒原土为原料制备了丙烯酰胺/凹凸棒土复合吸水性材料,考察了凹凸棒原土含量、交联剂含量和引发剂含量对复合吸水材料吸水性能的影响,并对制备条件进行了优化。结果表明当凹凸棒原土质量分数为10%,交联剂质量分数为0.06%,引发剂质量分数为0.4%时,复合吸水材料在蒸馏水中的吸水倍率最高,达到了719 g/g。     

衣康酸-丙烯酰胺高吸水树脂的合成

用过硫酸钾做引发剂,通过水溶液聚合法制得了淀粉/膨润土接枝衣康酸(IA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)高吸水树脂.研究了m(AM)/m(IA),IA,交联剂用量及引发剂用量等对吸液性能的影响.在固定反应温度70℃,反应时间为6～10 h的条件下,吸水的最佳条件为:m(AM)/m(IA)为9.3∶0.7,IA中和度为75％,交联剂质量为单体总质量的0.05％,引发剂过硫酸钾(KPS)质量是单体总质量的0.30％.吸生理盐水的最佳条件为:m(AM)/m(IA)为9.1∶0.9,IA中和度为75％,交联剂质量为单体总质量的0.03％,引发剂KPS质量是单体总质量的0.50％.     

Optimization of synthesis and characterization of cassava starch‐graft‐poly(acrylonitrile) using response surface methodology

Graft copolymerization of poly(acrylonitrile) onto cassava starch was carried out with potassium persulphate (PPS) as the free radical initiator using a response surface Box–Behnken design. Different levels of monomer concentration, initiator concentration, and temperature were used, and regression models were generated in terms of these factors, which can be used to predict the grafting level and efficiency at a given level of the factors. The grafted starches were characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM analyses and determination of %grafting (%G), N‐content, thermal properties, water and saline solution retention, and rheological properties. Under the conditions used, %G was found to depend only on the temperature used for the reaction. The maximum %G of 120.1 was obtained for the sample synthesized under the following conditions: weight of AN = 0.753 mol/10 g starch, weight of PPS = 0.284 g and temperature = 55°C, and the grafting efficiency was 30.03%. The absorption bands at 2243 cm^?1 for the nitrile group (? CN) in the FTIR spectra of the products confirmed the grafting reaction. There was a decrease in crystallinity and disappearance of the granular structure after grafting of the starch. The melting temperatures of the graft copolymers determined by differential scanning calorimetry analysis were higher than that of the native starch. The grafted starches exhibited very high thermal stability as observed from the thermogravimetric analysis. The superabsorbent polymer prepared from the grafted starch by alkali saponification exhibited a maximum water absorbency of 636 g/g. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

聚(丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺)/水滑石纳米复合高吸水性树脂的制备及表征

首先用尿素法合成了水滑石(HT),然后用甲基丙烯磺酸钠(SMAS)对水滑石进行插层,得到了插层的水滑石(SMAS-HT),最后通过反相悬浮聚合制备了一种新型的聚(丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺)/水滑石纳米复合高吸水性树脂,其中N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)为交联剂,过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)及扫描电镜(SEM)等手段表征其结构和形貌。考察了SMAS-HT的含量对其吸水(盐)性能的影响。结果表明,插入SMAS的水滑石片层在聚合后发生了剥离,添加少量的SMAS-HT可以明显提高树脂的吸水(盐)性能,当SMAS-HT含量为3.0%（质量）时,树脂的吸(盐)水性能达到最大。     

Synthesis of superabsorbent copolymers as water manageable materials

Strongly water‐absorbing polymers based on the monomers acrylamide, potassium acrylate and magnesium methacrylate were prepared by copolymerization using ammonium persulfate as initiator and N,N‐methylene‐bisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinking agent. The copolymers are synthesized by varying monomer, crosslinker and initiator concentrations. The experimental results shows that superabsorbents (SAPs) have good absorbency both in water and NaCl solutions. The copolymers are characterized by IR spectroscopy. Water retention in soil is enhanced by use of these superabsorbents. The SAPs use for the growth of sunflower plants is also investigated. The water retention capacity of the SAPs was carried out at 60 °C and 100 °C. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of attapulgite contents on release behaviors of a pH sensitive carboxymethyl cellulose‐g‐poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite/sodium alginate composite hydrogel bead containing diclofenac

A series of pH‐sensitive composite hydrogel beads, carboxymethyl cellulose‐g‐poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite/sodium alginate (CMC‐g‐PAA/APT/SA), were prepared by combining CMC‐g‐PAA/APT composite and SA, using Ca²⁺ as the ionic crosslinking agent and diclofenac sodium (DS) as the model drug. The effects of APT content and external pH on the swelling properties and release behaviors of DS from the composite hydrogel beads were investigated. The results showed that the composite hydrogel beads exhibited good pH‐sensitivity. Introducing 20% APT into CMC‐g‐PAA hydrogel could change the surface structure of the composite hydrogel beads, decrease the swelling ability, and relieve the burst release effect of DS. The drug cumulative release ratio of DS from the hydrogel beads in simulated gastric fluid was only 3.71% within 3 hour, but in simulated intestinal fluid about 50% for 3 hour, 85% for 12 hour, up to 90% after 24 hour. The obtained results indicated that the CMC‐g‐PAA/APT/SA hydrogel beads could be applied to the drug delivery system as drug carriers in the intestinal tract. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Preparation and slow‐release property of a poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite/sodium humate superabsorbent composite

A novel poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite (APT)/sodium humate (SH) superabsorbent composite was synthesized through the graft copolymerization reaction of acrylic acid on APT micropowder and SH with N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate as an initiator in an aqueous solution. Various effects on the water absorbency, including the amounts of the crosslinker, initiator, APT, and SH, were investigated. The superabsorbent composite was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The superabsorbent composite synthesized under optimal synthesis conditions with an APT concentration of 20% and an SH concentration of 20% exhibited absorption of 583 g of H₂O/g of sample and 63 g of H₂O/g of sample in distilled water and in a 0.9 wt % NaCl solution, respectively. The slow‐release property of SH from the superabsorbent composite into water was measured, and a test of the water retention of the superabsorbent composite in soil was also carried out experimentally with and without the superabsorbent composite. The results showed that the superabsorbent composite had not only good water retention but also an additional slow‐release property of SH. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 37–45, 2007